Study of socio-economical and cultural factors on development in Dehloran, Iran

In this study, we investigated the socio-economical and cultural factors on development in Dehloran (West south of Illam). The population selected for this study was 63000 based on the statistics of population published in Dehloran in the year 2006. The method used is simple random sampling and Kokran formula with sample size of 400 persons. The study is a measuringdescriptive research and we used the following: questionnaire, interview, and library, indexing of present resources, contexts and getting information from internet. Recent study has been performed to investigate protective factors of development within 7 assumptions (lack of industrial centers, racial prejudice, and lack of high quality of higher educational centers, season phenomenon, reputation massacres, unemployment and lack of investigating motivations). For analyzing of data, descriptive statistics is used and for testing statistics we use Kai Echoer test and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient to rely on analysis with reliability more than 0.99%. In regression analysis, the value of multilateral will be 0.63.


INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, inequality and development are being explored as key discussion of sociology of development in developing countries.Poverty and proscription are imposed on Third world countries within the guidelines of development programs.In all cases, the cost and penalties are not useful and it results in using of modern patterns like sustainable interior development that is closer to social justice.Development has serious traces on cut aspects.In fact, socio-cultural development is precondition of structural evolution and different transformations in the society; while social acceptance is available for changing the resistance to the existence of development.Development programs are not encountered by failure.So in this study, we study the sociocultural barriers of the development in Dehloran.*Corresponding author.E-mail: iravani@iaukhsh.ac.ir.Tel: 00989130758065.

Theoretical framework
The conception of development in theorists' views causes a decline in its different definitions.At first, development reminds us of growth.But development is not only growth; it can be called change.But every change in the society is not considered as developments; rather most ones are considered as corresponding to promotion and integrity.Most development dimensions or sections of development have considerable results.
The word, development is first claimed by Michael Tudor In 1947.Development has multidimensional flow that is subjected to basic changes in social structure, public insight and national institutions with the purposes of speeding economical growth, decreasing inequality and rooting of poverty.Principally, development shows that the complex social system is compatible with fundamental different needs of individuals and social groups within the system, bringing them out of unsuitable state and into better material and mental dimensions.
Development is a complicated process and a kind of social change.In national and local levels, individual and collective dimensions in political, economical, cultural and social fields are explored.The process is the basis of changing present state to proper state.In this situation, the society's members find valuable resources of cognition, power, and consequently, improvement and promotion.Such a legal process gradually leads to historical, dimensional, incomplete and expensive method (Tudors, 1987).
Development has different dimensions but the common dimension of all cases is firstly, development is human product.It means that humans mandate it and empower intervention presenting developing, planning, supervising and running programs.Secondly, the final aim of development is to improve human welfare and provide better condition of environment and life.Cultural development is the process that changes perceptional valuable fields and humans' tendency, abilities and specific personality that result from beliefs, behaviors and actions.Cultural development is a method of taking culture.In the channel of cultural we increase human culture (Naraghi, 2001).
Cultural development means promoting and transcending cultural life of the society; and also achieving higher cultural values that result in increased power and efficiency of culture in response to culture of mental and material needs.Importance of culture, particularly today, is formed from what the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 21st May of 1987 to 1997 (cultural decade) called the global day of cut dimension (Salehi, 2009).

Population and migration
This is the growing traditional structure of developing countries and is the greatest structure on the path of development in these countries.This structure is influenced by factors like high fertility in underdeveloped countries, increasing population due to high birth in all countries and internal or external heavy migration.

Condition of health and food
In all developing countries, there are low hygiene facilities and disorder that cause outbreak of most disease and mortality, especially in children.These two factors lead to weak population in developing countries.It is an effective barrier to development (Griffin, 1998).

Illiteracy and deficits in instructional system
Illiteracy percent in developing countries is very high and Iravani et al. 11385 it neutralizes every attempt to develop countries.One of the basic beds of development is literacy.Unfortunately, the educational system has structural problem in these countries.It cost very high to educate people in these countries, and low institutions also constitute barrier to development in these countries.

