Evaluation of the land management harmony degree based on the three attributes of land : The case study of Beijing

The paper firstly constructs the evaluation system of land management harmony degree based on the three attributes of land about resources, assets and capital, then calculates and evaluates regional land management harmony degree combined with the empirical data of Beijing. Methods of multiobjective weighted function and analytic hierarchy process are employed. On this basis, this study reveals that: firstly, determine the calculation method of harmony degree through defining the connotation of harmony degree, which lays the foundation for comprehensively evaluating land management harmony degree; secondly, do the secondary screening of evaluation indicators based on the preliminary selection from three aspects of land resources, assets and capital, give the weight of the indicators on the analytic hierarchy process which ensures the scientific nature of evaluation system; finally, do empirical analysis taking Beijing’s related data during 2009-2013 as the basis which confirms the maneuverability of the evaluation system. In the end, it points to the fact that the evaluation system of land management harmony degree which is constructed based on the three attributes of land is scientific and reasonable, as well as with practical value.


INTRODUCTION
Evaluating land management harmony degree in different regions reasonably is helpful to improve the pertinence of land management.Current researches of land management evaluation mostly focus on measuring the degree of the utilization and protection of land resources from the perspective of resource (Chen, 2001;Zha, 2002;Zhang, 1996;Zhang and Chen, 2006;Zhou and Li, 2003;Qiu and Xiao, 2001;Mi, 2005), which could not fully reflect the land characteristics and land management connotation.
In fact, land has three attributes of resources, assets and capital.Land resource is an important part of natural resources, the main part of terrestrial ecosystem, as well as an important material for national economic and social development.The characteristics of land resources are reflected in the nurturing function, bearing function, aesthetic functions etc. Land asset is the land resources with a clear ownership and economic value.When the land assets are put into the market, produce value-added and bring the expected return to the owners, land assets are turned into land capital.The land resource is the foundation of land assets, but not all of the land resource can become land assets.Land asset is the premise of land capital; only in the mature environment, land assets can be transformed into land capital.
In order to comprehensively reflect the land management harmony degree in terms of the land attributes including resource, assets and capital (here in after referred as the three attributes of land, TAL), this paper constructs evaluation system of land management harmony degree based on TAL, then calculates and evaluates Beijing's land management harmony degree combined with the data of 2009-2013,which is for the purpose to provide reference for evaluating the level of regional land management.

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
Define the connotation and calculation method of harmony degree.Based on clearing the connotation of harmony degree, the paper takes multi-objective weighted function as the foundation, constructs evaluation coefficient of harmony degree with the aid of the standard deviation, then synthesizes the harmony degree.
Set up evaluation system of Land Management Harmony Degree (LMHD).Based on the preliminary selection of indicators, do the secondary screening and give weight to evaluation indicator separately using 'two classification setpoint method' (Luo, 2009) and the analytic hierarchy process, calculate the harmony degree based on the non-dimensional processing of data, and then get the LMHD evaluation system.In this paper, 'The two classification set point method' is an indicators-screening method of the combination of subjective and objective.First of all, divide the evaluated object into several basic aspects according to the main characteristics; secondly, screen out the final evaluation index system by using these two methods of cluster analysis and multiple correlation coefficient.Among them, the various aspects of the primary index are subdivided into sub-groups by cluster analysis, and selecting the representative index from the sub-groups through the calculation of correlation coefficient.Therefore, this method can ensure that the index has the characteristics of comprehensive and representative, which has the obvious superiority.
Calculate and evaluate Beijing's LMHD using the LMHD evaluation system and the related data of Beijing from 2009 to 2013.

METHODOLOGY
Define the connotation, calculation method and classification standard of harmony degree.Define the connotation of harmony degree.From the system point of view, harmony is the coordination and balance between each subsystem, between the elements of subsystems and elements of their own, that is the coordination of internal and external relations at all levels in different things (Shen and Wang, 2004).On this basis, the harmony degree can be defined as the indicator that can measure the coordination degree between the system of internal and internal factors.That is to say, harmony degree is a comprehensive indicator which can be used to judge the coordination and equilibrium degree of system form by means of the multi dimension information evaluation object contains.
Determine calculation Method of harmony degree.When calculating the harmony degree, in order to collect and organize a number of indicator information that evaluation object contains, and then recognize the quality of evaluation object on the whole in a certain standards, the multi-objective weighted function (Zhang, 2007) can be used to calculate.In this paper, multiobjective weighted function refers to the method by using multiobjective comprehensive evaluation which forms a comprehensive index based on the collection of information on a number of indicators of evaluation object, and understand evaluation objects under certain standards from the overall quality.In a sense, multiobjective comprehensive evaluation has the advantages of combination of qualitative and quantitative, comprehensive, integrated comprehensive.
In order to reflect the coordination and equilibrium degree of system form, the standard deviation which reflects configuration discrete degree can be used to construct evaluation coefficient of harmony degree (Chen, 2009), then synthesize the indicator value of harmony degree.
Formulate classification standard of harmony degree.In order to definite objectively the state of system harmony degree, corresponding grading standards need to be formulated to divide the class of harmony degree.At present, the classification of harmony degree often uses respectively fuzzy clustering and bisection method (e.g., the four or five division method, the ten division method) according to the number of data points (Chen, 2009;Zhang, 2010;Wang and Zhang, 2003;Guo, 2002).Among them, fuzzy clustering borrows the idea of fuzzy mathematics to define the similar degree of harmony in the membership as a state of harmony of the same type.Bisection method divides the degree of harmony between '0' and '1 ' into four equal parts, five or ten equal to refine the harmony degree.

