Current Status of animal biotechnology and option for improvement of animal reproduction in Asia

The aim of this review paper was to investigate the use of biotechnology in the improvement of animal reproduction in different Asian Countries. Biotechnologies have contributed immensely to increasing livestock reproductively, particularly in developed countries, and can help to alleviate poverty and hunger, reduce the threats of diseases and ensure environmental sustainability in developing countries. A wide range of biotechnologies are available and have already been used in different Asian countries in the main animal science disciplines, that is animal reproduction, genetics and breeding; animal nutrition and production; and animal health. In animal reproduction, genetics and breeding, artificial insemination (AI) has perhaps been the most widely applied animal biotechnology, particularly in combination with cryopreservation, allowing significant genetic improvement for productivity as well as the global dissemination of selected male germ plasm. Complementary technologies such as semen sexing can improve the efficiency of AI. Embryo transfer provides the same opportunities for females, albeit on a much smaller scale and at a much greater price. Molecular DNA markers can also be used for genetic improvement through marker assisted selection (MAS) as well as to characterize and conserve animal genetic resources. Specific options that should assist Asian countries make informed decisions regarding the adoption of appropriate biotechnologies in the livestock sector in the future.


INTRODUCTION
A major benefit of agricultural research and technology is that the purchasing power of the poor increases, because both average incomes and access to staple food products are improved and will lead to a distinct shift in the economic returns from livestock.Agricultural biotechnology has the potential to address some of the problems of developing countries like food insecurity, unfavorable environmental and climatic conditions, etc mentioned above and also improve agricultural productivity; one of the methods that are believed to accelerate maintaining the livestock production is the use and application of reproductive biotechnology in a wide range of and/or intensively to the producers/farmers.Kahi and Rewe (2008) stated that biotechnology is important if the world is to respond to the pressure to produce more food from livestock animals according to the ever-growing human population.
Furthermore, it was suggested that biotechnological approaches can be employed for improving productivity, economy, and physicochemical and nutritional attributes of a wide range of livestock products (Gupta and Savalia, 2012).
The use of reproductive biotechnologies especially artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET) in cattle industry has widely been applied in many farms in developed countries.Since these reproductive biotechnologies were found to improve genetics and production of livestock animals, these were spread out rapidly and slowly to all over the world both in developed and developing countries and Indonesia is no exception.In Indonesia, as one of developing countries, the use of these biotechnologies face a challenge to increase the productivity of animals especially for beef production to meet the need for food as human population increases rapidly (Anonymous, 2009).Madan (2005) reported that the developing world is grossly unprepared for the new technological and economic opportunities, challenges, and risks that lie on the horizon.Moreover, he mentioned that livestock production is globally growing faster than any other sectors and by 2020 livestock is predicted to become the most important agricultural sector in terms of value adding and that the role of biotechnology will lead to a distinct shift in the economic returns from livestock.Therefore, it is necessary to establish and to apply the biotechnology, especially reproductive biotechnology, to meet the challenges in livestock animal and beef production for the need of human population.
Globally, livestock production is growing faster than any other sector, and by 2020 livestock is predicted to become the most important agricultural sector in terms of added value.Although it is hoped that biotechnology will improve the life of every person in the world and allow more sustainable living, crucial decisions may be dictated by commercial considerations and the socioeconomic goals that society considers to be the most important.There has been a constant increase in the demand of livestock and livestock related products worldwide.However, today the world production merely meets the demand to a significant extent.No wonder this has made scientists to try to improve livestock and livestock associated derivatives.With genetic manipulation and related technologies gaining prominence more and more research interests to improve livestock using genetic engineering has become a buzzword today; day by day more focuses are being put in this regard (Onteru et al., 2010).
There is also active competition for new technologies that may directly or indirectly affect the future of animal production, including breeding.Some non-European countries (New Zealand, the USA, Argentina, Brazil, China) are rapidly developing research on and in some cases implementation of new reproduction and cloning technologies (somatic cell nuclear transfer, that is "Dollytype" cloning) and genetically modified animals.Other fore seen applications of the new biotechnologies in animals are in the medical field: animal models, animals as bioreactors, and animals for xenotransplantation.Although the development and possible use of such applications are beyond the direct scope of breeding organizations, Europe must be in a position to objectively evaluate these technologies and consider their potential Nigatu 261 (Anne et al., 2006).Both Asia and Europe are densely populated and have comparatively little land available for agriculture.In contrast, the Americas (and Oceania) have relatively large amounts of arable land and pasture as compared to population density.This creates for Europe and Asia a permanent risk of food dependence on the Americas.It also creates a "natural" push to develop foods and food products for -and sell them to-the more denselypopulated areas.Related policies include farmingsubsidies in the USA, stimulation of genomics and biotechnology research, and a favorable business and social climate for developing and implementing new technologies.
Among the animal biotechnologies, the most widely used ones in the region are the application of assisted reproductive biotechnologies such as artificial insemination (AI), estrous synchronization and embryo transfer.In animal health, molecular based serological techniques using monoclonal antibodies and recombinant antigens as well as PCR based methods are being used for diagnosis of diseases and epidemiological studies in most countries, together with conventional and recombinant vaccines for controlling diseases (FAO, 2009).
Molecular markers for genetic diversity studies are also used widely, but marker assisted selection for genetic improvement is only being used in a few of the more developed countries.Biotechnologies to improve animal nutrition through feed additives such as amino acids and enzymes are widely applied, especially in monogastric livestock, whereas use of other additives such as prebiotics and probiotics is less common.Advanced technologies such as cloning and transgenesis are hardly used in most countries of the region, as they currently have limitations in success rates and cost-effectiveness, as well as ethical, religious and animal welfare concerns.The species of animals on which these biotechnologies are used in the region include cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, camels, deer, chicken, ducks, quails, guinea fowl and fish (Anne et al., 2006).
Therefore the objective of this review paper was to investigate the use of biotechnology in the improvement of animal Reproduction in different Asian Countries and attempts to highlight pros and cons, on the recent developments in reproductive biotechnologies both in male and female in livestock species.-Bin et al. (2011) defined the term "Animal biotechnology" as the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing or production of materials by animals or aquatic species to provide goods and services for the wellbeing of human population.

