Water exploitation-induced climate change

Downstream countries can experience a range of direct, indirect, and feedback effects from upstream water piracy. These consequences can range from economic decline due to decreased availability of water for agriculture and fisheries, to the disruption of ecosystems from alterations to water flows and ecosystems, to the potential for political tensions that arise due to unequal access to water resources. The upstream country backs the downstream country's government to serve its own interests. The loss of the heat-storing water medium of the Aral Sea due to the former Soviet Union pirating water from the basin's feeding rivers for cotton production has resulted in warmer summers and cooler winters in the region than before. India is turning the basins of the Ganges and the Teesta into another Aral Sea basin, while deluging the basins with recurrent floods through the sudden release of water from the Farakka and Teesta barrages, and other trans-border river barrages. India's threat to revoke the more than six-decade-old Indus River water treaty has put Pakistan at a severe disadvantage, as extreme climatic events and an increase in irrigation progression have been linked to an increase in lightning-related fatalities. Some Nobel Laureate Professors have mistakenly identified energy insolvency as the cause of water piracy amid the competing plans of building dams and barrages by India and China, which threatens to turn the lower Brahmaputra and Mekong basins into another Aral Sea-like disaster Climatologists should soon embark on a holistic study of CO 2 emissions and surface water exploitation in order to keep the planet livable, and use water for necessity rather than


INTRODUCTION
The article covers Asian countries affected by the upstream water piracy.Figure 1 shows regions where these countries-Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnamare located.Guided by the idea of being rich in a shorter time, the former USSR first started this antienvironmental activity of pirating water from the Amu Darya and the Sir Darya (Figure 2), the head streams of the world's 4th largest inland water source the Aral Sea (45.3963°N, 59.6134° E) (Figure  deprived of the heat storage medium, this Central Asian region's (Figure 2) summer and winter became extreme.CO 2 effect was not reported to be responsible for the  generation of climatic extremity.During1960 -2000, the basin's summertime average monthly air temperature increase vis-à-vis wintertime decrease was 2°C-6°C per month (Zavialov, 2007).Also, summers were getting hotter and becoming shortlived whereas winters were getting colder and becoming long-lived along with decreased precipitations.Ragab-Prudhomme (2002) predicted temperature variations up to 2050.Micklin (2007) reported of the water body's drop in size, salinity increase drop in fish production, generation of dust storms, and degradation of biotic communities.These were the USSR's self-infliction.Beyond the selfinfliction by the surface water exploitation, coercive action has been taking place in the Ganges valley by pushing the lower basin to face the domino effects of upstream piracy by India.India killed the tributary-rich Hooghly River, a tributary of the Ganges, by building dams and barrages on the Hooghly's primary, secondar, and tertiary tributaries of the Hooghly.On the plea of restoring the navigability of the Calcutta Port located more than straight 252 km away from the Farakka point, India then built the Farakka Barrage upon the Ganges and started pirating the downstream Bangladesh ecosystem's elixir water under many tricks.The upstream water piracy took precedence over the dredging of the port.On top of this, India surrounded Bangladesh along the 4,096-kilometreinternational border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, by a ring of dams and barrages upon more the half of the 59 common rivers between the two countries for water piracy in the lean season and inundation of Bangladesh during the flood season.
Indian chosen political party in Bangladesh does not protest against India's turning the affected river basins into deserts as well as inundation with unprecedented floods (https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/climatecrisis/natural-disaster/news/flood-sylhetsunamganj-50000-families-left-dark-3026651).In the country's National Assembly, the opposition party which is called the enemy party by the Bangladesh Premier is not allowed to raise the devastating flood issue for Adel 221 discussion.
That was India's treatment to her eastern neighbor.Her western neighbor Pakistan was threatened for cutting off water discharge voiding the World Bank-initiated Indus Treaty signed by the countries in the sixties of the last century.The Indus is the world's 19th longest river with a length of 3,610 km, has the world's 14th annual discharge of 2.7E8 cubic meters.The sources of river discharges in Pakistan lie in India.
Furthermore, China's dam building on the world's 9th largest and the 15th longest River Brahmaputra, and the Indian dam building in the Brahmaputra basin will dwindle the river.The Brahmaputra has the world's 4th largest annual discharge of 1.23E10 cubic meters.
In Southeast Asia and East Asia, the continued building of dams in the basin of the Mekong River (the world's 12th longest having the 7th annual discharge of 4.05E8 cubic meters) by China and the downstream countries will weaken the river.
The article demonstrates the politically motivated greed-driven anthropogenic actions-caused inland water bodies' depletion through water piracy from the feeding rivers to cause environmental heating vis-a-vis cooling.At the preliminary stage, the article lists some of the principal effects pertaining to the pre-and the ongoing piracy periods with illustrations highlighting the transitions.An integrated computer model development remains the goal.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The author paid visits to the affected region to be an eyewitness of the environmental changes occurring in the lower Ganges basin.Photographs of dry surface water resources were taken.River discharge, climate, navigability, lightning, and other data were obtained from Bangladesh government offices, published literatures, and electronic and print news media.The environmental reactions rose gradually for continued deprivation of water in the lower courses of the Ganges River.The coerced water treaties between India and Bangladesh and their effects upon Bangladesh have been presented.Also, the Indian confining of water resources within herself and extreme climatic effects have been reviewed.The region's central climate office did not find any change in climate for not considering shorter time intervals of climate data in their analysis although people's feeling of the summer heat and the winter cold along with the climate center-recorded temperature figures were reported in the news media.About a decade of temperature data preceding and following the onset of the water piracy was selected for analysis because of the relevancy.
The annual summertime highest and the wintertime coldest temperatures vs years were plotted to find the onset of the heating and cooling.The annual hottest and the coldest temperatures were found for pre (prior to 1975)-and post-piracy to study the correlation with the Ganges discharges.The non-identically of the pre-piracy and the ongoing piracy period Ganges discharges was established by using K-S statistics (Hollander and Wolfe, 1999).The correlation of the pre-and ongoing piracy period HDD and CDD with the Ganges discharges for the same periods was studied.Also, analyses of rainfall, humidity, and lightning data were made.Responses of a prominent climatologist and a Nobel Laureate

