Demographic impacts on the digital globalization of NGOs in Dera

This paper shows the impact of gender, age, Income, Qualification, Designation and Experience on digital globalization of NGOs of DIKhan, KP Pakistan, which were examined through a survey approach with the help of Structured Questionnaire. Globalization is a process that involves the growing sense of connectivity and shrinking world with different factors including NGOs. The vigorous role of globalization of NGOs has a powerful impact on connections, performance and birth of NGOs in every corner of the world, where women connectivity with their participation play an important role. But due to marginalized status of women and also demographic imbalances badly effect the performance growth and decision making process with diversity of opinion. Field survey was conducted from the employees working in NGOs in Dera Ismail Khan, KP Pakistan. The questionnaire contained 43 questions on different factors of Globalization as well as their impacts on the efficiency, effectiveness, innovativeness and responsiveness of the workforce as the indicators of their performance. Demographic impacts on Predictors and Criterions were tested through test of significant. This research will have a gigantic impact for all other researchers who are going to conduct their research in the same field.


INTRODUCTION
Globalization composes a multiplicity of connections and networks that transcend the nation states which make-up the current world system.It defines a process through which events, decisions and activities in one part of the globe can come to have a significant effect for individuals and communities in quite distant parts of the globe (Reich, 1998).Cross border and exchange within units indicate that the process of globalization remain identical to imply changes everywhere.The interest and intentions of definite countries are affected by the flow of globalization but it does not alter the basic properties and characteristics of state (Bartelson, 2000).In short Globalization is the new yardstick through which both public administrations and corporate sector are tested.Nevertheless, regardless of its ubiquity, the term globalization represents an attempt to summarize something of the present world situation.Shifts in the socio-economic trends, changes in political thinking and technological advances are all now measured by reference to globalization (French, 2002).*Corresponding author.E-mail: restruggling@gmail.comAuthors agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Int.NGOJ.
The globalization frame of reference, the conquest of distance, a focus on crossing boundaries, global village and global market diverts attention from issues of international level such as, proliferation of nuclear weapons and climate change.Under the globalized circumstances domestic departments and foreign affairs must initiate the powerful public policy partnership.Foreign and interior divide is now a-days obsolete due to global issues and not of technological or economic globalization.Now is the obligation of each and every state to respond to these developments according to their history, values and demographics attributes (Albrow, 2007).Globalization is meant that states were gradually challenged with weakening or even undermining of their power and the authority, and now faced the confront of governing through the management of relationships with calibrations of other governments, international institutions, corporations, NGOs and domestic constituencies (Lewis and Kanji, 2009).

Digital globalization of NGOs
As a force connecting people cultures and the societies, as well as political structures globalization may be "value neutral."Activists are constructing a competing "globalization from below," like the World Social Forum (WSF) (Schuller, 2009).Globalization has broadened intellectual horizons by reframing the old parochial debate about the role of social work in the nation state into a global concern with the state or civil society debate.The globalization of the state/civil society debate, in a globe in which nation states and their civil societies no longer exist in a vacuum, is a key piece of jigsaw missing from much current discussion (Powell and Geoghegan, 2010).
A challenging notion of globalization is an encompassing change in political, military, cultural, technological and probably the economic arena in particular.The spirit of this transformation can be constitutionalized as supra-nationalization, a change in destiny of social interactions and activism including international, national and local cross-border and worldwide governance (Goodhart, 2007).Globalization process has contributed to the increasing numbers and influence of NGOs in many states, and particularly in the international arena.International NGOs and NGO associations are emerging as increasingly dominant players in international decision-making (Robina and Nawaz, 2014).
Globalization is an indispensable force to evolve interdependence relations among states, coordination in the field of politics, economics and social matters with the help of ICTs (French, 2002).Economic globalization, military/ security globalization and political globalization are the three main dimensions of globalization of a nation-state and of the globalized word also.Globaliza-tion also portrays as integration of cultural, economic and social ties across boundaries (Jarvis, 2007).Globalization is a mechanism that promotes the growing sense of networking, connectivity, and squeezing the universe in global village.According to some scholars in fact it is a re-structuring of economic markets, trade and production which facilitate for inter-connectedness and networks (Naidu, 2009).

Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs)
ICTs are in fact the tools to handle information, process, distribution, dissemination of information, application and the methods to be used for production.It also covers the old ICTs such as Television, Radio and Telephone along with new like Satellite, Internet, Computers and wireless technology.All these diverse tools enable the amalgamation and combination of networking in a huge infrastructure standardize with inter-connected services of telephone, internet, television and radio which have its access to every nook and corner of the world (UNDP, 2001).
ICT denotes to satellite links, software, networks, computers, exchange, analyse, create and use data, knowledge and information in an unbelievable manner.The terminologies of internet and ICTs are not identical but are used interchangeably.Information and communication technologies are producing new set of communications and space.It is more international filed for struggle on the circulation of properties information and particularly power (Khan et al., 2012).

