An analysis of 1926 inspection legislation document , named : “ Law about inspectors of education ministry and their authorization ”

In this study, 1926 official legislation document was analyzed taking the role and duties of inspectors at that time in mind. These roles and duties were explained based on the authorization, investigation, interrogation methodology, and employment of inspectors. This study was carried out by implementing documentary research methods. Like other early Republican legislations, the inspectorate document was prepared at first in Arabic using the grammatical rules of Ottoman language. After 1928, because of alphabetical change in Turkey, official documents were prepared in Latin using Turkish rules. Since the document was done in 1926, it was first transcribed into Latin, and then translated where necessary. It can be understood from this document that inspection was more about control and guidance in the early years of Turkish Republic period. It is also understood that cultural and educational activities were not separated at that time. The main duties of inspectors include improving of education, investigation, and interrogation. Finally, differences in inspection between early Republican era and contemporary Turkey were compared.


INTRODUCTION
Education started with human history.In order to meet the requirements of this age, humans need education, which means transferring experiences of past generations.To satisfy that kind of requirements, schools were established.Schools -like other social institutionshave also transformed through ages.Consequently, mass education was preferred to aristocratic education after the industrial revolution.Preference of mass education has made schools more important than before.Inspectorate has contributed to the transformation of schools as well.Every single organization's target is to achieve its purposes.To achieve this, companies need to establish a healthy management structure.A healthy management structure depends on a clear plan, praxis of that plan with an organization structure, employment of skilled staff, and deployment of regulations needed.At the final stage, inspection of efficiency and effectiveness of this system should be carried out.Inspectorate builds bridges between the targets and results processes at institutions (Özalp et al., 2000).
Inspection is described as inspecting the staff of an organization based on the legislations related to each staff's work.Inspectors check, audit, or inspect whether they are careful enough about their duties and responsibilities (Taymaz, 2010).Inspection is also about whether everything goes as planned or not.Auditing should take pre-decided and preplanned activities within an organization into account while leaving space for flexibility in making local decisions.An inspection should include precautions and suggestions for future risks and it should support economic decisions.
Inspection is objective, takes place often, and has clear instructions (Özalp et al., 1996).The main things expected from an inspection include (Başaran, 2000;Hesapçıoğlu, 1994): 1. Standardization: There should be pre-declared criteria of two layers: Firstly, monitoring performance level and secondly, realistic sharing of work among staff.2. Assessment: It involves taking picture of an organizational performance and finding the differences between that performance and targeted standards.For this, specific scale tools are needed.3. Fixing: After reaching deflected results, a route fixing is needed to meet the targets.To correct the direction, reasons of deflection should be understood clearly.At this stage, staff and experts should cooperate effectively.4. Comparison: When the route is fixed, another comparison should occur comparing the expected standards and current situation after fixing. 5. Final Evaluation: It is about making a judgment based on previous experience and learning for future cases.Sergiovanni and Starrat (2007) pointed out three goals of inspection at schools: Quality control, professional development, and teachers' motivation.Quality control involves a comparison of current situation and standards.Professional development means understanding the teaching profession better, improving basic teaching abilities, and increasing the knowledge of teachers about teaching methods.Motivation of teachers mainly depends on job satisfaction.The aim of educational inspection is to make schools to be effective.An effective school is one that has the capacity to achieve its educational goals.Inspection of schools is carried out by heads of schools, inspectors, and managers of higher educational bodies.School inspection should be done with strict rules; room should be given for the creativity of school heads and educational staff should be given the respect they deserve.Team work of staff, teachers, and inspectors has an important place in school inspections.Inspectors should encourage teachers to go for self-actualisations' (Başaran, 2000).Inspection of schools encompasses institutional inspection and the inspection of teaching in classrooms (Balcı et al., 2007).Inspection takes place on behalf of the government and public to provide benefits to the society.It is necessary to reach the goals of an institution in an effective way (http://rdb.meb.gov.tr).

