Corporate social responsibility in Cameroon : The Hydro Electricity Sector University of Hertfordshire , United Kingdom

Corporate social responsibility concept is relatively new in Cameroon. That is why a majority of the large companies do not have either CSR policies in place or a team that deals with corporate social responsibility issues. Very few companies have been identified in Cameroon as having CSR policies in place. One of these companies is ENEO which is the hydro-electrical company in Cameroon. This paper examines and evaluates ENEO’s CSR policies and activities in the local communities surrounding two of its reservoir dams which are the Mape and Bamendjing dams. The paper explores the problems of the people living in the local communities, the expectations they have towards ENEO, what CSR policies ENEO has in place and how it affects the people in these two local communities. The data for this article were collected by conducting interviews with forty participants that live in villages that surround the Mape and Bamendjing dams. The finding from this study indicates that ENEO CSR practices have not been efficient and very limited in these areas. Considering these two areas alone, ENEO could be described as not practicing any CSR activities. The expectation that the local inhabitants have on ENEO is very high in terms of sustainable development. However, the limited or none existence of CSR activities in these areas does not affect the profitability of the company because ENEO has monopoly in the market in Cameroon.


INTRODUCTION
Cameroon has been highlighted (Rampersad and Skinner, 2014) as one of the countries in Africa in which large businesses promote the practice of CSR primarily through philanthropic projects in health, education and poverty reduction. Several sector businesses are involved in development initiatives to create employment and generate sources of income. Most large businesses such as ENEO, MTN, SGBC etc. have taken discretionary measures to improve the living conditions of the local population. Increasingly, the employees, consumers and the local communities are expecting a lot from businesses operating in the country and local areas. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) existed in Cameroon since the colonial period, although it was not recognised as CSR. Company policies were geared towards their workers which in turn benefited the people living around the E-mail: e.ndzi@herts.ac.uk.
Authors agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License operating areas of these companies. For example, the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) was created in the German colonial period, and now they are the second highest employer in Cameroon after the government, with a network of hospitals, recreational facilities and educational facilities which the local communities benefit from. The influx of foreign investors to Cameroon since the 1990s as a result of the privatisation of many Cameroon"s parastals saw some companies exercising CSR as a corporate benevolence. The companies turn to support particular initiative or programmes that the company felt passionate about which the local communities benefits from in return. Most companies in Cameroon do not have written CSR policies. However, ENEO has been highlighted as one of the top ten companies in Cameroon with good CSR policy.

Definition of corporate social responsibility
There is no universally accepted definition of CSR. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2009 defines CSR as "the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their quality of life." The European Union Commission (2002) defined CSR as "a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis." This implies that companies need to invest more in the life of the community and environment in which they carry out business. Jenkins (2009) describes CSR as the activities that contribute to sustainable development such as the integration of economics, social and environmental management policies and strategies. Mc Williams and Siegel (2001) considers CSR as a set of actions addressed to the social welfare beyond the interest of the company"s interest and what the company is required by law to do. Ollong (2014) defined CSR as the relationship between business and society, where the role of business is purported to go beyond the provision of goods and services.