Connectivity and Networks
Global connectivity and networking link people to people, locally connecting firmness among them and with other states located at geographical distance.Worldwide connectivity in real sense is a physical or materialist link with a significant social connection within and across the globe (Sun and Wang, 2008).Digital Technologies have performed a vital function in the progress of human civilization.The modern information and communication technologies are also expected to perform a similar role.These technologies ease of connectivity and costeffectiveness are such features of digital technologies that help people raise their economic, social and political capabilities.However, new technologies also pose some threats to the socio-economic life of the people.The people seem to be threatened by loss of privacy, become target to tech-addiction, and also suffer from privacy issues.The very nature of digital technologies makes these issues international in character, demanding new legislation equally worldwide in nature (Khan et al., 2012).

Transfer of Capital, Knowledge and Professionalism
The strengthening of networking independence produced by expanding flows knowledge, capital and professional experts across border is squeezing the globe which enhances the quickest connections with each other and also by making people psychologically more interactive and interdependent.The amplified flows of knowledge, capital and information lead to worldwide homogenization of tastes and norms (Brown, 2000).Literally all sovereign countries become the part and parcel of a huge pattern of worldwide communication and flows.The goods, people, capital, knowledge, communication and arms alongwith fashion, environmental issues and the criminology are extensively moved outside the borders.After the ending of cold war the interconnecting approaches at global level, and the state centric approach to gain military and political powers generates the environment of competition to dominate global ties.State boundaries are not in a position to control the flow of information or any other advancement in the field of information technology (Jarvis, 2007).

Performance of NGOs
Many analysts have noted that one of the social developments after the Cold War has been the increase in number and significance of NGOs.It is estimated that the number of NGOs in all over the globe has increased tenfold in the past 10 years (Cramer, 2001).NGOs have regional, scientific and specialized knowledge which is helpful to for the enhancement of their efficiency.Now the NGOs even in most vulnerable areas of the globe have their access to fully equipped computerized setup with the facility of 24/7 internet and with backup system of UPS and have the capability to assert themselves as effective, efficient, innovative and responsive in their performance.They have several networks and belong to wide setups, that is why their efficiency is appreciated and their effectiveness is trusted by the people at grass root level (Demirovic, 2010).The organizational structure of NGOs also varies across the region.While similar in terms of division and relative decentralization, the 4 states differed in subtle however important ways during socialism, and began the shift with different sets of institutions.In Poland NGOs suffer from the lack of state and the social support, while, in Hungary, NGOs has to face different challenge as the government has considered them as a bridge for privatization and political control (Bach and Stark, 2001).
In fact, peculiarities are not the same as they are labeled.Working Non-governmental organizations are usually opting for advocacy whereas ventures generally come across same issues and as a result the scheme's results are not as tangible as required.In the same way, NGOs realize that they cannot brush aside the spontaneous issues of the members of the society in their Robina and Nawaz 29 jurisdiction.NGOs working for the promotion of human rights and for the up gradation of women affaires have wind up their efforts to help them in case of inequalities and favoritism (Robina and Nawaz, 2014).

RESEARCH DESIGN
These types of methodologies in social research are frequently adopted practices for observation in social disciplines.It specifies that survey is the best technique for the collection of primary data through questionnaire and interviews of the individual about their ideas and attitudes (Babbie, 1993:257).The survey approach has the potential to authorize the researcher to collect data in order to answer the question relating to the area of interest (Yin, 1994:6).
The researchers have always considered surveys as excellent approach in case of social and human subjects, for measuring attitude in a large population (Sekaran, 1999:257).A survey is a consistent method for the collection of data.Survey research is more helpful in documenting features of a population, existing community conditions as well as thinking of a community.
In the light of above facts survey approach is used in the this study by implementing a structured questionnaire among 162 employees of Non-Governmental Organizations working at District Dera Ismail Khan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) with 73% return rate i.e.119.The instrument consisted of six demographic and seven variables (i.e., Dependent and independent variable.Seven (7) point scale is used where 7 for strongly agree and 1 represent a strongly disagreement.SPSS 17 helped in creating the data base and statistical analysis.

Gender Effects
As evident from Table 1, the male subjects are scoring lower than the female subjects on all the research variables therefore the emerging hypothesis will be: Hypothesis #1: Females Score Higher than their Counter-Parts.H1.