A brief history of educational inspection in Turkey
Though Taymaz (2010) stated that the exact date for the beginning of educational inspections is not yet found, the first samples of inspectorate appeared during Tanzimat (Reform [Regulation]) Period in Ottoman times (Taymaz, 2010;Aydın, 2014;Öz, 2003;Şahin et al., 2013 http://rdb.meb.gov.tr/).The ever first document about educational inspection was found in 1838, and it is about finding out and compensating for the physical and materialistic needs of Rüşdiye schools.After declaring the start of Tanzimat Period, the skeleton of educational inspectorate was constructed.Later on scaffolding legislations were added (Buluç, 2008).
The second one was dated 1846 and was about employing vice inspectors for primary (Mekatib-i Sibyaniye) and secondary schools (Mekatib-i Rüşdiye).Another one was 1862 and was about naming the people responsible for primary and secondary schools as "müfettiş" (inspector) for the first time.While one document dated 1875 orders schools to have an inspectorate notebook and to show it to inspectors; 1876 document, prepared by education council, describes how inspection should be implemented at schools (Taymaz, 2010;Aydın, 2014;Öz, 2003;Şahin et al., 2013: http://rdb.meb.gov.tr/).
At the beginning of the 20th century, a paper dated 1911 declares that Ministry of Education would have two departments afterwards: administration and inspection departments.According to the same paper, it was ordered that inspectors would be employed amongst secondary and high school teachers.A 1912 by law document includes the title of the department as General Inspectorate [for education] (Müfettiş-i Umumilik).A legislative document dated 1913 was dedicated to announce that primary school inspections should be practiced by only primary school inspectors and those inspectors were responsible for inspection, investigation, and education of the public.Finally, a paper of inspection standards was released in 1914 (http://tkb.meb.gov.tr/).
In 1923, the instruction letter of the Ministry of Education Inspectorate was published.In 1926, the supervisors of the deputies, who were divided into central and regional inspectors, were reunited in 1931.The formation and duties of the 1933 Inspection Board were rearranged (http://tkb.meb.gov.tr/).Educational inspectors were assigned in various ways especially after 1950.Güngör (1960) stated that there were thirteen types of inspectors and they were responsible for the inspection of courses that they teach originally such as literature, arts, foreigner language, etc.The inspectors involved are candidates doing two and four months' courses, auditors, pedagogically educated inspectors, and inspectors educated in other countries (Güngör, 1960;Güçlü, 2011).
Later, though the amendment of the foundation law of the Ministry of National Education was made at various dates, the structure of the inspection in general was maintained.In 1992, according to the Law on the Organization and Duties of the Ministry of National Education, the Inspection Board took place as the "supervisory unit" within the central organization of the Ministry of National Education.
In 1993, the Ministry of National Education Inspection Board Regulation and Regulation entered into force.In 2011, the Board of Inspection of the Ministry of National Education was abolished and instead, the Directorate of Guidance and Supervision was established.In 2014, the titles of National Education Supervision and Provincial Education Supervision were merged with the titles of Education Inspector and National Education Supervisors were appointed to the Presidency of Education Inspectors established within the Provincial National Education Directorates.In 2016, the Board of Inspectors Board of Education was removed and the Board of Inspectors was established at the Ministry of National Education (http://tkb.meb.gov.tr/).

Research questions
This study focuses on the paper dated 1926 about inspectors' duties and roles.The research questions are: (1) What orders are given to inspectors in this paper?
(2) During early republican era, what are the duties and roles of inspectors in Turkey?
(3) What is the organizational scheme of the education inspectors during the foundation period of the Republic?(4) What are the duties and roles of inspectors in Today's Turkey?
(5) What is the organizational scheme of the education inspectors today?(6) What are the similarities and differences about educational inspection between early Republican era (1926) and today's Turkey?

METHODOLOGY
This article is prepared by using document analysis method (Karasar, 1999;Balcı, 2006).After the declaration of Turkish Republic, inspection legislations were written in Ottoman language using Arabic.In 1928, Latin was preferred to the previous one and Turkish became the official language.So, official documents were written based on these preferences (Akyüz, 2013).That is why the documents before that date were written originally in Arabic; they were changed into Latin and then translated.In this context, the relevant document was converted to Latin (Appendix 1) and the document was added to the original work (Appendix 2).Finally, the findings were evaluated.

Data collection
The researchers visited Prime Ministry Achieve Directorship for old official documents.Achieved documents related to educational inspection were picked out and translated to Turkish.One of the documents was a paper dated 1926 and named "Ministry of Education inspectors' duties and authorizations before the law" (Maarif Vekaleti Müfettişlerinin Hukuk ve Selahiyet Vazifelerine Dair Talimatname, see affixment 1 and 2) was transcribed.