ENEO company and its CSR policies
ENEO is the company responsible for hydro electricity production in Cameroon, 56% of which is owned by Act is (a British private equity firm) and 44% by the Cameroon government. Cameroon has the second highest hydroelectricity potential in Africa after the D.R. Congo with an estimated capacity if 12,000MW. Hydro-electric power is the main source of electrical energy production in Cameroon. However, only 5% of its potential is being exploited and 721MW has been developed. ENEO has installed capacity of 921.34MW including diesel, hydro and heavy fuel with hydro representing about 69%. Its capacity comprises of 33 generation plants. About 88% of electricity is accessible to the urban areas and the rest in the rural area; however some areas are not served at all. ENEO serve about 970,000 Cameroonian customers, 70% of whom live in Douala and Yaounde. It employs about 3700 people and working with over 600 contractor companies.
It has three main hydro power plants which are Songloulou, Edea and Lagdo. In order to ensure constant supply of electricity, reservoir dams were built to back up the Songloulou and the Edea dams which is where the electricity generation takes place. The Mape dam constructed in 1987 is located 76 km from the town of Foumban on the Mapé River and is designed to create a 3.2 billion cubic meter reservoir to increase the regulated flow of the Sanaga River during the dry season, raising it to 850 m3/s so that operation of the Edea and Songloulou plants is optimized. The main earth dam has a maximum height of 35 m, is 1521 m long, and 5.5 m wide on the crest. The volume of the dam's embankment is 3.5 million cubic meter.
i The Bamendjing dam constructed in 1975 on the Nun River has a capacity of 2 billion cubic meter and has a length and width of 32km and 27km respectively. Water from the Mape and Bamendjing dam takes approximately six hours to reach Songloulou hydroelectric scheme and a further 12 h for water released from Songloulou to reach Edea hydroelectric scheme. The main purpose of the reservoirs was not only to maintain river flows but also to cover forecast in electricity demands. Therefore the people of these local communities (surrounding Bamendjing and Mape dams) expect the activities of ENEO to improve on their living standards and sustainable development in general.
The company"s activities have a significant impact on the economic and social development of the country. Its aim is to improve the welfare of the people it serves and communities around its business operations based on the approach of its core values which are: Customer satisfaction, conducting business with integrity, respect for their employees and stakeholder and cohesion in all business operations. ENEO being the only electricity supplier nationwide operates in remote and rural areas characterised by low income communities, majority of whose inhabitants are unemployed. These communities have extremely high social and economic expectations on what the company should do to improve their living conditions. Consequently ENEO"s corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and practices are crucial to the people that live around its operating areas.
ENEO CSR practices have involved development and implementation of corporate social investment projects such as programs on Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and public safety educational awareness campaigns in schools and communities around ENEO"s hydroelectric generation plants. Key areas that ENEO"s CSR policies and practices have covered include health, environment and education.
Public Safety Awareness Campaign involves the use of face-to-face educational interactive discussion in schools and communities trained by Public Safety ambassadors to reduce the number of electrical related incidents and fatalities. They also create safety clubs in big cities (Douala and Yaoundé) and diffusion of safety messages in the local dialects/languages. It is logical that ENEO has based most its awareness activities in Douala and Yaoundé because there are the two main cities that consume most of the electricity in Cameroon. However, other cities are potentially at risk of electrical incidents and thus require sensitisation. It is important that ENEO should not concentrate its activities in some cities and ignore others because everybody using electricity needs to be aware of its potential dangers.
ENEO uses the WASH policy to ensure that the people get clean water and understand the dangers of drinking dirty water. In 2014 the company distributed basic WASH kits to some sixteen schools and four health centres in localities situated around ENEO"s two major hydro electricity generation plants in Edea and Songloulou. Over 15,000 people were sensitized on water borne diseases preventive methods and portable water treatment. Clean drinking water is necessary to prevent the spread and infection of water borne diseases.
ii However, ENEO needs to extent its activities of WASH to all the localities surrounded by dams which includes, Mbakua, Bamendjing and Mape dams.
ENEO has been undertaking aquatic treatment/control of the Black fly population along the Sanaga River which is the major cause of river blindness in neighbouring communities. Much is still expected of ENEO to extend treatment and sensitisation to the local communities. ENEO has been getting into partnerships with the Ministry of health, some private companies located around the Sanaga basin, local NGOs as well as the German Corporation to provide better help facilities to the local communities.

