Premarital sex and condom use among never-married men in Malawi
September 2011
Premarital sex and non-condom use are both associated with HIV infection. This study used data from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) 2004 to estimate the prevalence of premarital sex-and examine the association between religion and pre-marital sex among never married Malawian men. The associations between the variables were assessed by logistic regression analysis. A total of 1039 never-married men, mean...
HIV/AIDS information source use and sexual behaviour of adolescents in Ekwusigo Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria
August 2011
This paper established those information sources that mostly provided the information about HIV/AIDS to 540 adolescents in Ekwusigo Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. The study showed further, how the adolescents' personal and parental characteristics explained the use of the sources as well as the relationship between source use and adolescents' sexual behaviour. The result showed that handbills,...
Wende Luo’ (Luo Songs) as an intervention tool in the fight against HIV/AIDS among the Luo of Western Kenya
August 2011
HIV/AIDS prevention in Africa tend to value literacy or Eurocentric communication approaches such as brochures, posters, radio, newspapers and television more than indigenous modes of communication strategies such as narration (sigendni), singing (wende) and dancing (miende). Mounting evidence indicates that these Eurocentric modes of communication have the potential of alienating and disempowering the...
Seroprevalence of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in Kassala, eastern Sudan
August 2011
There is strong need to address the tuberculosis (TB) and human immune deficiency (HIV) virus infection convergence. Aiming to investigate the seroprevalence of HIV among TB patients all notified cases of TB that were reported in Kassala Teaching Hospital, eastern Sudan, during January 2008– through December 2010 were reviewed and analyzed. There were 858 TB patients enrolled in the study, of these 152 (17.7%)...
The joint effect of human capital and income inequalities on HIV/AIDS prevalence: An exploratory investigation
July 2011
This paper assessed the effect of human capital on the relationship between income inequality and HIV prevalence. We used 1999 dataset on human capital dispersion which was measured by years of schooling, quality of school system and rates of return for 99 countries. Using regression analysis, linear dependence effect of human capital and income inequality on HIV prevalence was estimated. The linear dependence yielded a...
Factors influencing the choices of infant feeding of HIV-positive mothers in Southern Ghana: The role of counsellors, mothers, families and socio-economic status
July 2011
The study assessed the perspectives of HIV-positive mothers and family members (grand-mothers and fathers) of the infant feeding options recommended for HIV-infected mothers in Ghana. This entailed individual interviews with 40 HIV-positive mothers with infants aged 0 to 12 months and 6 focus group discussions with HIV-positive mothers, fathers and grandmothers of unknown status in two urban districts. All infants...
Pathogenic fungal isolates in sputum of HIV positive patients
June 2011
Fungal pathogens were isolated and identified from sputa of 100 HIV positive patients admitted at ART centre, K.G.H, Visakhapatnam during the period of 2 months from June 2010 to July 2010. The sputum samples from HIV positive individuals were collected in a sterile container and processed by standard methods. Two consecutive samples at the interval of three days were collected. If two samples yielded the same growth,...
Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1 infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in routine clinics in Cotonou, Benin
June 2011
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2008 to examine virological outcome and emergence of drug resistance in HIV-infected patients treated according to the national guidelines in an AIDS clinic in Cotonou, Benin. Median time on (antiretroviral therapy) ART of the 122 enrolled patients was 35 months. Viral load above 1,000 copies/ml was observed in 33 patients (27%) and 22.1% (27/122) harbored resistant strains:...
HIV counseling and testing among men in the University of Ghana: Implications for gender-based HIV and AIDS prevention interventions
May 2011
HIV counseling and testing (CT) is one of the key strategies in the prevention and control of HIV and AIDS in Ghana. Although condoms remain a significant tool in the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV, they are often not used consistently or correctly due to some patriarchal beliefs resulting from the typical male roles that call for men and boys to be tough, aggressive, sexually dominant, and risk taking. What...