Ramli
Biotechnology has been practiced since the beginning of animal husbandry (FAO, 2011).The evaluation and selection of different breeds started with the domestication of animal species around 12000 years ago which was led by the wish to obtain traits dictated by social, nutritional and environmental needs with no understanding of the molecular processes involved (FAO, 2011).
The Asia Reproductive Biotechnology Society was established in 2004 to promote the educational and scientific interests of the reproductive biotechnology research community throughout Asia.The society includes active scientists and students working in many Asian countries, including Japan, South Korea, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Singapore, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Laos and Cambodia, Iran, Mongolia, Brunei, United Arab Emirates (UAE), etc. and serves as the region's premiere forum for scientific discussion and exchange in this field (ARBS, 2014).
The main objectives of using reproductive biotechnologies in livestock are to increase production, reproductive efficiency and rates of genetic improvement.Over the years, many options have become available for managing the reproduction of the major large and small ruminants.Artificial insemination (AI) and preservation of semen are the main technologies that are used extensively.Reproductive technologies can also be used to control reproductive diseases if procedures and protocols are accurately followed (Madan, 2002).

Current status of application of animal biotechnology in Asia
In recent times, reproductive biotechnologies have emerged and started to replace the conventional techniques.It is noteworthy that for sustained livestock productivity, it is imperative to start using these techniques for facing the increasing challenges for productivity, reproduction and health with impending environment conditions.These recent bio-techniques, both in male and female, have revolutionized and opened avenues for studying and manipulating the reproductive process both in vitro and in vivo in various livestock species for improving its efficiency (Garner, 2001).