LITERATURE REVIEW
CSR policies and practices have been proven to be influenced by company size (Nasif AL-Shubiri et al., 2012), profitability (Sangle, 2010), corporate governance structure (Mohd and Nazli, 2007), company industry (Mohd and Nazli, 2007), and company"s rules and policies (Iman, 2000). Factors such as characteristics of employees and personal attributes (Keinert, 2008), traditional beliefs and customs (Ahmad, 2006), managerial attitude to protect the environment (Sangle, 2010) drive CSR practices in companies. While CSR has become an established concept in some countries like the UK, USA, etc. with many academics researching on its impact on the society and the environment, very limited studies have been conducted in Cameroon.
This could be justified based on the fact that CSR is not an established concept amongst businesses in Cameroon. A survey conducted by Institut RSE Afrique in 2014 iii , found out that most of the businesses in Cameroon have no sustainable or CSR division, and a large number of the business are unaware of what is expected of them in terms of CSR practices, e.g. the ISO 26000 international guidance on social responsibility. Baxter (2015) further pointed out in another study on CSR practices in Chinese businesses in Cameroon that CSR practices have not developed amongst the businesses in Cameroon due to unsolved problem that goes back years, such as unpaid salaries, bonuses, etc. Akwaowo and Swanson (2015) in their study of CSR in Cameroon concluded that the increase number of foreign direct investment in Cameroon did not lead to a higher level of corporate responsibility and poverty reduction in the regions where the businesses were operating. On the contrary they found out that there was an increase in the poor standard of living among the citizens due to low involvement in corporate responsibility. Demuijnck and Ngnodjom (2013) examined the responsibilities of SME in Cameroon in comparison with CSR practices in companies in Europe. Alemagi et al. (2006) found that although industries along the Cameroon coast adopted the environmental management systems they were still faced with a lot of hurdles as to fully make the use of the system environmentally beneficial. Tita (2011) considered the coordination of corporate social responsibility in sub-Saharan Africa with particular reference to transnational corporations in Cameroon and found out that there was less use of socialisation and little evidence of centralisation with transnational corporations CSR practices in Cameroon. Ndjanyou (2015) and Sotamenou (2014) examined whether the SMEs in Cameroon and their managers CSR practices were backed up with public entities, business associations and civil society engagement. Ollong (2014) examined CSR practices of three companies in Cameroon (MTN, Guiness Cameroon and BAT) such as health projects, employment rate, payment of better levels of wages to the employees that was more than what the government and domestic companies offered their employees and concluded that the companies were impacting positively on the government and society in which they conducted businesses. These studies represent some of the few studies done by academics on CSR Cameroon. However, no study has specifically considered ENEO CSR policies and its effect on the local communities surrounding the Bamendjing and Mape reservoir dams.

METHODOLOGY
Ten companies were identified in Cameroon as having the best CSR policies which include: MTN, Orange, SABC, Camrail, ENEO, Hysacam, Cimencam, Sodecoton, Camtel and Guiness Cameroun.  ENEO was specifically chosen for this study because its activities have greater impact on the society (particularly those people living around the dams) than the rest of the nine companies. Out of the three reservoir dams operated by ENEO, two were chosen for the study being the Mape and the Bamendjing dams. Several villages (about eleven) surround these dams but six villages were visited from which the data for this study were collected. Only six villages were included in this study due to accessibility problems to the other villages. The roads were treacherous and consequently five villages were not included in the study. Information about the six participated villages is confidential because it was a condition for which the participants agreed to participate in the study. The research was based on face-to-face interviews with forty local people living in the villages around the Mape and Bamendjing dam. These forty participants include fishermen, workers of ENEO company, public officers, traders, local chiefs, unemployed natives and farmers. Twenty in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted in the localities around the Mape dam and twenty interviews were conducted in the localities around the Bamendjing dam (Tables 1-3). The forty participants for the interviews were selected using a snow-balling approach whereby people recommended others for the interview. The data were collected on anonymous basis with full consent of the participants. The interviews were based on unstructured question and digitally recorded, transcribed by the researcher and analysed. The grounded theory approach was used to analyse the data.

