African Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmacology

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1996-0816
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJPP
  • Start Year: 2007
  • Published Articles: 2298

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of the immunomodulatory properties and microbial bioburden of three commercial herbal mixtures sold in Awka, Anambra State Nigeria

Christopher E. Enemor
  • Christopher E. Enemor
  • Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
  • Google Scholar
Malachy Ugwu
  • Malachy Ugwu
  • Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
  • Google Scholar
Chukwuemeka Nworu
  • Chukwuemeka Nworu
  • Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsuka, Nigeria.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 18 August 2019
  •  Accepted: 18 September 2019
  •  Published: 30 November 2019

References

Adesanya QA, Oluyemi KA, Ofusori DA (2007). Micromorphometric and stereological effects of ethanolic extracts of Garcinia cambogia seeds on the testes and epididymis of adult Wistar rats. International Journal of Alternative Medicine 5(1):344-347.
Crossref

 

Akinjogunla OJ, Yah CS, Eghafona NO, Ogbemudia FO (2010). Phytochemical Analysis of Medicinal Plants. Annals of biological reaserch 1(2):174-184.

 

Alberts B, Alexander J, Julian L, Martin R, Keith R, Peter W, (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell.Fourth Edition. New York and London: Garland Science ISBN 978-0- 8153-3218-3.pg 1367.

 

Anwar F, Bhanger M (2003).Analytical characterization of Moringa oleifera seed oil grown in temperate regions of Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural and food Chemistry 51(22):6558-6563.
Crossref

 

Badway JA, Karnovski ML (1980). Active oxygen species and functions of phagocytic leukocytes. Annual Revision of Biochemistry 49(1):695-726.
Crossref

 

Barbuddhe SB, Malik SV, Gupta LK (1998). Effect of in vitro monocyte activation by Listeria monocytogenes antigens on phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals in bovines. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 64(2):149-159.
Crossref

 

Corrier DE, DeLoach JR (1990). Interdigital skin test for evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens. America Journal of Veterinary Research 51(6):950-954

 

Dashputre NL, Naikwade NS (2010). Immunomodulatory Activity of Abutilon Indicum linn on Albino Mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1(3):178-184.

 

Ekeanyanwu CR (2011). Traditional Medicine in Nigeria, current status and the future. Research Journal of Pharmacology 5(6):90-94.

 

Erasto P, Grierson DS, Afolayan AJ (2007). Evaluation of Antioxidant activity and the fatty acid profile of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina growing in South Africa. Journal of Food Chemistry 104(2):636-642.
Crossref

 

Esimone CO, Oleghe PO, Ibezim EC, Okeh CO, Iroha IR (2007). Susceptibility resistance profile of microorganism isolated from herbal medicine product sold in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6(24):2766-2775
Crossref

 

Eze DC, Okwor EC, Okoye JA, Onah DN (2013). Immunologic effects of Moringa oleifera methanolic leaf extract in chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus (kudu 113) strain.African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7(31):2231-2237.
Crossref

 

Falodun A, Imieje V (2013). Herbal medicine in Nigeria: Holistic Overview. Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment 12(1):1-13.

 

Giraud B (2010) Oxazaphosphorines: new therapeutic strategies for an old class of drugs. Expert opinion on drug metabolism and toxicology 6(8):919-938.
Crossref

 

Gokhale AB, Damre AS, Saraf MN (2003). Investigations into the immunomodulatory activity of Argyreia speciosa. Journal of ethnopharmacology 84(1):109-114.
Crossref

 

Govender S, Du Plessis-Stoman D, Downing TG, Van de Venter M (2006). Traditional herbal medicines: Microbial contamination, consumer safety and the need for standards. South African journal of science 102(6):253-255.

 

Gupta S, Wallqvist A, Bondugula R, Ivanic J, Reifman J (2010) Unraveling the conundrum of seemingly discordant protein-protein interaction datasets. Conference Proceeds IEEE England Medical and Biological Society pp. 783-786.
Crossref

 

Hajra S, Mehta A, Pandey P (2012). Immunostimulating activity of methanolic extract of Swietenia mahagoni seeds International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4(1):442-445.

 

Heppner GH, Calabresi P (1976) Selective suppression of humoral immunity by antineoplastic drugs. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 16:367-379.
Crossref

 

Hirazumi A, Furusawa E (1999). An immunimodulatory polysaccharide-rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni®) with antitumor activity. Phytotherapy Research 13(5):380-387.
Crossref

 

Jayathirtha MG, Mishra SH (2004). Preliminary immunomodulatory activities of methanol extracts of Eclipta alba and Centella asiatica. Phytomedicine 11(4):361-365.
Crossref

 

Kolodziej H, Kiderlen AF (2005). Antileishmanial activity and immune modulatory effects of tannins and related compounds on Leishmania parasitised RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of Phytochemistry 66(17):2056-2071.
Crossref

 

Kumar D, Tripathi HC, Mishra SK, Tandan SK, Raviprakash V, Mishra SC (1996) .Study of humoral antibody response in sheep erythrocyte agglutination test. Indian Journal of Pharmacolology 28:102.