Semen sexing and artificial insemination in Asian countries
Another reproductive biotechnology that is now developing in Indonesia is sexing of semen for AI.Lembang AI station has produced 2,511 straws of sexed semen which consisted of 1,302, 719, and 490 straws (FH, Simmental and Limousine, respectively) in 2013.Similarly, Singosari AI station has also produced 2,100 Xbearing sperm of FH in 2012.However, we have no data regarding the fate of this sexed semen especially their contribution on reproductive performance of the cows after AI.Nevertheless, a study using sexed semen in Bali cattle has been reported by Said et al. (2014); the overall conception rate after AI in their study was 59.2% (148/250).This technology is used for producing offspring of the desired sex, either male or female.Selecting the sex of the progeny using sex-sorted sperm has been an advantage for animal breeders (Johnson, 2000;Seidel, 2014).
This technique works on the principle of flow cytometric separation of fluorescent-labeled X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa from the sperms carrying fluorescent labeled Y-chromosome.At present, this technology is capable of analyzing over 100,000 events(sperms) per second and can sort 70,000 events (sperms) per second.By this way, it is capable of sorting 15 million spermatozoa per hour into X-and Y-bearing sperms (Garner,2006) and accuracy of predicting the sex of calves is between 85 and 95% (Garner, 2011).
This technique has been used in various domestic species including buffaloes (Campanile et al., 2011;Gaviraghi et al., 2013;Warriach et al., 2015).Although the number of sorted sperm tends to be low, acceptable pregnancy rates have been obtained by in vivo deep intrauterine insemination (Blondin et al., 2009;Carvalho et al., 2010).In addition, semen sexing can be used for enhancing progeny testing program, increase breeding male production, reduce the incidence of sex-linked diseases, besides conservation ofsuperior and rare animals.One of the main limitations of this technique is the low number of sexed sperm produced per unit of time, and sexed sperm display a variety of damages, viz., destabilization of sperm membrane and capacitating-like changes there by reducing lifespan of sorted spermatozoa in the female genital tract (Gosálvez et al., 2011a;Gosálvez et al., 2011b).

Semen production in Asia countries
In Thailand, the large scale application of AI has been playing a key role in livestock improvement, especially in dairy cattle, beef cattle and buffalo.This technique is largely developed due to the promise of economic advantage.Cattle semen production is carried out in two main sectors: offered by Department of Livestock Development and private companies.Previously, Hariana and Brahman were imported to Cambodia of South East Asian since 1950 (Maclean, 1998), and widely spread in 1980 through the artificial insemination technique (Maclean, 1998;Soun, 2003).Nowadays, however, semen production and artificial insemination are rarely to be applied in ruminant, and it becomes a preferable practice in commercial pig farms.According to MAFF (2014), the animal breeds are increasingly improved according to the national policy and strategy of animal health and production, and they are promoted by import of genetic materials, selections of local breeds with high productivity in order to extend animal breeds to farmers and private farmers within countryside as well.
Concerning the use of AI technologies, there are no formal reports on the number of cow inseminated by official technicians.However, it is assumed that only very small numbers of cows were accepted the AI technologies according to the number of imported frozen semen straws used and the available straws comparing with the number of cattle population.Most of cattle breeding is done by natural mating only which is generally expensive and time consuming (varies from 100,000 150,000 Riels per conception, and the farmers have to bring their heated cows to the house of bull"s owners).On the other hand, AI services are usually unavailable and not cheap because of limited frozen semen straws, inseminators, high cost ofliquid nitrogen (20,000 Riels per litre), etc.Consequently, farmers have to pay similar price or more per service compared to natural mating (Oudom, 2014).

