Laboratory-made molecules known as monoclonal antibodies are designed to act as replacement antibodies and repair, improve, alter, or imitate the immune system's attack against unwanted cells. These antibodies identify specific binding sites, or epitopes, on a particular antigen. The protein sequence, antigen-binding site area, binding affinity for their targets, and downstream functional effects of mAbs are all similar. These features of mAbs highlight how they differ from polyclonal antibodies, which have heterogeneous activity and recognize many antigen epitopes. This review explains the production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma techniques, their benefits, applications, and challenges. Hybridoma technology is a method useful for producing a large number of identical antibodies. They come from a single B-cell clone and are identical immunoglobulins. Monoclonal antibodies are created by fusing spleen cells from an immunized mouse with human or mouse myeloma cells, then selecting and cloning the hybrid cells (hybridomas) that produce the desired antibody reactivity.

Keywords: B-cells, hybridoma technology, Monoclonal antibody, myeloma