Social injustice and class distinctions
These are the basic problems on the way of development in all third world countries.The distance between the rich and poor families is very high, as minorities of rich families possess majority of the society's wealth and majority of low income and poor families live under the poverty line (Harrison, 1996).

Cultural barriers
Most sociologists know that cultural barrier is strong against development in underdeveloped countries.These barriers are more, but in the macro level we study 4 stages: Fatalism: the spirit of fatalism is development among people of developing countries.The spirit causes people to accept whatever bothers them without conflict and is passive; they consider all affairs as due to external forces and attribute all to the society.Fatalism is a barrier of innovation and conservative spirit (Bonyanian, 2007).
Lack of scientific cognition: one of the problems and barriers of third world countries is to change scientific thought in their life periods.Science and scientific knowledge solve so many problems; but in these countries, importance of science is not known or devices and scientific institutions are not sufficient.
Ethical conflict: some developing countries constitute different races.These conflicts are either hidden or apparent.Apparent conflicts are encountered among races.These conflicts develop barriers.History of these countries shows that relations among their races always cause destruction.
A) Basic problem is to develop product.B) Development is basically due to separating cultural patterns from material resources of developed areas and then penetrating to under developing areas.C) In each backward country, we can see leakage of modern sections to traditional ones.D) Backward traditional section acts as the part of modern section that limits development (Siami, 2002).
Booker's binary theory: some theorists of modernity school believe that third world countries are divided into two sections.Altogether, first section is higher and expensive in industrial countries and second section is backward while subsection has importance.Poul Bookeh pointed out in agriculture section two different sections of commerce.All mentioned views focus on economical dimension.Economic and economical politics of bilateral societies was booked in the year 1953.This theory put in main flow of economical studies.According to economical binary, developing countries include two complete separate sections.First, economical section of city that is changeable and profitable for the market; second, traditional section or agricultural (rural) section as a station for entertaining, schools, views, conse-quences of development, hidden unemployment and need to transfer massacre and technology of modern section (Siami, 2002).

Coherency school
Coherency school has an origin in studies relating to the west especially Latin America (Brazil and Mexico) and also includes sociological, economical, ethnological and political attitudes based on comparative studies.(Azadarmaki, 2000).

Institutional theory
Institutional view is new and complete induction of renovation that considers effectiveness as the role of social organisations and institutions in the field of economical-social development.In this view, development is attributed to institutional and organizational change.Development like improvement of life conditions of all people or low class of society requires security of human honor, justice and equity.So development is a local case which deals with the economic problems of human (Azadarmaki, 2000).

History of research
Occupational, cultural, economical security and belief of equality, ordered life and obeying rule are some effective factors on the process of industrialization and economical growth and development, exploiting work force from modern technology and level of venture (Bonyanian, 2007).Sasdeghi (2001)

RESEARCH METHOD
Present research is a measuring one and used the following devices: questionnaire, interview, and library, indexing of present resources, contexts and getting information from internet.Statistics population in the research is people living in Dehloran and based on the published statistics in the year 2006, the population is 63000.In this study we use simple randomly sampling; the number of 400 persons have been selected by Kokran formula.For analysis information, we used inductive and descriptive statistics (Kai-Escher and Spearman correlation coefficient, regression coefficient); reliability of questionnaire is studied by preliminary test and assessing them before gathering complete information.At first, the number of 40 questions is completed and reliability has been studied and it is 0.9003 and acceptance is more than 0.75.For estimating validity question, facial validity or consensus of advisor and experts has been used.