Embryo transfer technology (ETT)
ETT is an important tool to improve livestock at faster rate as well as provides an opportunity to utilize the genetic contribution of both male and female (Mapletoft, 2013;Hasler, 2014).ETT involves super ovulation, an important step for increasing the number of ocyte from superior donors (Mapletoft, 1985).The transfer of mammalian embryos was first achieved by Walter Heape in 1890.Subsequently, progress in embryo transfer has been reported in various domestic species (Hasler, 2003;Hasler, 1998;Drost et al., 1976).The birth of the first calf through embryo transfer was achieved by Betteridge (Betteridge, 2006).Although super ovulation in buffalo started three decades ago the first live calves from bubaline embryos were born in1983 in the USA and later in India (Purohit et al., 2003).Studies on superovulation among buffaloes have been carried outboth in the river and swamp buffaloes in various countries including India (Nandi et al., 2002).
In most of South East Asian Countries (Combodia, Lao) the reproductive biotechnologies such as synchronization embryo transfer and cloning have never existed and do not have national policy.Regarding ET techniques, there were few officers from DAHP participated in training in Japan many years ago.But because of lack of laboratory equipment and finance constraints on application of advanced reproduction biotechnologies in animals, acquisition of human resources and proper equipment needed for them to improve livestock production, it has never been practical in this country Lao PDR.(Khampasong, 2014).
ET is still at developing stage in Lao PDR.The participation of embryos and technical manpower in ET is still experimental and no other biotechnologies have been carried out in Lao hopefully; this second generation of reproductive biotechnologies will be put into a plan and applied in the near future when dairy production will Nigatu 263 promote them (Oudom, 2014).Similarly, in Other Asian Countries such as Thailand, bovine embryo transfer has been under developing stage because of the lack of awareness among farmers and unavailability of embryo and technical manpower.Thus, bovine embryo transfer is still at the experimental stages.No progress has been made in the field of embryo transfer in other species in Thailand (Virapol and Nonthasak, 2010).

In vivo production of embryo
In vivo production of embryos in buffaloes resulted in considerable interest with the first river buffalo calf being produced in USA then in India and next in South East Asia country in Philippines.Earlier attempts were reported from South East Asia (Thailand) and Bulgaria with modest results due to peculiarities inherent to the buffalo.Multiple Ovulation and Embryo transfer (MOET) optimizes the female contribution to genetic progress and it increases genetic gain by 63 to 70% per year from juvenile and adult buffalo compared to progeny testing (Purohit et al., 2003).The in vivo procedures involve induction of multiple ovulation, breeding and non-surgical recovery of embryos which are then transferred to synchronized recipients Inherently poor reproduction and seasonality in buffalo warrants the use of advanced reproductive technologies in this species.Efforts at multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in buffaloes have resulted in the birth of calves in many countries by transfer of fresh (Zhang et al., 2011) or cryopreserved embryos, however, the efficiency in terms of super ovulatory response and recovery of transferrable embryos continue to be low.Attempts to improve the ovulatory responses in buffaloes have shown marginal improvements (Tasripoo et al., 2014).
In vitro production of embryos appeared as a valid alternative to in vivo recovery of embryos.Attempts to produce embryos from follicular oocytes by in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture were successful and resulted in the birth of river (Kandil et al., 2014) and crossbred (50:50 river: swamp) buffalo calves (Jain et al., 2011).Cryopreserved in vitro produced embryos also resulted in the birth of river and swamp buffalo calves, including twins (Zhang et al., 2011).Embryos have also been produced in vitro by fertilization of oocytes using density gradient prepared or sex selected sperm (Tasripoo et al., 2014).Experiments on techniques such as cloning and embryo splitting (Jain et al., 2011) have been successful in buffaloes, although the overall efficiency still needs considerable improvement.
The use and application stems from the desire to facilitate the genetic improvement program, the production of purebred animals in swamp buffalo dominated countries, and preserve endangered buffalo species like the Tamaraw (Bllballls bllbalis milldorollellsis).
The advanced reproductive techniques that can be applied to male and female water buffaloes are oriented towards genetic improvement, conservation and transgenesis (Jain et al., 2011).

Cryopreservation
Cryopreservation is a process where cells are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures allowing transportation, long-term storage, conservation, and programmed utilization.This technology is important for the cryo banking of animal's germplasm from endangered species and exploitation of genetically superior sires through AI and embryo transfer.Cryopreservation of sperm is an old technology with large scale commercial application.Cryopreservation of embryo is an advanced technology that has achieved considerable success with birth of calves after transfer of cryopreserved embryos (Kandil et al., 2014).Cryopreservation of oocytes and somatic cells has practical application for cloning and gene banking.Even though sperm, embryo, and somatic cell cryopreservation succeeded and these are now routine activities, oocyte cryopreservation remains a challenge.
Recent studies (Tasripoo et al., 2014) showed improvement on development to morulae and blastocysts after NF of oocytes cryopreserved by slow-freezing and verification but the efficiency remains lower than that for fresh oocytes (Hufana et al., 2008).Efficiency of oocyte cryopreservation requires further refinement before it can beused for routine application.The high lipid content of buffalo oocytes may influence the success of cryopreservation (Zhang et al., 2011).