The Ganges in India
Figure 6 shows the course of the Ganges from the birthplace to its forced fall (because India artificially changed its course) in the Bay of Bengal.Figure 7 shows the drying of the Ganges bed.At places, groundwater supplies the river water.
In Figure 8, the Nadia District Rivers (Figure 9) and the Damodar basin (Figure 10) fall in the yellow colored West Bengal to the west of Bangladesh.The Bhagirathi (Hooghly) river was fed by many mighty tributaries (Figure 10).Both Figures 9 and 10 show the Hooghly basin.India started damming the primary, secondary, and tertiary tributaries of the Hooghly River from the fifties.The river was almost dead.India then built the Farakka Barrage (Figures 11  and 12) on the Ganges in 1975 on the plea of turning the Calcutta Port, located more than 250 km away downstream, navigable, although dredging the port was the right solution.She dug the Feeder Canal (Figure 13) to let the Ganges discharge down it.Then she publicized that the Ganges changed its course through Hooghly to  fall in the Bay of Bengal.There have been coerced water sharing treaties (Table 1 and Figures14 and 15 India and Bangladesh from time to time, and in between, India pirated inordinate amounts of Bangladesh ecosystem's water (Adel, 2015) (Figures 16 and 17).
Most of the Ganges River's dry season flow is taken by India (Hillary, 1979).The Gangetic ecosystem cannot survive the India's rationing of water to it.

The coercive treaties
Figures 14 and 15 compare the water sharing under the coercive 30-year treaty signed by the current Bangladesh government which holds power at the mercy of India.The current government is totally speechless under India's desertification of Bangladesh as well as under inundation of Bangladesh, and she does not like to hear complaints against India.Tables 2 and 3 show the water sharing under the current coercive treaty which will expire in 2027.Bangladesh has got ever decreasing dry season discharge, and India has got the ever-increasing dry season discharge.The drooping dry season flow has had dire effects, one of the most damaging of which is the inland intrusion of salty water fronts, which cannot be pushed back into the ocean and have caused the salinization of coastal areas, leading to the death of freshwater aquatic life (Figure 23).