Socio-economic development
Studies (McNally et al. 2009;Brown et al., 2008) have indicated that dams are important in the socio-economic development and poverty alleviation of many local communities and countries in general. The existence of the Mape dam and the Bemendjing dam has improved on the standard of living of the people in that community and the development of the communities. The ENEO workers who are working in Mape and Bemendjing are paid better than any other company in the locality. This then translate into worker better managing their household financial circumstances and increasing on their standards of living.
In addition to the wages, all the workers have electricity in their houses, good clean water supply, free hospital treatment etc. This supports the studies by past academics (Manatunge et al. 2008) to the fact that dams play a key role in the economic development of the local communities, serving a variety of purposes including electricity generation, poverty reduction, social and cultural values etc.
"One of the major advantages that I have working with ENEO is that they provide me with clean drinking water as oppose to the rest of the villagers that depend on wells. Also, they pay my hospital bills and that of my family if we are ill. This could have cost me a lot of me if I had to pay the bills myself because we constantly get malaria and other water borne diseases that are so common in this area. We also have electricity which is a gain for working for ENEO a hydro electricity generation company." Worker with ENEO All these benefits that the workers have as being part of ENEO turns to attract many people to the area seeking for jobs and hoping that the company advertises more vacancies. These opportunity created by the dams is key toward poverty reduction in the area and the country as a whole. The workers also turn to build houses for themselves or houses for people to rent which goes towards the development of the local community. Business people from other areas are also attracted to the locality to sell their good which also contributes the development of the local community.
The existence of the dams also forms a touristic site for the Mape and Bamendjing locality. Schleiss and Boes (2011: 754) document that the construction of dams has special aesthetic attractions for tourist. Tourist visit the dams to admire the natural scenery, cultural and humanmade attractive features, traditional ways of fishing techniques which is by the use of hooks, traditional fish traps, baskets etc. The wide view of the dams and the natural habitation around the dams attracts many visitors annually to the dams. Consequently, local hotels and other facilities have been set up around the area by the local people to provide the tourist with some basic needs and in return get money for their services.
"I have increasingly seen a lot of people coming to me and asking me the way to the dam, and some asking me about hotels and restaurants. Over the past three years that I started doing business here, and located very close

Key aspects identified Statistics of participant's view
Socio-economic development 80% of the participants agreed that the presence of the dam has brought some socio-economic development in the area.
Health 95% of the participants were of the opinion that the people living in these areas are more at risk of being ill than people in other localities of the country. The same percentage of participants agreed that the have very limited health facilities to manage their health problems Education 60% of the participants were of the opinion that the educational level of the people living in the area has not seen any significant improvement since the existence of the dams.
Good drinking water 82% of the participants were concern about the quality of water that the people in the area drink. Furthermore, they were of the opinion that dirty water is the major cause of the ill issues in these areas Electricity 62% of the participants confirmed that because of these dams they can have access to electricity. However, they were unhappy with the fact that they still experience constant power cut and pay electricity bills at the same rate as the rest of the people in the country.
Fishing 97% of the participants were of the opinion that fishing has become the main source income for the people living around these dams Public security 80% of the participants were of the opinion that the public security of the local villages surrounding the dams have gone from what they described as "bad to worst". The express the need for ways of enforcing public order.
Transportation 98% of the participants express their concern on the nature of roads that they have. They were of the opinion that ENEO is expected to help improve on the roads.

General Expectation
In general more than 70% of the participants clearly express the fact that they have high expectations from ENEO to help them in the sustainable development of their local communities.
to the dam, I have seen and helped hundreds of people who are not from this area, and are not Cameroonians with information and directions about/to the dam. I am happy when they come to ask me because they often buy a lot from me especially water and biscuits." Local trader Furthermore, the local people bring artefacts and other items to sale which they know that tourists will like to buy. These have consequently attracted more business people to the dam areas and also develop the areas. However, as suggested by Scudder (2012:116) the involvement of the local communities has been ignored in the planning of the reserve and tourism. In support of Scudder"s view, the local communities surrounding the Mape and Bamendjing dams are expecting ENEO to collaborate with them and make the area more attractive such as building company hotels and restaurants, create good communication network which can enable the law enforcement officers to function efficiently. It is therefore key that for ENEO to succeed in its CSR policies or have CSR policies that will be regarded by the people as reasonable, ENEO involve the local communities in its strategy to building and executing an effect CSR activities.