FINDINGS
Having studied the document, it was recognized that the instructions consist of three parts: organizational structure, roles and authorizations.In addition, information was provided about the current situation.
The early period of the republic in 1926: Findings related to organizational structure An inspectorate council was established by the Ministry of Education to observe and audit educational institutions and fine art faculties; and to enlighten teachers and administrative staff, too (Clause 1).Inspectorate council was designed to be directed by an Educational Minister.This council consisted of two departments: central inspectors and regional inspectors.Central inspectors were assigned to three different branches according to their roles: education and teaching inspectors, administration inspectors, and inspectors of libraries, fine art faculties, and museums (Clause 2).
Education and teaching inspectors were responsible for auditing the education and teaching activities at schools and for guidance of administrative staff and teachers.This kind of inspectors was chosen amongst teachers who had worked as heads of school and trained as branch teachers (Clauses 3,4,5).Their assignments to their roles are decided based on the interview evaluations by Education Ministry (Clause 10).Administration inspectors were responsible for inspecting the administrative and fiscal issues.Additionally, they were accustomed with specific investigations assigned by the ministry.They were chosen amongst experienced heads of schools.Libraries, fine art faculties, and museum inspectors form the third group of inspectors and they are responsible for the inspection of institutions that they carry in their titles (Clauses 3, 4, 5).To be recruited as a central inspector, the person should be at least thirty years old, know a foreign language to the point of being to understand his or her course in that language, be a graduate of Dar'ul Fünun or a higher education, and have five years' teaching experience at secondary schools (Clauses 7, 8).Central inspectors are chosen by the assessment of an interview carried out by a council consisting of of permanent undersecretary and active working principals of fine art faculties, libraries, and museums (Clause 11).Regional inspectors are also directly connected to the Minister of Education.The main responsibility of regional inspectors is to help province education administrators in terms of auditing and controlling.The number of regional inspectors was to be decided according to business of the local educational administration (Clause 6).In order to be a regional inspector, the person should be at least twenty eight years old, know a foreign language, be a graduate of Dar'ul Fünun or a higher education, and have an experience of three years at secondary school (Clause 9).Regional inspectors are chosen by the assessment of an interview carried out by a council of heads of schools (Clause 10).The organization scheme of the inspectors is shown in Figure 1.

Findings related to duties and authorization
Educational inspectors were not only responsible for auditing and teaching branch courses they were good at, but also propagated the official ideology of young Republic of Turkey.Inspectors were under the obligations to take precautions to enhance the wellbeing of Turkish society (Clause 14).
In addition to these, they were expected to inspect the followings: finances of schools, time spent on goals predecided by ministry, relationships amongst administrators, teaching staff, and students at schools, sports education and scouting activities in nature, educational and health research, students' records and dossiers, physical situation of schools, usage of time by educational commissions, teachers' content knowledge and teaching methods, time spent in laboratory, library, students' workshops, students' preferences of resources such as books, journals, and newspapers and their benefits to students, and out of classroom activities of students.
Moreover, activities, conference, and plays of students inspected should be related to patriotism, beneficial to the society, and economy.Preparing students for social and economy life, teaching them how to be helpful, handy and kind, teaching them manners, commitment to family ties, and preparing girls for marriage, school safety issues, occupational tendencies of students, family-school cooperation and time dedicated to it and awareness of people about this cooperation (Clause 15) were also included as duties of inspectors.
Educational inspectors gather members of Instruction and Education committee to discuss and prepare auditing programmes.The ministry approves and applies the suggested programme.Inspectors might be asked to do additional inspection programmes by other committees (Clause 17).In order to audit, inspectors should listen and observe teachers' classroom performances in different classrooms.To be able to determine the understanding levels of students, they could ask questions about previous topics.Having written down some notes about teaching performances of teachers, they can discuss those notes with the teachers to show them their mistakes.When necessary, inspectors may perform samples of teaching in the classrooms for the enhancement of teachers.Inspectors could also give conference speeches about teaching methods (Clause 18).To be able to observe students in detail, inspectors could stay in boarding schools.Iinspectors should share their observations and experiences about a school to its administrators and teachers in a meeting (Clause 19).
Administrative inspectors could be sent by the ministry for auditing and investigation whenever needed.This type of inspectors could inspect local educational authorities.If they do not find the reports of regional inspectors satisfactory, they have the authority to inspect schools administratively and financially.They are allowed to carry out research and give opinions about their results (Clauses 20,21,22).Administrative inspectors are authorized to sack a staff member when the law asked for it.However, they should inform the ministry in the first 24 hours as well as local educational authorities (Clause 22).If sent by the ministry, local educational authorities should give every document to the inspectors whenever they ask for it (Clause 23).
Library, fine arts faculty, and museum inspectors are obliged to inspect mentioned institutions.They are to write investigation reports and handbooks, give conference speeches, help councils while establishing etnographia museums.They are responsible for inspecting the security staff of museums and fine arts faculties.These types of inspectors are expected to shed light on local histories, prepare biographies, and guide to set up local museums.Libraries are under their inspection and these inspectors assist the libraries to protect and copy valuable documents and books (Clause 24).
When it comes to regional inspectors, they are responsible more for the local educational authorities and institutions.If there is a conflict between local educational authorities and regional inspectors, administrative inspectors are sent by the ministry to solve the conflict.Regional inspectors gather under the leadership of an administrative inspector once a year to discuss educational issues and their inspection with the guidance of Instruction and Education committee.Regional inspectors inspect in demand from local educational authorities, too (Clauses 25,26,27,28).