The Padma's (Ganges's) condition in Bangladesh
In course of time, apart from pirating the Ganges water, India surrounded Bangladesh by a unique ring of dams and barrages which is known as the Great Ring of Dams and Barrages (Figure 16) covering more than 30 of the 58 common rivers.Consequently, the lower Ganges basin (Figure 17) has transformed into the Aral Sea basin-like environment.More than 70% of the Ganges's discharge is being pirated as shown in the annual discharge (Figure 18).The broken own monthly discharge for some remarkable years is very much appalling (Figure 19).
Figure 20 shows the historical discharge of the Ganges at the Hardinge Bridge point, 233.5 km away from Farakka through Rajshahi -Nawabganj.A water resources engineer said that the government had setup a discharge monitoring station near the Hardinge Bridge point where ground water supplies the river water so that any Indian violation of the current treaty remains masked.A huge shoal has formed on the Ganges (Padma) bed further downstream in the lower Ganges basin (Figures 21 and  22) from the ring of dams and barrages in Bangladesh (Katz, 2008).Figure 23 shows the cracked bed of the Ganges under the Hardinge Bridge.Hafiz (2023) reports of more than 500 large and small dams on the 47 transboundary rivers that has dried 158 rivers, canals, and floodplains.) discharge of about 1,000 m 3 /s during the flood season has been totally stopped by the formation of a shoal that level off the riverbed with its banks.About 15km Musa Khan would feed its floodplains during July through November using 50 canals.Those floodplains do not get a single drop of water from the Musa Khan.These dead tributaries were playgrounds of Gangetic dolphins (Figures 32 and 33) for at least four months of the year.India wiped out the habitats of these aquatics.

The Gahrai distributary
The Garhai-Madhumati River is the lifeblood of southwest Bangladesh.It has sixteen distributaries.In 1988 summer, its mouth was clogged, and no water could flow in it.In the upper reaches, the river is known as the Madhumati and in the lower reaches, the Garhai.Figure 34 shows the summertime scene of the river with shoals on its bed.The gradual decreasing Ganges's discharge-dependent flow in the Gahrai is shown in Figure 35.
Figure 36 shows the Gahrai catchment in southwest Bangladesh. Figure 37 shows the historical discharge of the Gahrai.
In the pre-piracy period, flood and rainwater-filled numerous shallow and deep floodplains and other surface water resources would work to recharge the groundwater annually.In the ongoing piracy period, people use groundwater in all sorts of water-related worksdrinking, cooking, cleaning, bathing, gardening, aquaculture, agriculture, irrigation, etc., while there is little recharging of groundwater annually from rainwater and that more than 40% of the withdrawn water evaporates.Irrigation sector is the major user of groundwater.The countrywide irrigation sector uses deep tubewells, shallow tubewells (Figure 44), low lift pumps, manual pumps, and indigenous water lifting devices (https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03q6d8Y4SloIxOmQaJ2N-fF3eEf3A:1626373742979&source=univ&tbm=isch&q=irri gation+in+Bangladesh&sa=X&ved=.Consequently, the groundwater table the buildup of which takes thousands of years (Figure 49) (Dey et al., 2013) is depleting.Shallow water tables do not exist anymore.People had to reset their tubewells to withdraw groundwater from a depth of 80 meters or more.This depth is more than 8 times the pre-piracy period setup depth.During the ongoing piracy era, a huge number of tube wells have been abandoned for withdrawing no water or arsenic contaminated water (Figures 45 to 48).Arsenic contaminated groundwater (Adel, 2013) drinking accounts for a 20% fatality.

Floodplains
Canals from rivers would feed the floodplains which would work as the recharging wells for the groundwater.Insufficient rainfalls fail to recharge the groundwater.Groundwater extraction overcomes recharging.Water cannot accumulate in canals and floodplains where people used to swim in the pre-piracy period.Table 4 highlights the differences between the pre-piracy and piracy era important environmental issues.

Climatic extremity
Figures 50 and 51 show the negative correlation between discharge short fall and the summertime temperature rise, the correlation coefficient being -0.60.Figures 51 and 52 show the positive correlation between the shortfall of the Ganges discharge and the wintertime temperature fall.They are positively correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.55.Figures 53 shows the rising HDDs and CDDs.Their positive correlation coefficient with the Ganges discharge shortfalls are 0.47 and 0.49, respectively.

Humidity
The humidity variations (Figures 54 and 55) are due to the massive groundwater withdrawals more than 40% of which evaporates.The average maximum humidity during the pre-piracy period was 90.21% and in the ongoing piracy period 92.54%.The average minimum humidity was 55.2% in the pre-piracy period, and in the ongoing piracy period it is 52.9%.The highest relative humidity appeared 1635 times during the pre-piracy period, and it rose to 2957 during the ongoing piracy period.The median and mode values for both the maximum and minimum remain unchanged except for the 5% increase of the minimum humidity mode during the ongoing piracy period.