Sperm sexing
Sperm sexing provides the opportunity to produce offsprings of pre -determined sex.This was made possible by the creation and development of low cytometer.Proof of sorting efficacy has been demonstrated in many species and numerous applications in a variety of species is anticipated including endangered species and zoo and aquarium animals.In water buffaloes, successful results on sperm sexing were also achieved (Tasripoo et al., 2014).Accuracy of sexing is around 90% in most species.However, this technology is still rather expensive due to the low sexing efficiency where only about 20 million sperm cells are sorted in an hour which is the concentration required for cryopreservation.
For ET, embryo straws are recovered from liquid nitrogen tank and the pointed dose for artificial insemination in water buffalo.Furthermore, fertility of sexed sperm is lower than unsexed controls (Kandil et al., 2014) leaving room for improvement.Advances have been made in two main areas: increasing the number of sperm sexed accurately per unit time, and making the process less damaging to the sperm by optimizing the pressure in the flow cytometer (Zhang et al., 2011).The possibility of choosing a male or female calf can be done by the use of X and Y -sorted sperm in artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization programs.Studies and application in the United States in the year 2005 had significant positive impact on dairy cattle and beef cattle production systems by producing the desired sex and nearly doubling the productivity.In water buffaloes, calves of sex pre-determined were born (Hufana et al., 2008).
The same authors found DNA contents between their X-and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa; a difference large enough to allow successful sorting.Although the numbers of sorted spermatozoa per hour have currently attained larger figures than those from a decade ago (50-100 million compared to 350,000), these numbers imply fewer sperm doses for AI, reducing their application for conventional breeding.The technology is, however, very promising and provides opportunities for sex selection of IVEP-embryos (Tasripoo et al., 2014), surprising the need for sex diagnosis of the embryos (which is reliably done today by DNA probing, specific for the Y chromosome, but still time-consuming and perhaps not risk-free) (Jain et al., 2011).
Sex-sorting, albeit interesting for animal breeding strategies, is too costly (a flow sorter costs above $300,000 US), slow, and yields weak spermatozoa with a reduced lifespan.Nevertheless, sexed semen is commercially available (male-or female-sorted spermatozoa) and it is becoming more competitive in cattle (Tasripoo et al., 2014).In buffaloes, deposition of sexed semen in the body of the uterus yielded higher pregnancy rates (45.5%)compared to when sexed semen was deposited in the uterine horn (32.3%).
Conception rates did not differ between adult buffaloes and buffalo heifers; however there was a difference between bulls (Tasripoo et al., 2014).Most studies in buffaloes have reported the use of sexed semen fur insemination after an estrus synchronization protocol (Zhang et al., 2011).A recent study, however, evaluated the insemination of 4521 swamp or crossbred buffaloes during natural estrus with X-sorted semen from river buffaloes and recorded a 48.5% pregnancy rate and 87.6% sex accuracy (Yang and Pang, 2010).A similar previous study on Chinese swamp buffaloes (n=3863) that were inseminated with X-sorted river buffalo semen during natural estrus, recorded calving rates of 51.9% and sex accuracy of 89.0% (Kandil et al., 2014).These studies reflect the prospects of commercial application of insemination with sexed semen in the buffalo.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
In SCNT, the nucleus of the somatic cell is transferred to an enucleated recipient cytoplast which is then stimulated to divide and develop into an embryo.This technology in the livestock industry is huge but the efficiency of implementation in water buffalo is slow and challenging.Successful cloning in water buffalo was shown through the production of cloned calves reported by the use of fetal fibroblasts or granulosa cells as donor cells (Jain et al., 2011), ear fibroblast nucleus from river buffalo in hand-made zona-free cloned vitrified embryos derived from enucleated oocytes reconstructed using adult skin fibroblast cells as nucleus donor.Cloning can be done using a micro manipulator-based cloning procedure (Zhang et al., 2011) or by hand-made procedure.
On the use and efficiency of donor cell type (Saba et al., 2013) fusion, activation and culture systems (Tasripoo et al., 2014) have been explored with varying success.Cloned embryos produced from nucleus transfer of buffalo fetal and adult somatic nuclei into enucleated bovine oocytes and subsequent development to the blastocyst stage has been reported (Kandil et al., 2014).Most previous studies have utilized adult or fetal fibroblasts as nucleus donors (Misra and Tyagi, 2007) however, some of the more recent reports depict the successful production of cloned embryos by nucleus transfer from cells other than fibroblasts such as somatic cells isolated from urine (Jain et al., 2011) amniotic fluid derived stem cells (Purohit et al., 2003) and somatic cells from milk (Zhang et al., 2011).
Cloned embryos have also been produced by nucleus transfer of somatic cells (fibroblasts from ear) from wild buffalo and oocytes from domestic buffaloes (Saba et al., 2013) and live births resulted following SCNT from river buffalo somatic cells and swamp buffalo oocytes (Yang and Pang, 2010).Hand-made cloning has proved to be an efficient alternative to the conventional micromanipulator-based technique (Shi et al., 2007).Research in vitro cleaved medium was reported to be an effective culture system compared to medium for in vitro culture of zona-free cloned buffalo embryos reconstructed using adult skin fibroblast cells as nucleus donors (Tasripoo et al., 2014); factors are generally employed as recipient cytoplasts for SCNT (Lu et al., 2007).GO stage of the cell cycle to avoid chromosomal damage and abnormal in the resulting embryos (Tasripoo et al., 2014).Serum sperm sexing offers an obvious advantage buffalo is limited, the techniques have been commercialized dairy buffaloes present about 3.8% differences very embryos embryo's natural embryo.