Findings related to auditing and investigation issues
Inspectors of the education ministry are obliged to report their own activities monthly to the ministry.Inspectors visit to inspect randomly and without prior notification.They are not allowed to stay as guests at the houses of staff and teachers that they would inspect.Inspectors should be careful about protecting the image of the people being inspected.To get the truth, inspectors are not allowed to lie to people they were interrogating and mislead them to reveal the truth (Clause 30).
The ministry inspectors should complete the inspections that they start.Any unexpected situation that prevents inspection processes to be completed should be reported to the ministry urgently.If an investigation or interrogation ever starts, it can only be postponed by the education minister (Clause 31).Every inspection is to be reported separately.The reports are presented and sent to the departments where they are thought to be related to.The reports should be written in a clear and certain language.The findings should be presented in a lawful and scientific manner (Clause 32).After the first inspection, inspectors could continue the processes depending on the need.They should give the person complaining the opportunity to defend himself/herself about the complaint (Clause 33).
When necessary, witnesses could be separately listened to, asked questions clearly and understandably, answers are to be written down as they are, and the reports should be sealed at the very end (Clause 34).Whenever the views of a staff member of a different ministry are needed, only managers of that staff member are allowed to take testimony of him or her.Non-civil servants (non-governmental staff) should be invited for an interrogation by inspectors if needed.If the person does not accept the invitation, then s/he should be brought by local police officials (Clause 35).
Inspectors should add their comments to their reports as well (Clause 36).If there are under-construction education facilities, and an abuse of financial sources, inspectors should inform the ministry and local governmental bodies.Then, the educational ministry has to report the situation to the inferior affairs ministry, and inspectors of later ministry have to work with education inspectors on the case.Final report is presented to the education ministry (Clause 37).Instruction and Education community could also demand inspectors from the education ministry to investigate educational issues (Clause 38).

Findings about the processes related to the investigation reports
Administrative inspectors are responsible for sending their reports to the related department.Education inspectors process similar steps with an additional instruction and education community review (a copy is taken in this department).Reports about Fine Arts Faculties and libraries are sent to their responsible bodies, too (Clause 39).Regional inspectors report to the local educational administrator and educational inspectors.Later on educational inspectors are to inform the regional colleagues.
If local educational administrators do not find the reports satisfying then they could ask for deficient of reports to be re-evaluated.Once the judgment on the reports is not applied by the local educational administrators, inspectors are expected to inform the ministry about the lack of activity.Reports of regional inspectors are sent to Instruction and Education Community (Clauses 40,41,42,43).Outstanding reports of regional or central inspectors are published in the journal of education ministry (Clause 44).

Findings related to recording on official notebooks and files
Every recording of ministry inspectors should have original official documents sent to them, copy of their own official writings, educational laws, bylaws, and regulations, work tables, calculations sent to the ministry about monthly salaries, travel expenses, and daily wages (Clauses 45,46,47,48).

Current situation (in 2017)
There are 2 legal texts to be considered in this issue.The first is the Decree on the Organization and Duties of the Ministry of National Education.This decree was published in 2011, updated in 2016.The second is the Ministry of National Education's inspection board regulation issued in 2017.