Loss of follow-up among HIV infected female sex workers receiving antiretrovirals in Dakar, Senegal
May 2011
A better understanding of the significance and determinants of loss of follow-up and key potential related outcome measures, such as death and missed study visit would assist program evaluation and provide basis for future interventions. Senegal has one of Africa’s lowest HIV/AIDS infection rate, less than 1%. But vulnerable groups such as sex workers have higher HIV prevalence. Currently, HIV infection among...
Polymorphism in the CC-chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) gene and risk of AIDS among Kashmiri population
May 2011
Chemokine receptors and their ligands may confer resistance to HIV-1 infection and/or AIDS progression. Our aim was to study our population for the most frequently studied polymorphism CCR5-Δ32 for evaluating their contribution to a protective genetic background against HIV infection and progression. One hundred and fifty blood samples from normal controls were recruited at random among prospective normal blood...
A better state of ART improving antiretroviral regimens to increase global access to HIV treatment
April 2011
With 5.2 million people already receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low and middle-income countries and 33.4 million people estimated to be living with HIV globally, there is an urgent need to develop better antiretroviral (ARV) regimens that are less costly and less complex to implement than the current standard of care. We think it is technically possible to develop such improved regimens soon, and discuss some...
Attitude and perception of cardiothoracic surgeons in Nigeria and Ghana to patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
April 2011
Cardiothoracic operations are associated with increased exposure and risk of blood and blood borne diseases. This is true in the West African Subregion where HIV/AIDS is endemic. We aimed to survey the attitude and perception of cardiothoracic surgeons in Nigeria and Ghana to patients with HIV/AIDS who presented with common cardiothoracic and vascular pathologies that would otherwise normally have low mortality...
Screening for the presence of Helicobacter pylori in stool of HIV- positive patients
April 2011
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacillus that naturally colonizes humans, living in gastric mucus. Association of H. pylori colonization of stomach with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric malignancies has been well documented. In this study, we aimed to find presence ofH. pylori in stool of HIV infected patients by PCR. 43 patients who had confirmed HIV-infection were subjected. Specific primers...
Confronting HIV and AIDS in Bangladesh
April 2011
The world continues to fight HIV, as global leaders have pledged to work towards gaining universal access to HIV and AIDS treatment, prevention and care, thereby recognizing these as fundamental human rights. According to one source, millions of people are continually infected with HIV every year, while less than half of those in need of antiretroviral therapy are receiving it, and too many do not have access to...
Contraceptive uptake, reproductive choices and sexual behavior of HIV positive compared to HIV negative women participating in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV program in Zimbabwe
March 2011
Contraceptive uptake and pregnancy desires have not been adequately reported within prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) initiatives in developing countries. Women were enrolled from a PMTCT program at 36 gestational weeks. A questionnaire on contraception and conception desires was interview administered to the women between 3 and 24 months after birth. A total of 273 women responded to the questionnaire,...
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and body mass index (BMI) relationship in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria and the neighbouring states
March 2011
This study was set to establish the relationship between highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and body mass index (BMI) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and the neighbouring states within Nigeria- a representative data for sub-Sahara Africa. The study made use of 3 groupings: 44 healthy individuals, 79 HAART-treated HIV (human immuno deficiency syndrome) infected...
Factors associated with utilization of HAART amongst hard-to-reach HIV-infected individuals in Atlanta, Georgia
March 2011
The study is aimed at identifying clinical, demographic and behavioral factors, including participation in HIV care, associated with the utilization of antiretroviral therapy (ART), among hard-to-reach HIV-positive individuals in Atlanta, GA. The study included 184 HIV-positive participants of the Infectious Disease Program (IDP) of the Grady Health System between February 1999 to March 2001. Individuals were...
A qualitative assessment of HIV/AIDS-related knowledge in inner-city minority students
March 2011
Educational programs and in-school discussion forums are essential components for addressing the ongoing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Sexually active adolescents can greatly benefit from a better understanding of the disease and how its spread can be prevented. Yet, how successful such initiatives are at actually reducing risky sexual behaviors, particularly within underserved, impoverished communities, remains an open question....
The kidney function trends in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients at the Nylon District Hospital, Douala, Cameroon
February 2011
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related kidney disease is one of the leading causes of death and affects predominantly people of black descent. Data is unavailable on the presence of kidney disease amongst HIV positive patients in Cameroon and a high prevalence of the disease depicts a high incidence of HIV associated nephropathy. A cohort study was carried out from May to August 2010 at the Nylon District...