Embryo splitting
In embryo splitting, before reaching the differentiation stage, an embryo is split in to 2, 3 or 4 depending on the efficiency of splitting.The separated blastomer's are further cultured for development to preimplantation stage.The resultant embryos are clones.The clone carries exactly the same DNA of the original embryo that was Nigatu 265 split.Embryo splitting is a technology that allows the development of several embryos from a single embryo.It is a cloning method where a healthy embryo is divided by taking some blastomers and implanted into an empty zona pellucida to develop another embryo.It involves splitting or dissecting of young embryos into several sections (Liang et al., 2008), usually at the 2 to 8 cell stage, although some reports used morula-stage embryos before the cells differentiated.
The sections are further cultured to develop into a new embryo that upon reaching the pre implantation stage can be cryopreserved or transferred to recipient animals.The procedure requires specific microscopy and micromanipulations to carry out the extremely delicate micro-dissection needed when world with the embryo.A pregnancy rate of 120% was reported by this technique because by dissection, a 50 to 60% success rate after transfer of each half embryo was achieved when transfers were done using the same receptor female (Hufana et al., 2008).

Animal biotechnological options for Asian countries
A number of specific options can be identified that should assist Asian developing countries make informed decisions regarding the adoption of appropriate biotechnologies in the livestock sector in the future.

Biotechnologies should build upon existing conventional technologies
Solving new problems will require novel ideas and may involve new technologies.However, substantial impact of new biotechnologies can only be realized at the ground level in developing countries if the capabilities and infrastructure to effectively use conventional technologies are in place.For example, molecular diagnostics and recombinant vaccines will not improve the health or wellbeing of animals if an effective animal health infrastructure does not exist.Semen sexing and ET have no relevance in places where less advanced reproductive technologies such as AI are not well established and systems for the distribution of improved germplasm are not in place (FAO, 2011).Efficient animal identification systems, for example based on ear tags, animal passports and computer recording, are needed in order to take full advantage of molecular markers, DNA sequencing and other advanced biotechnologies for animal genetics, nutrition and health (Shelke et al., 2011).