Health
Large dams have been criticized for the influence it has on health through water changes and food insecurity (Lerer and Scubber, 1999). Good health is the greatest need that every human being has. Apart from the fact that people get ill for different reasons, the people that live close to large water bodies such as dams are at greater risk of different types of health hazards such as malaria, schistosomiasis (bilharzia), onchocerciasis, and drocunculiasis (Ripert and Raccurt, 1987). Research (Tetteh et al. 2004) has demonstrated that in general, people who live closer to the dams always have a poor health status as compared to those that leave further away from the dams. Research (Lautze et al., 2007) has proven that the risk of having malaria among the people living where there are dams is greater. This is because dams convert fast flowing streams and rivers to stagnant water that favours the breeding of mosquito which is responsible for the transmission of malaria. Therefore, large water exacerbates malaria transmission in malaria endemic places. Cameroon is considered a high risk country for contracting malaria and some malaria parasites are resistive to some drug in the market like chloroquine. Malaria statistics in Cameroon in 2013 showed that out of 100 people consulting in any health facility, 40-50 were consulting because of malaria and out of 10 children dying, four were caused by malaria (Kindzeka, 2013). Therefore the presence of the Mape and Bamendjing dam increases the risk of the inhabitants of that area in contracting malaria. With the presence of a dam, flooding is common upstream from the dam. During flooding water covers a vast area of land and when the water recedes, little ponds are left within the flooded area which serves as nurseries for mosquitoes. There is no hospital near any of the villages" studies, only small health centres that do not have all the facilities. Consequently, most of the sick people would have to move to other areas where there are hospitals to be treated or offer the treatment that this deemed adequate. ENEO is expected to have as its key CSR policy the prevention and treatment plans for malaria concentrated in these local communities that surround the dams.
"The rate at which people have malaria here is very high. It is the most common illness here. It has killed a lot of people as well especially those who are unable to effort treatment. The mosquitoes that transmit the malaria parasite are everywhere. The government sometimes provides with mosquito tents as a preventive measure, but it is difficult not to have malaria. What we need in this area is good hospital and subsidised medication, so that people will not continue to die from malaria." Unemployed native Apart from the government distributing mosquito tents to the everyone because malaria in pandemic in Cameroon, ENEO is expected to join forces with the government and make the distribution of malaria tents to the people in these localities at least twice a year because they are at greater risk of malaria living close to the dams.
Another illness that is common amongst people living by large water bodies is Onchocerciasis. In the West Region of Cameroon 2011, statistics showed that there was 68.7% prevalence of onchocerciasis in adults and 29.2% in children (Katabarwa et al., 2013). Bamendjing dam is situated in the West Region of Cameroon and this statistics could be due to the dam situated in that area. Onchocerciasis is a parasitic infection that causes skin and eye inflammation and can lead to blindness (a condition called river blindness). The symptoms are skin itches and blindness itself. The parasite is transmitted to humans by the black fly, which breeds in fast-flowing rivers. Black flies breed in fast flowing water and dams provides a favourable breeding ground for black flies. Onchocerciasis is controlled by a drug called Metizan distributed by WHO in Cameroon. However, this drug can only be effective if an infected person takes it for fifteen years which is the life span of the parasite (Filou, 2012). Most infected people starts taking the drug and when the itches stop they stop taking the medication. This results in the parasite developing from a micro stage that was being controlled by Metizan to a macro stage which currently does not have a control drug. ENEO is expected to build in this health factor into its CRS policies and activities. Currently, there seem to be no activity geared towards this illness in the villages where the study was carried out.
Another study by Kamga et al. (2011) indicated that onchocerciasis can be treated by the strict and continues use of the relevant medication. In order to achieve this aim, there is a great need for health information on the issue, sensitisation, mobilisation and advocacy is key in creating awareness. ENEO could involve the local communities to build up CSR policies that can achieve this aim.