RESEARCH FINDINGS
Assumption 1: There is a direct relation between lack of quality in educational centers and none development.
According to the two variables (lack of educational center and development) in the level of semi-space, ordering entity, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient, ranking correlation are used to find more reliability.
The results are as follows: Based on value of Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.497 and Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.471, meaningfulness level in both tests is 0.001.We can claim that there is sufficient evidence to decline the assumption and confirm it with probability more than 99%.In other words, there is a direct relation between quality of educational centers and non development (Table 1).Assumption 2: There is a direct relation between tribal prejudice and non development.
For testing this assumption, according to semi-distancing variable that is ordering, and for more reliability of better result we used both Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient.
Based on the value of Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.481 and Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.285, meaningfulness level in both tests is 0.001.We can claim that there is sufficient evidence to decline the assumption and confirm it with probability more than 99%.In other words, there is a direct relation between tribal prejudice and non development (Table 2).
Assumption 3: There is a direct relation between season phenomenon and non development.
Based on the value of Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.287and Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.336 meaningfulness level in both tests is 0.000.We can claim that there is sufficient evidence to decline the assumption and confirm it with probability more than 99%.In other words, there is a direct relation between season phenomenon and non development (Table 3).
Assumption 4: There is a direct relation between reputation of massacres and non development.
Based on the value of Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.4007 and Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.418 meaningfulness level in both tests is 0.000.We can claim that there is sufficient evidence to decline the assumption  4).
Assumption 5: There is a direct relation between social factors and non development.
Based on the value of Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.413 and Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.420, meaningfulness level in both tests is 0.000.We can claim that there is sufficient evidence to decline the assumption and confirm it with probability more than 99%.In other words, there is a direct relation between social factors and non development (Table 5).
Assumption 6: there is a direct relation between cultural factors and non-development.
Based on the value of Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.497 and Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.471 meaningfulness level in both tests is 0.001.We can claim that there is sufficient evidence to decline the assumption and confirm it with probability more than 99%.In other words, there is a direct relation between cultural factors and non-development (Table 6).

Regression analysis
Variables like reputation of massacres, tribal prejudice, season phenomenon and quality of higher education are as follows.
Tables 7 show that there is a level of 0.820 among independent and depended variables and also coefficient of determining is 0.673.It means that changes of depended variable have been defined by this group of depended variables out of model.