Precipitations
Precipitation (Figures 56 and 57) has decreased.In prepiracy days, there would be varying degrees of weeklong rainfalls in the months of June, July, August, and September.This would help for recharging groundwater.In the ongoing piracy period, light rainfall frequency has increased but the heavy rainfall frequency has decreased.

Crops burning
Paddy cultivation has been affected by the shortage of rainfall along with the scorching heat.Figure 58 shows the condition of a paddy field in the Ganges basin.ground lightnings.2018 has been the worst year (Figure 59) and May has been the worst month of any year (Figure 60).There has not been any kind of indoor or outdoor engagements in which lightnings do not strike any victims (Adel, 2021).Some lightnings victims are pictured in Figures 61 and 62.

Potential aral Sea Basin-like scenes
China completed 510 MW Zangmu Dam on the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra, a few kilometers from Bhutan-India border.Its active capacity is 86,600,000 cubic meters.Three more dams are under construction -Dagu (640 MW), Jaicha (320 MW), and Jeixu.The largest dam on the Brahmaputra the Zam hydropower station was completed in 2015.(https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/china-plansdam-on-brahmaputra-how-it-may-impact-indiabangladesh/articleshow/79528597.cms).China is now setting up hydropower plants in the Brahmaputra's lower reaches (Figure 63).
India is competing with Chinashe will build the India's largest and world's tallest 288-meter high concrete gravity dam with a 10 gigawatt capacity, the Dibang Dam in Arunachal Pradesh.
India's Central Electricity Authority (CTA) foresees her northeastern region as the country's future powerhouse (Figures 64 and 65).The agency selected 168 large hydroelectric project sites in the Bhahmaputra basin in 2001.The expected power output would be 63,328 MW (https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/india-to-expedite-damconstruction-after-china-announces-project-in-tibet/).The Brahmaputra-Jamuna Subbasin is shown in Figure 66.Further, The Brahmaputra is 13 km wide (Figure 67).Its lowest flow ever recorded is 3,117 cumecs.The piracy of an unknown quantity of water from the Brahmaputra will have a more disastrous effect than in the Ganges basins basin (Sufian, 1993;Sattar, 1996).

Western neighbor of India: The Indus basin
Apart from the Indian threats her eastern neighbor Bangladesh faces, the western neighbor Pakistan faces even a serious threat of receiving no water from India cancelling the WBmediated Indus Treaty signed by the governments of Indian and Pakistan in the sixties (Figure 68).According to the treaty, Pakistan gets water from the Indus, the Jhelum, and the Chenab Rivers.And India gets water from the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej Rivers (Figure 69).About 39% of the Indus River system lies in India and 47% in Pakistan (FAO, 2011).Pakistan is the world's one of the most water-stressed countries.Pakistan's water demand is projected to be 225 cubic kilometers in 2050 which was 163 cubic km in 2015.Pakistan fears India's upstream Indus water piracy through dams, which it has already attempted to prevent multiple times due to its contravention of the Indus Waters Treaty.India gets the upper hand in upstream water piracy by building dams and barrages (Figures 70 and 71) for which there are no restrictions in the IWT, nor is there a restriction on the quantity of water stolen (https://climatediplomacy.org/case-studies/water-conflict-andcooperation-between-india-and-pakistan; Dutta, 2019;Thakkar, 2017).
India faces extreme climate events, possibly, because of confining water by many dams and barrages in Uttarakhanda (Adel, 2018).India's progression of irrigation and lightning strikes correlates as evidenced from Figures 72 and 73.

Mekong basin
Figure 74 shows the Mekong basin hydroelectric project sites including the operational, under-construction, and planned ones (Table 5).The downstream countries face worsening drought situation due to China's inclination for dam constructions (https://www.stimson.org/2020/newevidence-how-china-turned-off-the-mekong-tap/).This is the same scenario of precipitation as in the Ganges basin discussed above.But China disputes the issue.