Effect of combination therapy of haart and α-zam herbal preparation for HIV infection in rats
February 2011
It is not uncommon seeing patients taking orthodox and herbal remedies concurrently for the same disease. The concern of many health practitioners is the safety of such combination therapy especially when there is a possibility of adverse drug reaction as a result of drug-drug interaction. This study focussed on drug interactions of α-Zam (herbal antiretroviral drug) when combined with lamivudine, zidovudine and...
Addressing the special needs of orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs): A case study in Kien Svay district, Kandal province, Cambodia
February 2011
The impact mitigation for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) has continued to be prioritized as an immediate measure and action which is clearly stated in a newly-launched comprehensive National Strategic Plan III (2011 - 2015). With an effort of the national response, OVCs have gained wider access to health services but only very little access to social supports such as educational and economic development. In a...
Are HIV positive women who have sex with women (WSW) an unrecognized and neglected HIV risk group in South Africa?
January 2011
South Africa is home to the largest population of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Of this population gender non-conforming women like women who have sex with women (WSW) remain undocumented. This study is an attempt to fill this information gap as it describes the demographic, health and sexual behaviours of 72 HIV positive WSW. The data indicate that WSW are not protected from HIV because of their same sex...
Decrement table and the estimation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mortality rate with an application to hemophilia-associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
January 2011
The human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS) epidemic represents the most serious public health problem in India. There is no denial of the enormity of the problem. The available surveillance data clearly indicates that HIV is prevalent in almost all parts of the country. Hence, knowledge of HIV incidence is important to formulate sensible strategies aimed at controlling the...
Association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventive information, motivation, self-efficacy and depression with sexual risk behaviors among male freelance laborers
January 2011
The waves of rural-urban migration are increasingly growing in many developing countries, including Vietnam. This migratory process, whether voluntary or not, may result in the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to both those who migrate and those who receive migrants. Coupled with this process, is the experience of depression that may facilitate risk behaviors for HIV. However, there has...
HIV and sexual risk behaviours amongst intravenous drug users at rehabilitation centre in rural China
October 2010
The study is aimed at investigating the sexual and HIV risk behaviours of intravenous drug users (IDUs) in rural Southwest China and the relationships between the demographics of the population, needle sharing and condom use. 993 IDUs at a drug rehabilitation centre in Dali, Yunnan Province completed an anonymous structured questionnaire between November and December 2006. IDUs were involved in multiple HIV risk...
Factors hindering acceptance of HIV/AIDS voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) among youths in Kwara State, Nigeria
October 2010
HIV/AIDS has become a source of concern all over the world. The concern cannot be isolated from the devastating effects of HIV/AIDS on economic, social, political and technological development of any nation with a high prevalence rate. Nigeria is one of the countries with HIV/AIDS prevalence rate of over 4%. Despite this challenge, the patronage of Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) is still very low. This study...
Markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in black South Africans with HIV and acute coronary syndromes
September 2010
HIV infection is associated with a pro-inflammatory and thrombophilic state but little is known about the link between inflammation and thrombosis in treatment-naïve patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Prospective single centre study was conducted in Soweto, South Africa, comparing markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation in highly active anti-retroviral therapy-naïve HIV positive and...
Profile of speech impairments in HIV- infected individuals: A preliminary study
September 2010
Infection due to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause damage to both the central and peripheral nervous systems and result in disorders of communication. Progressive decline in speech behaviours in HIV infected individuals have been documented in Western literature (Flower and Sooy, 1987). This study aims to create a database of speech impairments seen in individuals with HIV infection to reflect the need for...
Predictors of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among young people: Lessons from Botswana
September 2010
This study sought to identify factors that can predict knowledge about HIV/AIDS among adolescents in Botswana. The data were collected through a self administered questionnaire from a sample of 1294 students from schools around the capital city of Botswana, Gaborone. The research instrument consisted of 76 items that solicited information on background characteristics of respondents, indicators of family cohesiveness...