Multifold regulated determining factor
Estimated standard deviation 1 0.820 0.673 0.667 2.023 The value of taken F (13.951) and meaningfulness level that is smaller than 0.05 show that meaningful regression has measurement for data (Table 8).
According to the T column and meaningfulness level, the regressive effect of quality of education centers, reputation of massacres are considerable and the effects of other variables are not meaningful (Table 9).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The relation between the two variables, lack of higher educational centers and non development with reliability of 0.99 is meaningful.In other words, there is a direct relation between lack of high educational centers and non-development.These areas have higher educational centers and impose suitable development, culturally.Nowadays, mental growth, intellectual empowerment and innovative ability, discovery, canon and recognition law are considered as keys to grow development.In this way, in developed societies, higher education is considered as basic factor for economical -cultural growth as it provides massacres' views according to socio-cultural technological changes.However, in the studies of cultural development, higher education has been considered as one key of enterprise.So by growing scientific and educational institution, developmental cultural bed causes more contribution in the social and eco evolutions and makes mental evaluation to accept proper ideas of human development; it also causes mental ability, activity and internalizes them.Preservation and development of culture has been provided by higher education system and has sufficient specialty accompanying with sciences in the same time.In this assumption, Pearson believes that development of written language has proper specialty and growing science in the societies' renovation and social cultural development.Also researches of Azam (2004) andEngelhard (1994) are comparative based on the role of scientific activities in changing improper cultural development.
The relation between the two variables, lack of tribal prejudice and non development with reliability od 0.99 is meaningful.In other words, there is a direct relation between tribal prejudice and non development.Social development relates closely to the method of life style and objectively is based on promoting public life theory, making proper condition and optimization of eradication of poverty, providing of food, health, settlement, employment and education and spending of leisure time.
The aim of social development is to provide different forms of interaction which occurs in the society with developing civilization.Social and cultural developments are supplementary and contiguous aspect of the phenomenon.Both of them lead to increase of different aspects of society.Social development includes social development than eco development.In modernity period, discussions relating to civil society, social democracy, justice, welfare and capital include basic subjects of social development.Social development means separating from past customs, because those customs are the storage of past experiences.Development is a process that past customs and experiences are renewed by recent needs and potential human.This assumption is compatible with Daniel Loner and Raggers that main factor of non development is attributed to fatalism and lack of innovation.
The relation between the two variables, lack of tribal massacres and non development with reliability of 0.99 is meaningful.It means that there is a direct relation between changes, evolution and review in this phenomenon and decrease involving massacres in Dehloran.In other words, massacres and conflicts could be prevented by replacing reputation laws with Islamic one.
Conversation and social life is accompanied with social welfare unless it may not be possible to adjust personal interactions in the society, keep public order, provide security and extend socio-cultural, legal and moral justice.It is based on predicating principles and harmonic rules in all aspects to prevent violate and oppressing people of their rights.Undoubtedly, Islam is a complete religion and presents detailed and stable instructions; and resorting to Islamic principles serves as relying on doubtful schools and implementing unfounded customs.It is obvious that all societies in the world have specific habits and customs, and Dehloran is no exception.Keeping general order, internal security, respect to freedom and people's rights, inviolability of violence, implementing justice, observing reputation of members, developing mental, cultural, scientific and economical activities make people active.All scientists and theorists have path of development based on four bases: security, culture, health and justice.
For confirming crime and attributing criminal, and for accommodating criminals' acts with legal definitions, there are principles which provide the purpose of preservation in the society.This assumption is compatible with Smeller and Rodgers' ideas based on changes in structures and values of areas.
The relation between the two variables, lack of social and cultural structures and non development with reliability of 0.99 is meaningful.It means that there is a direct relation between cultural structures and decreasing reputation of massacres.In other words, people can eliminate motivation of massacres by reviewing and changing these structures.Humans take specific behavioral characteristics through socialization.We should accept first difference in social roles between man and woman by the difference in their birthdays and it is based on cultural values.In our society, unwanted or unconscious thoughts, separating gender roles can be observed in different levels of social system.Sociologically, theory is a more or less table readiness with theoretical and behavioral origin.So it is necessary that we optimize to decrease motivations of such behaviors in the society.
In traditional societies, the elderly do not trust the younger ones and their selection is based on their senses, excitement and not logic.They believe that younger persons are not able to see all aspects of work and this inexpedience allows them to interfere and supervise young people's' life.
Lack of freedom causes different problems.By changing these socio-cultural structures we can decrease present social disorders.This assumption is compatible with Daniel Loner based on social cultural structures and the effect of this change in the developing areas.
Global economical system includes three parts of center, semi moons and moons.In this view, development is considered as commercial relation for establishing global economical system This theory is mostly influenced by Marxist and considers our relation with third world and capitalism countries.In this view, main causes of lag and non development relate to capitalism structure.It means development of capitalism system causes lag in those countries which are placed in pre capitalism stage.Evolution of capitalist is not harmonic evolution; through diffusion other countries enter into development, but backwardness of third world countries is related to capitalism system.It means development of capitalism causes lag and puts them on per capita stage.Evolution of capitalism is not compatible but by extending it, other countries develop.Evolutional school, expansion of developmentIn human geography, diffusion theory was established by Torstein Grandstand in early 1953.A Swedish geographer in the University of Land, Grandstand with his colleagues, diffused the theory.It is an assumption that common cultural pattern or similar cultural realities are produced by a unique resource and innovation occurs just once in different times, and different developments are not repeated.Global system theoryThis view is influenced by Marxist' theory and for the first time Immanuel Wallenstein claimed the basis of this theory shows that the method constitutes global economical theory.He believed that capitalism in 15th century established crisis in feudal system through geographical partition of global work and relations among governments.View of capitalism is one kind of global development.

Table 1 .
Pearson and spearman correlation coefficient between two variables lack of educational centers and non development.
Research assumptioni.It seems that there is a direct relation between tribal prejudice and non development in Dehloran.ii.It seems that there is a direct relation between quality of higher educational centers and non development in Dehloran.

Table 2 .
Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables tribal prejudice and non development.

Table 3 .
Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables season phenomenon and non development.

Table 4 .
Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables reputation massacres and non development.

Table 5 .
Pearson and spearman correlation coefficient between two variables social factors and non development.

Table 6 .
Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables cultural factors and non development.

Table 9 .
Regression coefficient of analyzed variables.