Challenges of research conduct among postgraduate research students in an African University

writing 6(3.4) 7(4.0) 14(8.0) 16(9.1) 95(51.3) Report writing 9(5.1) 6(3.4) 10(5.7) 14(8.0) 102(58.3) Publishing of research Findings 14(8.0) 15(8.6) 17(9.3) 29(16.6) 75(42.9) Table 3. Respondents identified barriers to conduct of successful research. Extreme barriers n % Lack of funding 69 60.5 Irregular electricity 55 50.5 Lack of access to research materials 38 34.2 Lack of incentives 33 29.2 Lack of reagents 25 22.9 University bureaucracy 21 19.6 Lack of access to laboratories 21 19.6 Lack of access to reagents 21 19.6 Lack of laboratories 20 18.5 Lack of interdisciplinary collaborations 20 18.5 Lack of perceived value 13 11.8 Insufficient time due to other work 11 10.0 Conflicting supervisor/student interest 9 8.3 Insufficient time due to family responsibilities 8 7.1 Table 4. Respondents’ sources of research funding.


INTRODUCTION
As universities and governments seek to strengthen and grow their research base, higher education especially doctoral research is receiving particular attention.There is no doubt that postgraduate/doctoral research affects a country's research output which in turn affects the community.Doctoral level research is the seed-bed for ideas and practices of a profession (Bates, 1999).While some high-income countries (HIC) have an over supply and demand of PhD graduates, there have been reports showing that there is a deficiency in the number of doctoral holders in Africa and Nigeria is no exception (Cyranoski et al., 2011).Recent university rankings generally show that most African universities apart from a few South African universities are performing poorly (Times Higher Education (THE) 2012, 2017).In the University of Ibadan, according to the 2012 reports made by the Committee on Needs Assessment for Public Universities in Nigeria, only 43% (16127) instead of 75% of lecturers have a PhD degree (NUC).The University of Ibadan has a total of 1,536 academic staff of which 60% had a PhD degree (UI Annual Report, 2013).The deficit in the number of PhD holders among academic staff is hinged mostly on number of issues which have posed challenges to the timely completion of research programmes among postgraduate students (Tight, 2012).Research activity in African universities has been influenced by a number of socio-political environmental factors; predominant among these are governmental policies of reduced tertiary education funding (The Economist, 2010).There have been varying degrees of deterioration from country to country and institution to institution but many institutions commenced on the road to recovery in the last decade (Sawyerr, 2004).
In Nigeria, the demand for tertiary education is so high because education is not only an investment in human capital, but also a pre-requisite for economic development (Aderinto et al., 2015;Adeyemo, 2000).Universities all over the world are regarded as engines of economic and sustainable national development.They transmit knowledge and train the human minds (Johnstone, 2005).The belief that education is an engine of growth rests on the quantity and quality of education in any country (Akinsanya, 2007).In Nigeria, the universities are veritable tools for the realization of national development; the development of cultured citizens and the promotion of basic research.University education is therefore the most powerful and critical success factor for individuals and the society (Aina, 2007).The Nigerian university system has grown astronomically in size and has undergone deep transformation since its inception over 60 years ago (Ogbogu, 2011).A major challenge to research output in Africa is the failure to consistently compete with international research.In developed nations like Europe and North America, there is a constant and continued quest for new avenues to ensure that higher education is competitive and remains dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world (Kehm, 2006).This could be due to a number of identified challenges (Salako, 2014) including inadequately organized doctoral programmes which also fails to compete with that found in institutions in developed countries.Some countries and institutions have realized this gap and tried to solve it by introducing collaborative research.For instance, the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), along with universities and other stakeholders within and outside Africa agreed that a collaborative PhD degree programme would be the optimum way to address the quality issues (AERC, 2014).
Another well-known challenge with doctoral research is the issue of funding (Adebisi, 2014;Bamiro, 2012;Kehm, 2006;Salmi, 2001).It is unfortunate that the ability of research students to act as engines of growth and development is being challenged by the long-standing problem of inadequate funding.Most public universities in Nigeria, Africa are poorly funded by the national governments and quite often this translates to inadequate funding for research and research capacity development.In contrast, the United States, Australia government and many countries in Europe and Asia expend hundreds of billions of dollars annually on funding research in academic institutions, as well research capacity building.Poor funding could in turn delay in the completion of research work (Adebisi, 2014).Developed countries have been able to tackle this challenge by providing financial support to doctoral education and researchers through fund raisers, government grants and various funds from industries.Research funding is also available through private foundations, charities and various trusts such as the Carnegie Foundations, John and Catherine T. Macarthur, Rockefeller Foundation and Welcome Trust to name a few (Nigeria Higher Education Foundation (NHEF), 2014).
Furthermore, another well know challenge among doctoral students is the challenge of not knowing how to write good proposals to access grants (be it foreign or domiciliary).
Though successful research is often attributed to individual researchers or research teams; it is well known that such success is determined by more than individual brilliance, hard work and team competencies.Factors such as the nature and quality of the research environment, mentored supervision, generally the facilities and other means at the disposal of the researchers, and access to prior work by other researchers in related field are also contributory (Sawyerr, 2004;Mutula 2009).The role of the supervisor in doctoral programmes in the British education system is also critical to the success of the doctoral process.Poor supervision can have a significant impact on students by not only limiting the quality of their work, but also reducing their motivation for work (Abiddin, 2007).Independent of the skills or the values of the individual researcher, the macro-environment of public policy and resource allocation are factors which hinder research development in a number of African countries (Akinsanya, 2007).
The purpose of this survey therefore was to determine the barriers to postgraduate research training needs of the University of Ibadan among postgraduate research students, assess their research training needs, and make recommendation for proffering solution to the identified research needs.