Analysis
To test the mean differences between Genders i.e. males Int. NGOJ.2) are giving highly significant results for ICTs, (P-value 0.000), Connectivity (P-value 0.000), and Flow of knowledge and Capital (Pvalue 0.000).However results are insignificant for Performance of NGOs (P-value 0.105).It is therefore decided that there is significant mean differences between the gender impacts on the three variables.Hypothesis # 1 is therefore accepted partially as true.

Impacts of Qualification
As evident from Table 3, graduates are scoring higher than the Masters or above on all the research variables therefore the emerging hypothesis will be: Hypothesis # 2: Graduates Score Higher than Masters or above.H2.

Analysis
To test the mean differences between Graduates and  According to the table of mean differences (Table 4) the Graduates are giving higher scores than the Masters or above respondents.
The results of T-tests (Table 4) are giving insignificant results for ICTs (P-value 0.744), Connectivity (P-value 0.842), Flow of Knowledge and Capital (P-value 0.635), and Performance of NGOs (P-value 0.812).Hypothesis # 2 is therefore rejected.

c. Impacts of Types of NGOs
As evident from Table 5, Local NGOs are scoring higher than the National and International NGOs on all the research variables therefore the emerging hypothesis will be: Hypothesis # 3: Local NGOs Score Higher than rest of the NGOs.H3.

Analysis
To test the mean differences among the groups of NGOs type samples, F-test procedure was used on four test variables (ICTs, Connectivity, Flow of K & C, and Performance of NGOs).According to the table of mean differences (Table 6) the Local NGO's respondents are giving higher scores than the other groups of respondents.
The results of all four F-tests (Table 6) are giving highly significant results with P-values ranging from 0.001 to 0.007.It is therefore decided that there are significant mean differences among said type of NGOs groups of respondents on all the four variables.Hypothesis 3 is therefore accepted as true.

Impacts of designation
As evident from Table 7, that Middle Management is scoring higher than the Lower and Upper Management on all the research variables therefore the emerging hypothesis will be: Hypothesis # 4: Middle Management Scores Higher than Lower & Upper Management.H4.

Analysis
To test the mean differences among the groups of Management type samples, F-test procedure was used on four test variables (ICTs, Connectivity, Flow of K & C, and Performance of NGOs).According to the table of mean differences (Table 8) the Lower Management respondents are giving higher scores than the other groups of respondents.
The results of all four F-tests (Table 8) are giving insignificant results with P-values ranging from 0.051 to 0.292 reflecting insignificant mean differences among different designations of respondents on ICTs, Connectivity, Flow of K & C and Performance of NGOs.These result shows that all the employees have similar opinion on all four variables.Hypothesis 4 is therefore rejected.

Impacts of income
As evident from the Table 9, that the employees having income in between 35000-49000 is scoring higher than the other two groups on the research variables therefore the emerging hypothesis will be: Hypothesis # 5: Group 2 is scoring higher than rest of the groups.H5.

Analysis
To test the mean differences among the groups of Income samples, F-test procedure was used on four test variables (ICTs, Connectivity, Flow of K & C, and Performance of NGOs).According to the table of mean differences (Table 10) the respondents having income in between 10000 to 34000 are giving higher scores than the other groups of respondents.
The results of all four F-tests (Table 10) are giving highly significant results with P-values ranging from 0.001 to 0.004 reflecting significant mean differences among having different income of respondents on ICTs, Connectivity and Flow of K & C, however insignificant results have been found on Performance of NGOs with P-value 0.338.It is therefore decided that there are significant mean differences between said levels of income groups of respondents on the three variables.Hypothesis 5 is therefore partially accepted as true.

Impacts of experience
As evident from the above Table 11, respondents group having 8 or more than 8 years' experience are scoring higher than the groups having less than 8 years' experience on all the research variables therefore the emerging hypothesis will be: Hypothesis # 6: Group having 8 or above years' experience Score Higher than respondents having less than 8 years' experience.H6.

Analysis
To test the mean differences between groups having 8 or  12) are giving significant results for ICTs (P-value 0.027) and Performance of NGOs (P-value 0.032) however insignificant for Connectivity (P-value 0.070), Flow of K & C (P-value 0.441).Therefore the hypothesis # 6 is partially accepted.