Biotechnologies should be integrated with other relevant components in any livestock development programmes
Not all biotechnologies can be applied successfully in all situations at all times.Each biotechnology has relevance to a specific situation and in most cases; it has to complement conventional technologies and other components of the livestock production and marketing system to elicit the desired impact for the farmer.An example is the integrated programme involving farmer organizations, extension workers, researchers and policymakers that reversed the decline of a locally adapted dairy sheep breed in Tunisia (Djemali et al., 2009).The increasing importance of environmental issues also means that these should also be considered in any livestock development programme.For example, plans for the application of biotechnologies for nutrition (for example prebiotics and probiotics, enzymes and silage additives) should consider both the effects on animal productivity and the potential impacts (positive or negative) of the technology on the production system and the environment (FAO, 2011).

Application of biotechnologies should be supported within the framework of a national livestockdevelopment programme
Developing countries must ensure that animal biotechnologies are deployed within the framework of national development programmes for the benefit of producers and consumers and not as stand-alone programmes.The models of biotechnology interventions in developing countries differ distinctly from those in developed countries (Zhang et al., 2011).The biotechnologies that are simple and cost-effective are more likely to be successful in developing countries.To ensure the successful application of a biotechnology in the complex and diverse animal agriculture scenarios present in developing countries, not only does the mitigation of technical challenges need to be addressed but also, and probably more importantly, issues like management, logistics, technology transfer, human capacity, regulation and intellectual property (FAO, 2011).Policy-makers in developing countries should be aware that there would be practical, financial and legal obstacles that will preclude the full-scale adoption of many livestock biotechnologies (Saba et al., 2013).Therefore, strong scientific drive, vision and entrepreneurial skills are needed to contribute to progress in animal biotechnologies in developing countries.

Access to biotechnological products by end users should be ensured
An appropriate model for scaling up and packaging the technology should be integrated into the development and application of biotechnologies and biotechnological products, particularly for vaccines, diagnostics, probiotics, prebiotics and enzymes so that the products are not costprohibitive.It has to be borne in mind that the target end users of these biotechnologies in developing countries are normally resource-poor farmers with limited purchasing power.Without this scaled-up business approach/model, even good science and quality biotechnological products might not deliver desired impacts at the field level (FAO, 2011).In the business model, it is also imperative to consider the intellectual property issues, which impinge on several aspects of biotechnology.For example, for manufacturing a recombinant vaccine, developing countries might find that theuse of antigens, delivery mechanisms, adjuvants and the process are already patented and subject to intellectual property conditions (Kandil et al., 2014).

CONCLUSION
One of the methods that are believed to accelerate maintaining the livestock production is the use and application of reproductive biotechnology in a wide range of and/or intensively to the producers.Agricultural biotechnology has the solution to the problem of global food insecurity.Agricultural biotechnology has the potential to address some of the problems of developing countries like food insecurity, unfavorable environmental and climatic conditions, etc mentioned above and also improve agricultural productivity.
The Asia reproductive Biotechnology Society was established in 2004 to promote the educational and scientific interests of the reproductive biotechnology research community throughout Asia.The society includes active scientists and students working in many Asian countries, including Japan, South Korea, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Singapore, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Laos and Cambodia, Iran, Mongolia, Brunei, United Arab Emirates (UAE), etc. and serves as the region's premiere forum for scientific discussion and exchange in this field.The main objectives of using reproductive biotechnologies in livestock are to increase production, reproductive efficiency and rates of genetic improvement.Over the years, many options have become available for managing the reproduction of the major large and small ruminants.In recent times, reproductive biotechnologies have emerged and started to replace the conventional techniques.These recent biotechniques, both in male and female, have revolutionized and opened avenues for studying and manipulating the reproductive process both in vitro and in vivo in various livestock species for improving its efficiency.
Generally, in most of South East Asian Countries (Combodia, Lao) the reproductive biotechnologies such as synchronization embryo transfer and cloning have never existed and do not have national policy.Currently in most developed Asian Countries like Japan, reproductive biotechnologies both in male and females animals are widely developed; like embryo cryopreservation, embryo transfer, embryo splitting,