Pesticide use in cotton cultivation in Ethiopia has increased due to the emergence of new insect pests, leading to environmental and health concerns. The aim of the study to examines pesticide utilization, handling practices, and knowledge among farmers in the Awash Valley. For this study, one hundred twenty-eight small-scale and twenty-five large-scale holder farmers were included. The data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. The result revealed that a significant proportion (63.2%) did not read or followed pesticide label instructions, and many (78.5%) do not use protective gear during pesticide handling. Ethiopia has established pesticide legislation and signed international agreements, but the gaps exist in policy implementation, particularly in safeguarding worker health. Ethiopian Agricultural Authority, mandated under Proclamation Number 1263/2021 and Council of Ministers Regulation Number 509/2022, Oversees pesticide registration and policy enforcement. However, there is a need for improved information dissemination, motivation, and enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance, especially among small scale farmers. Regular monitoring, advocacy, and training are crucial for effective policy implementation and protection of farmers and the environment.

Keywords: Environment, Health, Small-scale and, large-scale Farmers, Pesticide-related Knowledge