Findings related to organizational structure
In order to be appointed as an education inspector, it is necessary not to be thirty-five years old.The candidates who will take the exam for the inspectorate consist of two groups: the first is the inspector candidates who are not teachers.These are graduates of law, political knowledge, economics and administrative sciences, economic and business faculties, or equivalent higher education institutions.The second one is the inspector candidates of teacher origin.They must have been teaching for at least 8 years (Clause16).Inspector candidates are first taken to a written examination of their field.Those who pass this exam will be taken to the oral exam.Those who succeed in this exam are appointed as vice inspectors.The assistant inspector lasts three years.At the end of this training, prospective inspectors are taken to a qualification examination.Those who succeed in the exam are appointed as inspectors.Employees who work as inspectors for at least 8 years may be appointed chief inspector.They have to enter a new test to be appointed chief inspector (Clause 31).The inspectors who succeed in this exam become chief inspector.According to the Inspection Board Regulation issued by the Ministry of National Education published in 2017, the Inspection Board is composed of the Chairman and the heads of departments, and the inspectors and vice inspectors.The chairman depend on the Minister (Clause 4).The organization scheme of the inspectors is shown in Figure 2. As can be seen in Figure 2, all training inspectors depend on the inspection board first, then the inspection board chaired by the head of the inspection board.The inspection board also directly depends on the Minister of National Education.

Findings related to duties and authorization
According to the Regulation on Inspection Board of the Ministry of National Education published in 2017, inspectors report on the results of audit, guidance, investigation, and investigation.Inspectors contribute to the professional development of the inspector assistants they work with.Inspectors carry out the work in the units, boards and commissions to be assigned.In addition, inspectors shall immediately notify the Chairman of the Board of Inspectors of the facts they have learned during the inspections and for the corruption outside the mandate, so that they can quickly take account of their responsibilities in accordance with the procedure of their investigation.Inspectors gather evidence.They conduct research in various subjects both domestically and abroad.They participate in commissions, courses, seminars and meetings they are assigned.They fight against bribery and corruption (Clause 34).

Findings related to auditing and investigation issues
Vice inspectors can not independently audit, investigate and preliminary investigate.These tasks can be carried out by the inspectors who are working with them.However, after they have actually worked for eighteen months after their entry into the profession, those deemed appropriate may be authorized to carry out these duties independently, with the proposal of the President and the approval of the Minister (Clause 34).Inspectors may remove an officer from duty because they are harmful in relation to the matters for which they are appointed, interfering with investigations, corruption and forgery (Clause 35).Inspectors have to pay attention to the following principles when guiding and supervising (Article 47).Inspectors: (1) Inspectors should take into consideration individual and institutional differences and environmental factors.
(2) Inspectors should base their remediation, improvement and improvement on the basis of guiding and preventive guidance.

Findings about the processes related to the investigation reports
Inspectors are obliged to complete the reports they will arrange for supervision, guidance, investigation and investigation activities within twenty days at the latest and in the extra time provided for comprehensive work.They must also carry out investigations before judicial proceedings.The reports are written in a short, clear, easy-to-understand, non-recurring style and in a style appropriate to the writing rules.Opinions and conclusions reached in the reports and the proposals shall be explained on the basis of documents and legislation that do not create any hesitation (Clause 53).The inspectors identify the results of their audit, guidance, research, evaluation, review and preliminary review work with the following report types (Clause 53): (1) Audit report.

Findings related to recording on official notebooks and files
A seal and identity certificate is issued for the inspectors (Article 57).In addition, there is no statement in the existing legal regulations regarding the books and files that should be kept.