The local communities that surround the Mape and Bamendjing dams are expecting ENEO to sensitize these people more often and build information centres in these communities to make them aware of this type of illness and the importance of taking the Metizan that WHO Cameroon is giving out each year. Furthermore, ENEO should work with WHO Cameroon more prior to the distribution of the medication to make sure that people are aware. Furthermore, ENEO should work with existing health centres in the areas to care for people that develop an allergic reaction to Metizan. This is because the allergic reaction of some of the people to the medication is serving as a deterrent to others from taking the medication. If ENEO could work with the WHO and the local health centres to provide medical assistance to people who suffer side effect from Metizan or are allergic to Metizan, they will reassure the local community on the importance of taking the medication.
"I remember we were told by the government to take the medication. I took my wife and five children to the community centre where they were distributing the medicine. We were not allowed to bring it home and made us take the medicine right there in their presence. When I returned home, less than eight hours later, my wife's fingers, face and legs were swollen and we were so scared. Unfortunately, I had no money to take her to the hospital. We all stayed with her at home in fear and hoping that she got better. Friends came and saw her, and eventually get got well again after three days. Since then no one in my immediate and extended family takes that medication again." Farmer Schistosomiasis, (bilharzia) is a parasitic disease which can cause serious damage to internal organs, and may even undermine growth and cognitive development in children. When the urinary system of adults is infected it may increases their chances of developing bladder cancer.
iv Symptoms of the disease includes blood in urine, fever etc. Schistosomiasis can be easily treated when diagnosed by the use of a drug called praziquantel. Past academic studies (Saotoing et al. 2011;Sama et al., 2007) suggest that schistosomiasis is common in Cameroon which implies that it would even be worst amongst the people living close to the dams. Just like the other diseases discussed earlier, ENEO is expected to incorporate necessary policies and activities in its CSR plan in collaboration with the local communities that will help the people to prevent the disease.
Most of the people living in these local communities have a belief that anyone that has cancer will die. This is technically true because most of the people diagnosed with cancer could not afford the money for treatment and chemotherapy. As a result most of the people believe that any form of cancer that they may have will lead to dead. Consequently, people suffering from schistosomiasis are scared to go to the hospital for treatment forgetting that they are creating for opportunities for it to develop to cancer of the bladder. Therefore, ENEO needs to do more sensitisation and educate the local people on all of these diseases so that they can seek medical attention as soon as possible when they notice any symptoms.
ENEO pays for the hospital bills of its workers that contract any of these diseases. However, the multitude of people living in the area would have to pay their hospital bills when ill. What the local community is expecting of ENEO is not only to provide them with enough sensitisation on the dangers of living around the dam, but also to liaise with the private health service that exist in the area.
"We are happy that the dam is located here, but health wise we wish it was not. I know that ENEO pays the hospital bills of its workers because my cousin works there, but we expect a lot more from ENEO because we feel like the most important thing in our lives which is good health has been taken away and left us vulnerable." Village chief Hundreds of people living around the area feel that the ENEO company is not doing anything to help the indigenous people because rather than concentrating their CSR activities around the area where the dams are, they are concentrating their activities in big cities like Douala and Bamenda that are not close to the dam and do not face the consequences of the dam.
Furthermore, the local people expect ENEO to understand the implications on drinking contaminated water and provide the entire community surround the dam area with good clean pipe borne water. However, the people expressed their frustration that ENEO only provided water to the town where the dam is situated and completely ignored the surrounding villages. This has consequently resulted into increase in dead rate because some of the local people do not recognise the symptoms, while other do and simple do not have the money to go to the hospital.
The local community are expecting ENEO to build hospitals or collaborate with hospitals that are around the Ndzi 157 dam areas to provide good quality health for the people. The provision of the health facilities will also create employment opportunities for the people living around the area. The great importance of hospital facilities is due increase risk of illnesses that the people living around the dams face because of being close to large water bodies such as malaria.