Study area
The study was conducted in the University of Ibadan which at the time of the study had 13 faculties, namely: Art, Agriculture and Forestry, Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Dentistry, Education, Law, Pharmacy, Public Health, Sciences, Social Sciences, Technology and Engineering, and Veterinary Medicine.There were also number of institute and centres which offer postgraduate programmes including the Institute of Child Health, Institute of Education, Institute of African Studies, Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, Centre for Population and Reproductive Health, Centre for Adolescent Mental Health, etc.The institution also has a Distance Learning Centre (DLC), which has over 17000 students in various undergraduate academic programmes.This centre is located on a satellite campus of the University of Ibadan.

Study population
The study population included available and consenting male and female research students (MPhil/PhD.and PhD) in the various faculties who were registered for MPhil/PhD and PhD programmes in the University of Ibadan at the time of the study.There were 252 MPhil/PhD and PhD students registered for the 2011/2012 session during the study.In all, 137 were available to participate in the study and this gave a response rate of about 54%.

Research design
A cross sectional research design was used in the survey and purposive sampling was used to select all available research students.A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire, which was predicated on information obtained informally from doctoral students during interactive sessions at workshops, was used to obtain data from consenting respondents in the various faculties of the university.The 38-variable questionnaire contained questions on respondents' demography, research interest, barriers to conduct successful research, fund seeking experience, and research needs.The respondents were also requested to rate their competence in these different aspects of research formed the basis for respondents' competency ranking.This was assessed on a scale of 1 to 7; where 1=<10%, 2= 10-20%, 3= 20-30%, 4=30-40%, 5= 40-50%, 6= 50-60%, 7=70-100%.Data collected form the survey was analysed using SPSS version 15.

RESULTS
A total of 137 questionnaires, which was administered among the research students, were coded and analysed.The ages of the respondents ranged from 20 to 70 years and most of them were aged 30 to 39 (44.5%), male students (56.2%) were slightly higher than female students (43.8%) and most were registered on the doctoral programme (Table 1).

Research interest and competencies
The respondents were requested to itemise the types of research conducted in their programmes.These included review of literature, secondary data analysis, quantitative and qualitative surveys, animal experiments, technical (engineering) experiments, clinical experiments/trials and behavioural surveys, focus group discussions, interventions, and mathematical models.All students reported that their MPhil/PhD or PhD programmes involved a research component.Table 2 shows the respondents' perception of the competence in various aspects in the conducted research.In terms of requisite competencies in various aspects of research methodology, conduction of research and documentation of results are common among respondents.Overall, the majority of the respondents rated their competencies quite low for all the aspects.The highest rating selected was five, which was within a range of 40 to 50% competency.Most of the respondents assessed their competencies and selected the option for proposal writing quite highly, especially in the areas of setting objectives (70.8%) and proposal writing (65.7%).However, only slightly over half of the respondents rated their competencies as five in questionnaire design (55.5%), data management and interpretation (54.0%).While only 42.9% rated their competency in publishing of research findings as high as 50%, whereas the rest rated it much lower.