DISCUSSION
It is understood that the 1926 law and discretionary mission of inspectors of ministry of education was published by council of education and morality department.This department was founded by the law no 789 which was enforced on 3rd April, 1926 (Akyüz, 2013).The most flashing point in the related regulation is the union of educational and cultural activities and the decision to administrate it by only one hand.But in the said ordinance, there exists regulations on the inspection education, museum, and fine arts.Besides, as a probable result of such an approach, the name, ministry of education was used instead of ministry of culture from 1935 to 1941.
The first point in which the regulations lined up is the structure of the committee to which the education inspectors belong.According to this organizational structure, it was deemed as urban or rural.The inspectors working in the urban inspection organization were named as urban inspectors and they were also called education and instruction inspectors, administration inspectors, library, museum, and fine arts inspectors.It is understood that there was a branching up in the affairs of inspectors, and work sharing was done.
According to this work sharing, the inspectors of education and instruction control schools' educational and instructional activities and guide administrative staff.These inspectors were appointed based on the following criteria: whether they have higher education, have taken a course which is in the curriculum of the schools they inspect and whether they pass those courses or have worked as teachers and principals in a school.In the appointment, an oral exam by a committee from the head council of education and morality was used.
Administrative inspectors are the staff who control the administration and economic status of schools, and the staff who follow the inspection given to them by the ministry.These kinds of inspector staff are appointed among the experienced principals of schools.The inspectors of library, fine arts and museums in third group are charged to work in the fields related to their business.
To be appointed as an urban inspector, the person must be thirty years old, know a foreign language, have a higher education diploma, and five years' teaching experience.The appointment of these inspectors is done by a commission founded by the principals of faculty of fine arts, museum and library and headed by undersecretary through an oral exam.Previously, presidents of educational inspectors in each city were abolished by the decree law number 67664 in 02/12/2016.Nowadays, only educational inspectors from the ministry and vice-educational inspectors from the ministry exist.
The role of educational inspectors is critical in the system of education.Therefore, the role of educational inspectors, how they contribute to the education system, the reconstruction of the inspection system, and personal rights of the inspectors are evaluated comprehensively (Bozak et al, 2017).But this role was noticed in the early times of the Republic and it was declared that the mission of the inspectors of education is not only to check the activities of their courses, but also they design and control a system in which the education of citizens is to advocate for the ideology of the Republic of Turkey and increase the value of the Turkish society.
In addition to these, they were expected to inspect the followings: finances of schools, time spent on goals predecided by ministry, relationships amongst administrators, teaching staff, and students at schools, sports education and scouting activities in nature, educational and health research, students' records and dossiers, physical situation of schools, usage of time by educational commissions, teachers' content knowledge and teaching methods, time spent in laboratory, library, students' workshops, students' preferences of resources such as books, journals, and newspapers and their benefits to students, and out of classroom activities of students.Furthermore, the activities of students in the country, society and economic life and conference and games are in the work area of the inspectors (Appendix 1).
Again in the work area of educational inspectors, the Usta 39 participation ratio among students to school activities, the perception of safety in schools, the scientific and vocational tendency of students, and the reasons for creating those tendency, the time shared for school-family association and its value are defined.When the related regulations are handled for evaluation during the early ages of Republic, education was a holistic and serious task charged to the inspectors.Nowadays, according to the ministry of education, presidents of educational inspectors are assigned to do the following: they check the works of inspectors, viceinspectors and office staff, and check their attendance; they participate in the meetings of provincial and national education directorate.They analyze their monthly work charts, travel allowances, results of previous year's counselling, and works that will be done the following year in the area of counseling.They control research, organise meetings at the beginning, middle and end of the year to state the rules to follow.When necessary, they invite the vice-inspectors to these meetings and appoint inspectors that work with the viceinspectors.Education inspectors focused on the aims of education during the early times of the Republic, but nowadays it seems that their aim is bureaucratic.
Nowadays, education-focused inspections are being handed over to school administrators for them to be more active in bureaucratic and legal areas.During the Republican era, a branch of the inspectors was functioning and it is understood that the investigators called administrative inspectors are assigned more to do investigation.These inspectors inspect the operations of the education directorates according to the authority of the ministry and supervise schools.They do not adequately report the administrative and financial auditapplied tax reports of the schools of the education directorates or district inspectors.Administrative inspectors also have strong powers, such as the dismissal of officers they find questionable.
The Library, the Faculty of Fine Arts and the museum inspectors were created within the Ministry of Education as a result of the holistic consideration of cultural and educational activities during the first period of the Republic Republic (Appendix 1; Clause 1).Today, however, these areas are run by completely independent ministers.This situation can be seen as a manifestation of the increase in the number of students and schools in Turkey and the reflections of conceptual clarification in the process of the managerial field.
Another striking issue about the inspection system in the early Republic period is that it is done centrally as well as locally as an inspection of the training service.Inspectors who conduct training inspections locally are called area or district inspectors.The Regional Inspectors inspect and supervise the education departments and institutions in their respective regions.District inspectors are not as competent as central inspectors, and they have to work in schools.One of the most striking aspects assessed on the 1926 directive appears to be the effect of John Dewey's 1924 report (Dewey, 1939).For example, article 5 of the opening chapter of the Dewey report is directly related to the library, which is reflected in the 1926 directive.
From the relevant arrangement it is understood that the appointment of the inspectors varies according to the kind of inspections in early period of the republic.Education and training inspectors are selected among teachers who have received education at higher level and have succeeded in the field, have worked as school administrators, and were appointed by the Board of Education and Training in the Ministry of Education.Administrative inspectors responsible for administrative and financial supervision of schools are appointed from among experienced school principals.In order to be appointed as a central inspector, it is necessary to be at least thirty years old, know a foreign language, be a teacher of Dar'ul Fünun (Faculty of Science) or higher education, and have taught at least five years in secondary school.The appointment of these inspectors is selected by the committee and appointed by the commission consisting of faculty of fine arts, library and museums established under the presidency of the undersecretary.
In order to be appointed as a district inspector, the person must be at least twenty-eight years old, know a foreign language, be a graduate of Dar'ul Fünun or higher education, and must have taught at least in secondary school for three years.The appointment of the regional inspectors is done by the ministry after oral examination.This examination is made by the commission of the directors. .From today's situation, graduates from higher institutions in Turkey or abroad are accepted at least by the Higher Education Council, education, science, literature, law, political knowledge, economic and administrative sciences, economics, business administration, theology; they should be under thirty-five years of age, except those who have eight years' or more teaching experience, and have not got the minimum score indicated in the announcement of the competition examination by the Public Personnel Selection Examination.When we compare the present situation with the early period of the Republic, it is concluded that the condition of being a teacher is still preserved but the condition of knowing a foreign language is not present today.
From the perspective of administrative law proceedings such as investigation, the 1926 Directive seems to emphasize highly detailed methodological and ethical principles.According to this regulation, inspectors of the Ministry cannot notify the relevant officers about the place to go and the institution to be audited and the inspection time.In the course of the investigation, the image of officers and teachers cannot be damaged.They cannot give false information and mislead people.They have to complete the inspection or investigation they have started.In case of not being able to complete the transaction, they have to inform the Ministry.
Ministry inspectors should prepare a separate report for each audit, write the reports according to the different departments; the opinions of the inspectors must be based on legal grounds and have scientific basis.The inspectors are given the right to defend themselves by reporting the complaint given about the memorandum.If they are obliged to listen to the witness during the investigation, it is obligatory that the witnesses are to be heard separately, that the questions be asked clearly, and that the statements of the witnesses be recorded and signed.Those who are to be consulted in the investigation process will be consulted directly if they are education officers, and the officers related to other ministries will be taken through their posts.The inspectors themselves will invite those who are not government officials.Those who do not respond may be brought in by local law enforcement agents.If the inspectors see an abuse during the construction and other transactions made for educational purposes and they are covered by the educational budget, they will give directions to the Ministry and the governorate.This is one of the most striking auspices in the 1926 regulation.Because of this article, special attention has been paid to the fight against corruption.Looking at the current situation, many ethical and methodological issues seem to be preserved.