Set up LMHD evaluation system
The first step is establishment of LMHD evaluation indicator system.The establishment of the indicator system needs to pass primary election and the screening of two steps.In the primary link, according to the basic connotation of TAL, the indicators which can be used for quantitative evaluation can be selected from the land resources, assets, capital.At the screening stage, in order to ensure the independence of each indicator and data availability, the 'two classification set point method' can be used to exclude the information redundancy in the primary indicator, then get the LMHD evaluation indicator system.
The second step is determination of indicator weight on the analytic hierarchy process.Select the appropriate scaling method, establishing the hierarchy structure model.To compare the relative importance of indicator in each layer by the expert, then gives the scoring result; the expert scoring results which passed consistency checking are the weights value of indicator in each layer of the LMHD evaluation system.The third step is dimensionless process (Guo, 2002) of indicators' original data.Do dimensionless process of indicators' original data in order to eliminate the influence of the original data unit.
The fourth step is calculation and evaluation of LMHD.First of all, calculate the weighted values of 3 sub-target layer of resources, assets and capital using the multi-objective weighted function, and then obtain the comprehensive value of the total target layer; Secondly, structure evaluation coefficient by means of standard differential; Finally, synthesize the LMHD through the evaluation coefficient of harmony degree and comprehensive value of the total target layer, combined with the classification criterion of harmony degree, and then do the LMHD evaluation.

Evaluation indicator system and indicator's weight
After primary and secondary selection, select the indicator system for Beijing's LMHD evaluation; get the weight of each indicator evaluation on the analytic hierarchy process.The system of evaluation indicator and the weight of each indicator of Beijing's LMHD is shown in Table 1.

Dimensionless process of indicators
The land management data of Beijing from the year 2009 to 2013 are collected and non-dimensionalized with the method of extreme value approach.The dimensionless process of forwardtype and reverse-type indicators is shown in Formula 1 and 2. Where, yij is the indicator value after dimensionless processing, xij is the indicator value of original data.Mj is the maximum value of original data, mj is the minimum data of original data.
Each indicator data after the extremum method processing is Each indicator value of original data and its result after dimensionless processing are listed in Table 2. (2)

Calculation of sub-target hierarchies' weighting values and overall-target hierarchy's comprehensive value .
The weighting values of different hierarchies are calculated by using multi-objective weighting function which is Visible in the formula 3 with the data listed in Tables 1 and 2. (3) Where, h ij is the dimensionless value of indicator j in the level i ; r ij is the weighting value of the indictor j and m is the number of indictors in the level i.
The weighting values of 3 sub-target hierarchies fB ) and the comprehensive value of overall-target hierarchy ( ( ) fA ) are calculated and listed in Table 3.

Structure of Beijing's LMHD evaluation coefficient
The dispersion degree of components is in negative relationship with the harmony degree of the system, based on which Beijing's LMHD evaluation coefficient is structured as listed in Formula 4,   is the mean value of () i fB.Beijing's LMHD in recent years   are calculated with the data in Table 3 by Formula 4, which is listed in Table 4.
The calculation formula of how to calculate Beijing's LMHD is shown below.Where CI is LMHD, R is evaluation coefficient of the harmony degree and () fA is the comprehensive value of overall-target hierarchy.
Beijing's LMHD in recent years are calculated with the data in Tables 3 and 4 by using formula 5, which is listed in Table 5.

() CI R f A 
(5) The status of Beijing's LMHD is judged by grading standard of harmony degree of the ten division method which is one of the equal division methods based the data value CI and the range of CI.As is shown in Tables 5 and 6, Beijing's LMHD are all below 0.5 from the year 2009 to 2013 which means each year are in a state of disharmony.That is, the overall level of land management in the three capital characteristics is comparatively low.
There are several reasons for such results:1)From the overall target layer, the value itself is less than 0.50 (except 2008).If multiplied by the evaluation coefficient (the value of each year is more than 0.726), Beijing' s LMHD of less than 0.50 is not difficult to understand;2) From the sub target layer, at least two sub target layer weighted value is less than 0.50 every year which reduces comprehensive value of the total target layer on the whole; 3) From the second level indicators, through the dimensionless treatment, higher weight

Table 1 .
Indicators and their weights of Beijing's LMHD evaluation system.

Table 3 .
The weighted value of sub goal layer and general goal layer.
index results are generally not ideal.For example, although the weight of D6 (Proportion of reserve land resources) is the highest (0.68) in all the second level indicators, the dimensionless results has