Opinion of surgical eye patients on preoperative routine HIV screening in a resource-limited economy
August 2010
Despite inherent benefits, routine (HIV) test is still controversial. A cross-sectional survey of 198 preoperative eye patients was carried out at a Nigerian hospital to determine their opinion on preoperative routine HIV screening. Participants comprised 121 (61%) males and 77 (39%) females, mean age 56 years SD 17. Most (77%) had at least primary education. Awareness of HIV/AIDS was high (96%) and radio was the...
A randomized pilot study of triple Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors therapy with tenofovir, zidovudine (AZT) plus emtricitabine in antiretroviral naive HIV-1 infected patients – The TEAZE study
August 2010
A randomized pilot-study to evaluate the virologic efficacy of Tenofovir-DF (TDF) 300 mg/Emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg once daily plus Zidovudine (AZT) 250 mg twice daily (armA) or 300 mg BID (armB) in naïve HIV-1 infected patients. Twenty patients with a median CD4 cell count of 288 cells/µl (standard deviation (SD): ± 109) and a median viral load of 66.400 HIV RNA copies/ml (SD: ±...
Does testing HIV negative encourage potentially dangerous beliefs? A study with young people in Botswana
May 2010
While it is assumed that HIV testing could contribute to the reduction of HIV infection rates, little if any research exists regarding whether HIV testing could inadvertently also contribute to the spread of HIV. The study explored whether the experience of testing HIV negative could result in people developing false beliefs about their capability of preventing HIV infection. The study investigated HIV testing and...
TB and HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh
May 2010
Tuberculosis (TB) is the major opportunistic infection of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in developing countries. The objective of this paper is to exemplify and review the findings associated with TB in patients with AIDS. 80 TB/AIDS-focused articles from latest internet and literature, including 3 leading Bangladesh daily newspapers between 1999-2009 were analyzed. According to the data provided by a...
Tertiary institution learners HIV/AIDS sensitization tool(s) receptivity: Implications for sustainable democracy in Nigeria
May 2010
This is a multi-phased study that addresses the issue of tertiary institution based programme for awareness creation in order to integrate HIV/AIDS issues and concerns into social relationships. The purpose of the study was to develop simple communication tool combinations and ascertain through sensitization the potency of the tools to increase HIV/AIDS pandemic awareness among students in Nigerian tertiary institutions...
Evaluation of immunostimulatory effects of viracomb (Rx) in rabbits
May 2010
Viracomb is a herbal based preparation used in management of conditions associated with immuno-supression. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect of Viracomb in rabbits. Acute toxicity study was carried out in rabbits using acute toxic class method. In the immunostimulatory study, healthy adult rabbits were randomized into five groups of five rabbits per group. Group I rabbits...
Perception of HIV/AIDS and socio-cognitive determinants of safe sex practices among college students attending a historically black college and university in the United States of America
March 2010
This study applies the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model to explore the perception of HIV/AIDS among students attending a hstorically black college and university (HBCU) and the socio-cognitive factors that influence safe sex practices among these students. A convenient sample of college students attending a HBCU in the South-eastern United States was surveyed. Exploratory factor analysis generated a...
Evaluation of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in HIV patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy
March 2010
A pilot longitudinal study was conducted for 3 months on HIV positive and AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy, at a day care clinic at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon, between April and July 2008. A total of 223 HIV patients were recruited following initiation and each patient benefited from pretherapeutic tests. Social-demographic, clinical and biological data were recorded for each subject and...
Sputum cellularity in pulmonary tuberculosis: A comparative study between HIV-positive and -negative individuals
February 2010
To compare sputum cellularity between HIV-positive and -negative individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Sputum samples were collected and processed within two hours after collection. The absolute number of squamous cells of a total of 400 cells was counted, as well as the absolute number (× 106 cells/ml) and percentage...