DISCUSSION
This study explores the impact of gender, age, residence, income, institution and qualification on digital globalization of NGOs of Dera Ismail Khan, KP Pakistan.In this connection a survey was conducted and first hand data was collected through a survey instrument extracted from the existing literature.
The forceful penetration of NGOs is in-debt to digital globalization.Now each and every NGO whether it is local, national or international are well connected due to the inception of digital technologies.It is observed that due to the digital globalized nature of NGOs, they perform in those venerable areas with same capacity and spirit like they are working in developed areas.
It is the top most criteria of every research to check the impact of demographic attributes on criterion and predictors.Therefore, it has been observed by all the researchers irrespective of developed or developing world conduct their survey approach to check the reliability of demographic attribute on research.Keeping in view the importance and significance of the demographic impacts this study was conducted on the same footing.
The criterion and predictors i.e.ICTs, Connectivity, Flow of Knowledge, Human & Capital and Performance and the impact of demographic variables can easily observed in the current study.Gender showed highly significant results for ICTs, (P-value 0.000), Connectivity (P-value 0.000), and Flow of knowledge & Capital (Pvalue 0.000).However results are insignificant for Performance of NGOs (P-value 0.105).It is therefore decided that there is significant mean differences between the gender impacts on the three variables out of four.
Similarly, the demographic variable Types of NGOs gives results of all four F-tests highly significant results with P-values ranging from 0.001 to 0.007.It is therefore decided that there are significant mean differences among said type of NGOs groups of respondents on all the four variables, which means that in case of Types of NGOs there was found different opinion among employees of local, national and international NGO on four variables i.e.ICTs, Connectivity, Flow of Knowledge & Capital and Performance of NGOs.
The results for demographic variable Income on all four F-tests are giving highly significant results with P-values ranging from 0.001 to 0.004 reflecting significant mean differences among having different income of respondents on ICTs, Connectivity and Flow of K & C, however insignificant results have been found on Performance of NGOs with P-value 0.338.It is therefore decided that there are significant mean differences between said levels of income groups of respondents on the three variables.
In the like way the demographic variable Experience showed the results of T-tests which are giving significant results for ICTs (P-value 0.027) and Performance of NGOs (P-value 0.032) however insignificant for Connectivity (P-value 0.070), Flow of K & C (P-value 0.441).Therefore we can decide that employees of NGOs have variation of opinions on ICTS and Performance of NGOs but similar opinion on Connectivity and Flow of Knowledge & Capital, in case of Experience.
On the other hand, there was found insignificant result for demographic variables i.e.Qualification and Designation on all the four variables, which shows that the employees of NGOs have similar opinion on all four variables irrespective of their qualification and designation.

Conclusion
1.The demographic variable Gender (H 1 ) is significant for all four variables, meaning that there is difference in the responses of males and females on the issue and both having different opinion.Therefore, Demographic attribute i.e. gender has significant role in study of digital globalization and performance of Non-Governmental-Organization. 2. Qualification (H 2 ) demographic variable is insignificant for all four variables, which means that the respondents of whatever the qualification have similar opinion on the Independent and Dependent variables.3. The demographic variable Types of NGOs (H 3 ) found significant for four variables (ICTs, Connectivity, Flow of Knowledge & Capital and Performance of NGOs).It is evident from the above results that there is contrast of opinions among Local, National and International NGOs. 4. The Hypothesis (H 4 ) is about Designation which was also found insignificant for all four variables.There are insignificant mean differences, which showing that all the employees whether they belongs to upper, middle or lower management similar opinion on all the variables.5. Income is the Hypothesis (H 5 ) which was found highly significant for all three variables and found insignificant for Performance of NGOs, which means that in incomewise distribution of employees some have different opinion while other have similar opinion on independent and dependent variables.6.The last Hypothesis (H 6 ) was about Experience which was found significant for ICTs and Performance of NGOs while insignificant for Connectivity and Flow of Knowledge & Capital.Therefore, we can partially accept that the demographic variable experience has little impact on predictors and criterions.7. Overall, the demographic variables Gender and Types of NGOs have significant impact on Predictors and Criterions, whereas Qualification and Designation have insignificant impacts, on the other hand Income and Experience have been found partially significant and partially insignificant for independent and dependent variables.

Table 1 .
Descriptive data on groups across gender

Table 2 .
t-Test application on gender-based mean differences.
Key: EVA = Equal Variance Assumed and EVNA = Equal Variance Not Assumed.

Table 3 .
Table of mean differences

Table 4 .
t-test statistics of qualification effects.

Table 5 .
Table of mean differences

Table 6 .
ANOVA test statistics of types of NGOs effects.

Table 7 .
Table of mean differences

Table 8 .
ANOVA Test Statistics of Designation Effects.

Table 10 .
ANOVA test statistics of income effects.

Table 12 .
t-test statistics of experience effects.