Education
The local communities surrounding the Mape and Bamendjing dams expect ENEO to contribute to the education standards of the people. Cameroon has about 67% literacy rate indicating that about 37% are out of education and the need to encourage pupils to acquire education. They expect at least primary schools and secondary schools to be built in these areas with the collaboration of ENEO and the local communities. ENEO can do this by liaising with the government or the local people to build the schools. The schools will provide employment opportunities to the people those communities and also educate the children about the effect of living around large water bodies in general (and dams in particular). At school children will be taught amongst other things about the importance of drinking good clean water as a means of preventing some of the health issues associated with drinking dirty water in general (and dam water in particular).
"We were expecting that by now we will have good primary and secondary schools in this area in which our children can have their education. I am sadden that there are no good schools in this area and in some areas that I know like…there are no school at all. We desperately need schools through which our children can be taught many things including the dangers of living in places like this one. Most of the people here are un-educated and cannot read or write. Even ENEO places some important information most of the people will be unable to read. But if there were schools, the children can read and tell the parents, or the teachers can emphasise on the information for pupils to tell their parents." Village chief

Good drinking water
Having good quality of drinking water around dams is difficult except procedure is taken to purify the water (Pottinger 2009). Some of the villages surrounding the Bamendjing dam have access to pipe borne water but the villages surrounding Mape dam are almost hopeless.
Most of the people in the villages surrounding Mape dam use well water. ENEO CRS policy of WASH is expected to be put more into practice in these areas. However, ENEO seem to be implementing its WASH policy in the big cities that are not close to the dams as the local villagers that are so close to the dam. Even though ENEO could be seen has having an essential CSR policy that if put to proper use will help the people, this policy is very limited in its effectiveness because the policy is not put into practice in areas that most need it.
"We get our water from the well which I dug up myself two years ago. The water does not look very clean but we think it is better than the dam water. When it rains too much and there is flooding, our well gets filled up to the brim. We know then that it is not clean, but we try to boil the water before drinking because we cannot afford to buy refined water." Fisherman Well water is clean with reference to where the well is located. Water obtained from a well constructed in and around water bodies from the dam are hardly clean. This is because the dam water sips into the well making them not clean for human consumption. In addition to this, when the water levels rises so much flooding occur filling the wells directly with dirty water from the dam. Based on the living standards on the people of this locality, pit toilets are commonly used. Flooding causes water to mix with faecal material from these pits toilets and subsequently released into the environment and the wells (Adekunle 2009). ENEO is expected to collaborate with the local community to ensure that everyone leaving close to the dams have pipe borne water that treated to prevent diseases.

Electricity
The primary aim for the construction of the dams is to generate electricity. It is therefore expected that ENEO should aim at providing the villages close to the dams with access to reliable electrical supply. Furthermore, the ENEO company is making billions from the sales of electricity and the people expect that ENEO"s top CSR policy should be to provide the local villages with electricity. The construction of the Mape dam and Bamendjing dam were to serve as reservoirs to back up the Songloulou and Edea hydroelectric plants. Most of the urban areas surrounding the dams are still without electricity and those that have electricity constantly experience power cuts. Most of the villages surrounding the Bamendjing dam have access to electricity than the villages surrounding the Mape dam. Some of the villages around the Mape dam that have electricity are within the 15km from the location of the dam, and the villages beyond are without electricity. However, the effect of the dam (in terms of health for example) is felt by the people living far beyond 15km from the dams.
"It is rather unbelievable that we do not have access to electricity even though we live less than 5kms away from a dam that is used as a reservoir for a hydroelectricity plant. When the dam was constructed, we thought that the very first advantage would be access to electricity but no. The dam is causing us too much trouble and it would be the least thing for ENEO to grant use access to electricity and even free in return for all the troubles we are going through because of the dam." Village chief

Fishing
The dams create a good source of fishing and consequently attract a lot of people from different areas who fish for commercial purposes and for pleasure (Marmulla, 2001). The construction of the dams constituted a new dawn for the fishermen around the locality. Over 10,000 fishermen from diverse nationalities comb the dams to harvest fish for the thousands of buyers from the other parts of Cameroon as well as from neighbouring countries like Nigeria.
v The Mape dam for example, attracts many people to the area including citizens of other countries such as Nigeria and Ghana. However, the local people are complaining that there is no appropriate fishing regulation in place and therefore people from Ghana and Nigeria are not practicing subsistent fishing. However, the fishing sector in Cameroon is under-developed (Belhabib and Pauly 2015) and ENEO is expected to encourage fishing and safety at sea which it has failed to do in these two dams.
"Fishing is the greatest thing that we enjoy from the dam being located in this place. However, we are in a big competition with Nigerians and Ghanaians who come with fast fishing boats and fine nets which allow them to catch even the small fish. We try to catch only the big fish to make sure that the fish's life cycle continues and we can continue to fish all the time. We want ENEO and the government [Ministry of Fisheries] to control the sizes of fishing in this place. Our greatest fear is that if the fish is not there then most of us in this place will be left empty handed with nothing to live on." Fisherman The people living around the dams turn to depend mostly on fishing. They try to practice subsistent fishing to make sure that they continue to have fish which will support their living. However, because there is no effective fishing regulation in place others like the Ghanaian and Nigerians turn to fish even the small fish (Business in Cameroon 2013). The Ghanaians and the Nigerian use very fine nets with very little holes to fish. Once these nets are cast into the water, it catches even the tiny fish which could have been left to mature and continue the life cycle of the fish. The local community fish with local nets and hooks avoiding the little fish to grow because they know that their living depends on it. ENEO is therefore, expected to make efficient fishing regulations in collaboration with the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries in Cameroon to ensure that the fishing rules are respected by all fishermen.