Comparative tolerability and efficacy of stavudine 30 mg versus stavudine 40 mg in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy in Kenya
February 2010
Stavudine- containing regimens are currently the most widely used first-line anti-HIV treatment option in Kenya. This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of stavudine at two dose levels in patients attending a HIV Comprehensive Care Centre in Kenya. Data were collected retrospectively from the records of 810 adult patients. Fewer stavudine related adverse effects were seen in patients ≥ 60 kg treated with 30...
Knowledge and prevention of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh: Evidence from Bangladesh demographic and health survey, 2007
January 2010
There is no way to get rid of the unbearable sufferings from this killer disease, HIV/AIDS: prevention is the only solution to get rid of it. Increasing knowledge of respondents about the long term effects of this disease is the principal objectives of reproductive health programs recently being carried out in the world. This study gives an idea about this type of health problem. This study is mainly based on secondary...
Mental health challenges of the lived experiences of adolescents orphaned by HIV and AIDS in South Africa
January 2010
Situational analysis approach was used to explore the mental health challenges of the lived experiences of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years living in South Africa who have lost their parents to HIV and AIDS. A qualitative phenomenological approach using reflective diaries was used to extract the lived experiences. Fifteen adolescents orphaned by HIV and AIDS aged between 14 to 18 years participated in the study. Eight...
Upregulation of interleukin-27 expression is correlated with higher CD4+ T cell counts in treatment of naive human immunodeficiency virus-infected Chinese
January 2010
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major global health problem and causes a huge number of deaths each year. Interleukin-27 (IL-27), which is composed of Epstein Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) protein and p28 protein, inhibits HIV replication in vitro. However, the status of IL27 and its relationship with CD4+ T cell counts in vivo in treatment-naïve HIV infected individuals has not...
Infant feeding choices and experiences of HIV-positive mothers from two Ghanaian districts
November 2009
Documentation of the feeding choices and experiences of HIV-positive mothers is needed to improve infant feeding counselling. The feeding behaviour and experiences of mothers receiving infant feeding counselling at two Ghanaian districts were explored. A postpartum survey involving 128 HIV-positive mothers, and in-depth interviews involving a purposively selected sample of 10 HIV-positive mothers were conducted....
Criteria used for selecting patients for antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: A qualitative study
November 2009
Limited resources in low income countries still prevent HIV patients from accessing treatment and necessitate the rationing of anti retroviral therapy. This paper aims to describe the criteria used in actual patient selection so as to develop evidence based recommendations for improving fairness in patient selection in Uganda and similar contexts. Qualitative interviews (n = 37) from six AIDS treatment units in Uganda;...
In-silico analysis of Mycobacterium leprae genome to find out potential drug targets
November 2009
Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent of the disease, leprosy. In-silico analysis can be performed on M. leprae genome to find out the potential drug targets. This was done first by database search to find the recorded complete genes with complete sequences of M. leprae and then their comparative study with human by using homology searching using human BLAST. From a total of 1605 genes,...
Causes and consequences of intimate partner rape and violence: Experiences of victims in Lagos, Nigeria
October 2009
Intimate Partner Rape (IPR) is a pervasive form of gender-based violence and a topical human rights issue. This study investigated the causes and consequences of Intimate Partner Rape and violence as reported by selected married women in Nigeria. This qualitative study explored the experiences of 22 purposively selected married women aged, 22 to 40 years from two Save Our Soul (SOS) Shelters for Abused Women who have...
Piloting second generation HIV surveillance in Berlin, Germany, 2005 - 2007: Risk profile of recently acquired HIV infections in MSM
October 2009
Men having sex with men (MSM) are by far the transmission-risk-category most affected by HIV in Berlin and were investigated in this pilot-study with the aim to identify detailed risk- and prevention-behaviours in recently infected persons. From November, 2005 - February, 2007, venous blood samples were taken from patients in Berlin aged ≥18 years within 3 months after diagnosis of HIV-infection and tested with...
AIDS and epilepsy
October 2009
The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of epilepsy among Sudanese AIDS patients and to study the underlying causes and types of epilepsy. About 700 AIDS patients where included in this cross sectional hospital based study. Almost 5.71% of the patients had epilepsy and 50% of them had generalized convulsion. Encephalitis was found to be the commonest cause of epilepsy followed by meningitis, brain abscess,...
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