Barriers to successful research conduct
Table 3 shows the respondents' ranking of barriers to successful conduct of postgraduate research.In all, 185 (85.4%) acknowledged the presence of barriers to conduct successful research.The identified barriers were ranked on a scale of 1 to 5 where 1=not a barrier; 5=extreme barrier.The major barriers identified by the respondents were lack of research funding (60.5%, irregular electricity (50.5%) and lack of access to research materials (34.2%).

Sources of research funding
Virtually all of the respondents (92.7%) indicated that their research was being funded with their personal funds.Slightly over a third of them (36.7%) reported that their research was being funded partially or totally by grants from local or international funding agencies and private corporations.These included inadequate mentoring from senior colleagues (69.3%), lack of funding opportunity information (45.6%), and absence of local research funding opportunities (34.6%).Other barriers identified by the respondents included poor internet access which hampered their ability to search for funding opportunity information and perceived grant application committee (Table 4).

Research training needs
In terms of research training needs, majority of the respondents indicated that they were interested in receiving training on developing research proposals and seeking funding opportunities and evaluation of interventions (Table 5).

DISCUSSION
Majority of the respondents were males (77%) within the age range of 20 to 70 years.Half (50.3%) of these were from the faculties of social sciences and clinical sciences, while the rest were variedly distributed among the other faculties and were mostly in fulltime (78.1%) mode of study and were in PhD programmes (91%).This is comparable with the distribution of research students in a reported study among students at the Manchester University as reported by Abiddin (2007).
Unsurprisingly, almost all the postgraduate students had quite high interest for research development and implementation; most (98.5%) were interested in conducting research which constitutes a major part of the generic and existing doctoral programme.This is quite in line with the report of Yee (2010) in which training for PhD students was based on generic university wide programme in which basically methodologies in science and humanities were dominant.Additionally, Yee (2010) and Sauermann and Roach (2012) also confirmed that many of the doctoral programme focused on exploring   methodologies, structures, processes and solving concrete questions.In consonance with other studies in  Manathunga and Lant (2006) corroborated this finding as they identified the need for a systematic and strategic appraisal of the higher education system in order to frontally address the developmental and training needs of research higher degree and doctoral students

Aspects of research Rating of competencies 1 [n (%)] 2 [n (%)] 3 [n (%)] 4 [n (%)] 5 [n (%)]
The major barriers to successful conduct postgraduate research included lack of funding, irregular electricity, lack of access to research materials including laboratory materials and reagents.However, lack of funding for research was the mostly mentioned barrier.This is in line with a previous studies and reports by Sawyerr (2004) and Mutula (2009) in which most of the challenges to higher studies in the universities were inadequate funding and resources including research materials and access to ICT.
Funding has always constituted a major challenge/barrier to successful completion of research based studies; this is supported by the report of by Salako (2014), Ogbogu (2011) and Bamiro and Adedeji (2010), in which inadequate funding was identified as a major limitation to the ability of the universities to effectively and efficiently perform their duties, particularly the traditional roles of teaching and research.Almost all the researchers indicated that they spent their personal funds on research.Lack of information of funding opportunities to respondents (45.6%), lack of funding opportunities (37.6%) and lack of mentoring (34.6%) were mostly mentioned by respondents as barriers to seeking funds for research.Additionally, supervision was identified as a major contributor to successful PhD programmes in University of Manchester (Abiddin, 2007)

Limitations
The main limitation of this study is related to its generalizability.Most of the research students in the study area were on part-time study, since they had to keep a regular job to support their self-funded research.Thus, the data collected were taken from only those students who were on ground at their departments during the 3-months period of the data collection.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The study documents the challenges of research students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria which are quite varied and multifaceted.These included inadequate research infrastructures (facilities, equipment and electricity) and funding.The research students also expressed need for further training in the research methodology at their different levels to enhance their knowledge and build their capacity for advanced research.
It is therefore recommended that the research institutions in Nigeria establish well-structured channels of meeting and solving research needs of students.This could be in form of provision of basic research infrastructures.It is also very important that workshops and capacity building and mentoring programmes be mainstreamed into the curriculum of these students.Funding and research grants should be made available to research student via competitive proposal writing and institutional research granting schemes.The results of this research could also serve as a baseline in design and prioritisation of research need intervention plans by research institutions.

Table 2 .
Respondents' competences in different aspects of the research.

Table 3 .
Respondents identified barriers to conduct of successful research.

Table 4 .
Respondents' sources of research funding.

Table 5 .
Respondents identified research needs.