Downstream sedimentation
When the river barrage's outlets are opened following failure to accommodate water, stream discharge and velocity increases, the smallest, lightest, and most nonrounded particles are the first to be dislodged from the bed and carried in suspension in the stream.This period is very short lived.When the stream velocity begins to drop, the largest, the heaviest, and the roundest particles are the first to return to the riverbed.This is the longest lived period.There are several reasons for the downstream sedimentation following upstream dams and barrages.If   where: v dn = Velocity at the downstream; v up = Velocity at the upstream; A up = River area of cross section at the upstream; A dn = River area of cross section at the downstream Also, downstream distributaries weaken the parent river current because of the current division.Figure 75 shows widening of the Ganges as it moves past West Bengal border.
Experiments on fluid sediment mixtures have shown that an increased suspension concentration causes a substantial reduction of settling velocity (Woo et al., 1988;Mazumder, 1994).Upstream beside the barrage, particles get some settling time as has been observed for the Farakka Barrage.
Near the origin of distributaries, the parent river's flow is weakened due to the stream division, which affects the cosine of the angle the distributary bifurcates at.This further favors siltation.The decrease in speed at the point of changing stream direction in the distributary allowed the sediment to accumulate and form sedimentary hills at the origins of the Baral, Musa Khan and Gahrai Rivers, thus clogging them.

For the pre-piracy era
The total water balance of the basin is determined by the precipitation (about 1.5 m/year), the inflow to the basin (about 0.5 m/year) via rivers and canals, the subsurface inflow from groundwater movement (GW), and the water withdrawal from underground and surface water bodies (about 5 mm/year with a factor of 0.6 representing 60% infiltration for the withdrawn water, W).

Ongoing piracy era
The inputs to the system include stored surface and ground water (STRG), subsurface outflow from groundwater movement (GWout), and evapotranspiration (about 2 mm/year) (E).For all dried-out distributaries' basins, the stored surface and ground water together is equal to the precipitation (about 1.5 m year-1) minus evapotranspiration (about 2 mm year-1) and 0.4W.(2) Currently, the evapotranspiration E is more than 2 m year −1 , precipitation is less than 1050 mm yr −1 , and dependence on groundwater is more than ten times which explains the downward trend of the groundwater.and retain it for release during the wintertime.In the absence of water bodies, there is no heat-absorbing and heat-retaining medium.Dry landmasses reflect heat amplifying its intensity.The absence of the heat-releasing water bodies in the wintertime, the temperature drops.Adel et al. (2014) estimates about 18 million trillion calories of heat cannot be trapped annually due to the upstream water piracy.
The huge pool of water that would be contained in place of the shoal of width 1.6 to 8 km in the Ganges and in other dried rivers could store a significant amount of heat letting not the rise of summer heat and dropping of winter cold.Summertime this huge sandy shoal has an emissivity of 90% (https://www.thermoworks.com/emissivity-table)and the average reflectivity of sand can be taken as 40% in the wavelength range of 500-800 μm (Drakopoulos et al., 2014).
The negative correlation coefficient shows moderate correlation between water shortage and the warming.So does the positive correlation coefficient between the water shortage and the cooling down.

Relative humidity
In the absence of water bodies, relative humidity has been affected by the withdrawal of the huge quantity of groundwater in the presence of little or no recharging water.Almost two time's rise of the maximum humidity which occurs in summertime is likely to be related to the shallow level groundwater withdrawal for rice cultivation.
The rise of the maximum relative humidity level is also related to the widespread groundwater withdrawal.People suffer from the rising temperature and rising relative humidity.
As to the humidity variations, it is the evaporation from the extracted groundwater that adds to the piracy period humidity.Irrigated lands have shallow water levels.The solar radiation heats up a smaller volume of water raising its temperature at the surface faster.At the surface, the specific humidity becomes low and favors further evaporation.

Rainfall
Regarding the drop in precipitation, it can be said that  water begets water.There are more rainfalls on oceans than on lands.The moisture-laden air coming over the land from sea does not meet the adequate moisture to fulfill any critical condition to cause rainfall.

Crop burning
Rice plants reflect more than 40% and absorb about 60% of the incident radiation.Green crops reflect 30% of the incident radiation.The specific heat capacity of rice field's environmental materials like air, wet soil, dry soil, and sand are 1,005, 1,480, 800 and 830 J/kg.°C, respectively.The materials favor longer duration high temperatures around the rice fields under the scorching heat of the Sun.The burning of rice plants in the field could be related to hot weather that affects the photosynthesis by accelerating some chemical reactions and retarding others   (https://www.science.org/content/article/rice-geneticallyengineered-resist-heat-waves-can-also-produce-20-moregrain).