Conclusion
The 1926 regulation is a comprehensive legal argument, especially since it envisages not listening to teachers and teachers finding out the problems of the educational process.The fact that the notable reports of the central and regional inspectors are published in the Ministry of Education magazine can also be evaluated in terms of the importance of sharing knowledge and, experience.From all these perspectives, it can be considered that this directive is highly comprehensive and regarded as a holistic education.From the aforementioned discussion it is possible to arrive at the following conclusions: (1) Cultural, artistic and educational inspections were established under the same roof as culture and education policies were considered together during the foundation period of the Republic.Today, culture and art-related works are transferred to another ministry.There are only training inspectors within the Ministry of Education.
(2) Today, the district inspections have been abolished within the Ministry of Education.Education Inspectors are only in the capital.
(3) The condition of being a university graduate in the selection of the inspectors is still ongoing.The condition of the inspectors' knowledge of the foreign language has been removed.
(4) There is nothing that changes about of duty and authority.
(5) Education inspectors do not supervise courses and teachers.(6) There is no change in the investigation and audit reports.The same reports are still being written.(7) The notebooks and files that the inspectors should keep have changed.That's why internet and electronic media provide opportunities.
(3) Inspectors should disseminate good practice examples.(4) Inspectors should ensure that the system's risk areas are identified and remedied.(5) Inspectors should prevent irregularities and corruption.(6) Inspectors should be open, transparent, equal, democratic, holistic, reliable and impartial.(7) Inspectors should take cooperation and participation as basis.(8) The inspectors should make the achievement a priority, encourage and reward them.(9) Inspection should be based on scientific and objective principles.(10) Inspection should be effective, economical and efficient.