Review
ABSTRACT
Bioenergy production from biomass and agricultural wastes has gained significant interest due to rising fossil fuel prices and their decrease in air pollutant emissions. This review paper evaluates the state-of-art for the several applications from cassava harvest residues and their use in bioenergy industry, using different thermochemical and biochemical processes. Regarding the great available literature for this biomass, several pretreatment techniques, including mechanical, chemical, biological, thermal, ultrasonic and wet explosion were observed. The use of cassava harvest residues for the biochemical pretreatments, for example, hydrolysis, fermentation and thermochemical processes, such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis and oxy-fuel combustion was also discussed. Therefore, studies are necessary in order to understand that the use of cassava residues in thermal processes can increase the viability of this feedstock for biofuels production and/or in power co-firing units. After extensive study, it was observed that informations are still lacking about the use of cassava harvest residues in other conversion processes, thus, new studies to discover more on the use of this biomass, in order to extend their application in the bioenergy market is encouraged.
Key words: Biomass, cassava, harvest, processes, residues, biochemical, thermochemical.
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CASSAVA
Cassava cultivation
Cassava belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. This crop grows on infertile land with minimal need of chemical products, such as fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides; making it one of the cheapest and most sustainable agro-based feedstocks. Cassava is cultived primarily in tropical climate, with approximately 70% of their production occuring in subtropical and tropical regions. It is mainly cultivated by small-scale farmers in Africa, Latin America and Asia (Zhang et al., 2016). Cassava is replanted, using the cut stem in their harvest. The stems are cut, ranging from 20 to 25 cm long and planted in a slanting or angular position of 45°, burying them in the soil with one-third of their stems above the surface, ensuring that lateral buds point towards the sun direction, ensuring that the same germinates (Edhirej et al., 2017). Conventionally, it is recommended that the stems are planted at a spacing of 1 × 1 m on the crest of ridges or mounds, which will give a plant population of 10,000 stands ha-1 (Agyepong and Barimah, 2017).
MAIN TECHNIQUES OF PRETREATMENTS FOR THE CASSAVA BIOMASS - AN OVERVIEW
THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESSES
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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