Lightning
Each degree rise in Celsius temperature causes a 12% increase in lightnings (Romps et al., 2014;Thompson, 2014).At least, a rise of 4°C temperature has been observed in the Ganges basin in summer.For a linear relation, the increase in lightnings may be about 50%.
There has been a rise of relative humidity following the temperature increase.Bangladesh's Meteorological Office reports that prior to 1981 the country had on average nine days each May lightning's strikes.Afterwards, the figure has risen to 12 days each May (https://in.reuters.com/article/bangladesh-lightningisaster-idINKCN0Z81U4).Reasons are related to the victims' wet body conductivity increase by 100 times, crops' leaves/thorns conductivity in the range of ∼ 0.3 to  field becomes about 20 times larger than the natural one of 100 V/m (Adel, 2021).
China and the downstream countries in the Mekong basin have been exploiting this river discharge.People will feel little by little the climate changeincreased heating vis-à-vis cooling (Adel et al., 2014).

Nobel Laureate's wrong view
The author asked Niepold (2018) from NOAA Climate Program Office about the reality of the climate change due to surface water resources exploitation at the American Meteorological Society's Climate Studies Diversity Project Workshop in Silver Springs, MD (https://drive.google.com/drive/u/1/folders/1xTdAnDqlyn_dcMdDqID2TdC12UQv3-Sf)).He admitted the reality but was unable to address the issue due to many factors.The Nobel Laureate from Penn State University's Nobel Laureate Professor Alley (2018) was also asked about the issue.He said that energy unavailability created the problem.He did not know that India is running mad for energy productions, water acquisitions and reservations, and food productions.She provides free electricity and water to the farmers.Her food production got so much that huge surplus of grains rot in the storage facilities in northwest Punjab.On the face of hungry millions, India wasted both resources and energy.She wasted the water used in the production of food grains.Also, she wasted the energy required to move the water in irrigation.This is because massive energy is required in moving water in farming with the help of electric pumps.That makes the mine sector fall short of energy in lifting coal causing fuel shortages in running coal-fired power plants.A great discussion was held on -Choke Point: India initiative, an exploration into the water-energy-food confrontations in the world's second most populous country‖ on 2 April 2014   Adel, 2015).We focus on curbing CO 2 production that is believed to cause warming.Before the CO 2 curbing race is over, inland surface water resources will be depleted.The problem can be solved easily if the upstream nations listen to what the Father of India said --The world has enough resources to meet everybody's need but to no one's greed.‖Nations should focus on wind energy, solar energy, etc. instead of hydroelectricity.

Internationality of World Rivers
Worldwide there are 60, 53, 71, 39, and 38 international rivers covering 62, 39, 54, 35, and 60% areas in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America, respectively.The percentages of international basin sharing by the number of countries are 90-100% by 39, 80-90% by 11, 70-80% by 14, 60-70 by 11, 50-60% by 17, 40-50 by 10, 30-40 by 10, 20-30% by 13, 10-20 by 9, and 0-10% by 1, respectively (Adel, 2015).Thus, the internationality of sweet water streams cannot be ignored for our mutual coexistence.If all other riparian countries follow the footsteps of India and China, a global havoc will be created.Covid-19 has targeted the global human population, but the upstream water piracy will affect all living beingshumans, animals, and the ecosystems.The best management of the international water resources is to use it by the upstream country as much as she needs and let remaining part flow downstream.The accumulation of excess water or rationing or blocking the downward flow is just piracy of water.It results in climate change both in the upstream (Adel, 2018) and in the downstream.

Conclusion
A pen picture of the Aral Sea basin-like scene, both existing and looming, along with warming vis-à-vis cooling

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.An atlas of Asia the extreme weather like summertime.Source: Anthony (2006).

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Two and a half decade apart Aral Basin scenesleft side in 1989 and right side in 2014.Source: NASA Collage by Producer Cunningham (2014).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The Ganges's course from the source to the Bay of Bengal.Source: National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG).

Figure 7 .Figure 8 .
Figure 7.As India's Ganges runs out of water, a water crisis looms.Source: Summer drying of the Ganga.Image by Abhijit Mukherjee, 2018).