 

Lorke D (1983). A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Archives of toxicology 54(4):275-287.
Crossref

 

Lu Y, Fan J, Zhao Y, Chen S, Zheng X, Yin Y, Fu C (2007). Immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of Actinidia macrosperma. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 16(1):261-265.

 

Manu KA, Kuttan G (2009).Immunomodulatory activities of Punarnavine, an alkaloid from Boerhaavia diffusa. Journal Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 31(3):377-387.
Crossref

 

Momoh MA, Muhamed U, Agboke AA, Akpabio EI, Osonwa EU (2012). Immunological effect of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina and a known immune booster called immunace® and their admixtures on HIV/AIDS clients: a comparative study. Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine 2(3):181-184.
Crossref

 

Nakajima K, Nonaka K, Yamamoto K, Yamaguchi N, Tani K, Nasu M (2005) Rapid monitoring of microbial contamination of herbal medicines by fluoresent staining method. Letters in Applied microbiology 40(2):128-132.
Crossref

 

Okunlola A, Babatunde AA, Oluwatoyin AO (2007) Evaluation of pharmaceutical and microbial qualities of some herbal medicinal products in south western Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical research 6(1):661-670.
Crossref

 

Oluyege JO, Adelabu DM (2010).Microbial Contamination of Some Hawked Herbal Products in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, Continental Journal of Microbiology 4:8-14.

 

Oreagba IA, Oshikoya KA, Amachree M (2011). Herbal medicine use among urban residents in Lagos, Nigeria. Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11:117-120.
Crossref

 

Ose EE, Muenster OA (1968). A method for evaluation of vaccines containing Pasteurella multocida. American journal of Veterinary research 29(9):1863-1866.

 

Poulter LW, Seymour GJ, Duke O, Janossy G, Panayi G (1982) Immunohistological analysis of delayed-type hypersensitivity in man. Cell Immunology 74(2):358-369.
Crossref

 

Ratajczak M, Kubicka MM, Kaminska D, Sawicka P, DÅ‚ugaszewska J (2014). Microbiological quality of non-sterile pharmaceutical products. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 10(1):10-16.

 

Ratiya K, Chariya H, Preecha H, Vichai L, Jarunee S, Watcharee K (2006). Immunological adjuvant activities of saponin extracts from the pods of Acacia concinna. Journal of international immunopharmacology 6(11):1729-1735.
Crossref

 

Ray A, Mediratta PK, Puri S, Sen P (1991). Study of humoral antibody response in sheep erythrocyte agglutination test. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 29:233-236.

 

Rokeya S, Salma K, Kshama D (2011). Immunomodulatory effect of methanol extract of Solanum xanthocarpum fruits, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2(2):93-97.

 

Singh VK, Sharma PK, Dudhe R, Kumar N (2011). Immunomodulatory effects of some traditional medicinal plants. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 3(1):675-684.

 

Smriti T, Anup KM, Monica K, Anpurna K, Ram KS (2012), Immunomodulatory property of ethanolic extract of Trigonella Foenum-Graeceum leaves on mice, Der Pharmacia Lettre 4(2):708-713.

 

Stalin S, Sampath KP (2013). Immunostimulatory Effect of Aqueous Extract of Leucas aspera In Cyclophosphamide Induced Immunosuppressive Mice. International Journal of PharmTech Research 5(3):910-914

 

Subhadip H, Archana M, Pinkee P (2012). Immunostimulating Activity of Methanolic Extract of Swietenia mahagoni seeds. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 4(1):442-445.

 

Takimoto CH, Calvo E (2005). Principles of oncologic pharmacotherapy". In Pazdur R, Coia LR, Hoskins WJ, et al. Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach (9th ed.) pp. 23-42. ISBN 978-1-891483-35-6.

 

Trease GE, Evans WC (1989). Phytochemical of medicinal plant. "Pharmacognsy" 11th edition.Brailliar Tiridel Canada.Macmillian Publishers.

 

Tripathi S, Maurya AK, Kahrana M, Kaul A, Sahu RK (2012). Immunomodulatory property of ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graeceum leaves on mice. Scholar Research Library 4(2):708-713.

 

Tyler VE (2000). Herbal medicine: From the past to the future. Public health nutrition 3(4):447-452.
Crossref

 

Ujam NT, Oli AN, Uzodinma SU, Ikegbunam MN, Anagu LO, Adikwu MU, Esimone CO (2013) Antimicrobial activities of some herbal anti-infectives manufactured and marketed in South-East Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7(24):1632-1639.
Crossref

 

Yadev R, Kharya DM, Yadav N, Savadi R (2011). Immunomodulatory potential of ethanol extract of Spilanthus acmella leaves. Intertional Journal of Biological and Medical Research 2(3):631-635.