Public security
The influx of people to the dam areas has resulted in a high level of illegal acts such as rape, drug deals, widespread of sexually transmitted illnesses, unwanted pregnancies, abortions, robbery, prostitution, etc. The local community feel less safe than they were before the construction of the dams. The local people have expressed their concerns that the fishermen, especially those from other countries who come to fish turn to get involved in illegal drug dealing, rape and as a result a wide spread of sexually transmitted diseases.
"This place has slowly become a fertile place for illegal activities such as crack cocaine, rape, prostitution and a lot of other illegal activities. I think that most of these illegal activities are as a result of the consumption of the crack cocaine by the fishermen. There seems to be no immigration control or that there are weak, but they freely trade in crack cocaine and when they take it, they just rape girls at random and no one seems to say anything about it." Fisherman Some of these rape cases result in unwanted pregnancies and abortion by girls who do not want to keep the pregnancies. Furthermore, due to the influx of people to the dam areas for fishing, commercial and other reasons, there has also been an increase case of prostitutions in the area. The rape and prostitution turn to increase on the rate of spread of sexually transmitted diseases in the area, which could also increase dead rates in the area. ENEO can contribute towards public safety through sensitisation in schools and talks around the community on sexually transmitted diseases. Furthermore, ENEO should work with the government to create/increase police post in these areas to maintain law and order. It would be important for ENEO to encourage communication and coordination with the people of these societies. Some of these villages do not have telephone network and therefore are unable to communicate to others or the police if a crime is being committed. If ENEO could work together with some of the telephone providers and encourage them to extend their services to these areas, there will be increased communications in the society and some of the crimes can be prevented or perpetrators of such crimes punished.

Transportation
Most of the urban areas in Cameroon are faced with the problem of bad roads. The bad roads are causing car accidents leading to the loss of lives. Bad roads also encourages high way robbery because cars are unable to Ndzi 159 run fast, and in some places, passengers need to get off the car or bus/coach and walk a few meters or kilometres on foot. High way robbers then target such places and rob passengers of all their money and belongings. Passengers who try to resist sometimes lost their lives as well. The people find it pointless to call the law enforcement officers because they will be unable to get to the scene of the crime to help the passengers for the same reason of bad roads.
"Over the years we have received reports of robbery and sometimes dead caused by robbers on our road. Almost all of the time information reaches us when the robbers are already gone or a dead body has been found by the roadside. It is difficult to help our people because the roads are not good and it takes us a long time as well to get to the scene of the incident." Police officer The local community around the Mape and Bamendjing dam expects ENEO to help with the maintenance of roads that leads from the dam through the villages to big cities. If the roads are constantly maintained, then it will reduce cases of highway robbery and dead and injuries caused by car accidents. Furthermore, the fishermen need good roads to be able to transport the fish to the market.

Conclusion
CSR practices are core practices that could help the local communities and the country as a whole to develop both financially and otherwise. However, the concept of having CSR policies and practices by companies in Cameroon is still relatively new. However, ENEO has been identified as one of the companies in Cameroon that has CSR policies and is involved in activities and projects to help the local communities and the country as a whole to alleviate poverty. However, this paper argues that ENEO CSR policies are targeted towards urban areas that do not desperately need the measures as much as the societies where their dams are located. Most of the people especially in the local society surrounding the Mape dams do not have pipe borne water to avoid drinking contaminated water; schools to educate the community on the effect of the dams; law enforcement officers to guarantee security for the people; no good roads to ensure safe transportation etc. There is a need for ENEO to move its CSR activities to these areas that are most needed which are the local communities around the dams. The complaints and negative feedback about ENEO from these people is unable to impact on the competition of ENEO business because ENEO has monopoly over the electricity sector in Cameroon. However, the concerns that these people have raised requires immediate reaction not only from ENEO company but also a reaction from other sectors of the government (such as the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Fisheries, Transportation sector etc.) and the government as a whole. This article form the basis for further studies to carried out on the activities of ENEO company and its CSR policies around these locality. This article did not cover environmental aspects which is another important aspect of CSR. Furthermore, this paper only considered the communities that surround the Mape and the Bamendjing dam, a more extensive research could be conducted which will include the local communities surrounding all the dams in Cameroon to properly evaluate their position and ENEO CSR policies and practices.