Figure 11 .Figure 12 .
Figure 11.Ganges River showing the Feeder Canal to the left.Source: (Google My Maps, 2023)

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.The 38.38 km long Feeder Canal that originates in the upstream of the barrage with a discharge capacity of 1,132 cumecs (Photo credit: Prasad, reproduced with permission).Source: Author.

Figures
Figures 24 and 25 show rivers of North Bengal and the basins of the Baral, the Ganges's primary distributary (Figures 26 to 28), and the Musa Khan, the Ganges's secondary distributary.The Baral is approximately 147 km long, 120 m wide, 6 m deep.The upper basin of the Baral had a drainage area of 230 square km.Figures 26 through 28 shows the current conditions of the Baral.The Baral's distributary Musa Khan's (Figures 29 through 31) discharge of about 1,000 m 3 /s during the flood season has been totally stopped by the formation of a shoal that level off the riverbed with its banks.About 15km Musa Khan would feed its floodplains during July through November using 50 canals.Those floodplains do not get a single drop of water from the Musa Khan.These dead tributaries were playgrounds of Gangetic dolphins (Figures32 and 33) for at least four months of the year.India wiped out the habitats of these aquatics.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.In 1996 coerced piracy authorization by Bangladesh that shows ever-decreasing dry season water share for her relative to the 1977 water piracy agreement Source: Author.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.According to 1996 coerced piracy authorization, India has got the ever-increasing dry season discharge relative to the 1977 water piracy agreement.Source: Author

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Bangladesh encircled by Indian Great Ring of Dams and Barrages marked in yellow colors, a unique technique to subjugate a downstream riparian nation.Source: Adel (2002).

Figure 19 .
Figure 19.Monthly average discharge in the Ganges.The ecosystem that once survived with the discharges indicated by the top three curves has to survive now with the discharge indicated by the bottom curve or less than this.Source: Adel (2002).

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.The Historical Ganges Water flows in the Harding Bridge point.Source: Islam and Gnauck (2011).

Figure 26 .
Figure 26.A huge shoal in front of the Baral's origin.Source: Author

Figure 28 .
Figure 28.A bridge upon the dry Baral River Source: The Daily Amar Desh.

Figure 29 .
Figure 29.The Baral's offshoot Musa Khan with the clogged origin; the Musa Khan's origin is levelled off with the bank.Source: Author.

Figure 32 .
Figure 32.Image of a Ganges dolphin.These dolphins would populate the distributaries of the Ganges.Source: Sinha (2021).

Figure 36 .
Figure 36.Gorai River catchment area in south western region in Bangladesh Source: Islam (2011).

Figure 44 .
Figure 44.Irrigation by shallow tubewells from a depth of about 30 m (Courtesy of Banglapedia, 2021b)

Figure 48 .Figure 49 .
Figure 48.Deserted hand tubewells either fail to extract groundwater or yield arsenic-contaminated water.Source: Photo credit: Samad, 2003, communmication) Figure 49.Shows how the groundwater in the north of Bangladesh is declining.Source: Dey et al. (2013).

Figure 54 .
Figure 54.Variations of the maximum relative humidity during the pre-piracy and the ongoing piracy periods Source: Adel (2002).

Figure 55 .
Figure 55.Variations of the minimum relative humidity during the pre-piracy and the ongoing piracy periods.Source: Adel (2002).

Figure 63 .
Figure 63.The great curving of the Brahmaputra, the site for China's world's biggest hydropower project.Source: BBC NEWS (2014).

Figure 69 .
Figure 69.The main tributaries of the Indus that India and Pakistan receive according to the 1960-World Bank Mediated Indus Water Treaty Source: SANDRP, 2017.

Figure 70 .
Figure 70.Hydroelectric projects in the Pakistan's shared Chenub River Basin that will affect the Indus discharge.Source: SANDRP, 2017.

Adel 241 Figure 74 .
Figure 74.Shows the Mekong basin hydroelectric project sites including the operational, under-construction, and planned ones Source: Houba et al. (2013)

Figure 75 .
Figure 75.The Ganges's shrunken width ends as it falls in the Bangladesh territory Source: Das, 2014.

Table 3 .
Water sharing in the coercive treaty.

Table 4 .
Pre-piracy and ongoing piracy period highlights.

Table 5 .
Mekong basin planned and proposed dams.