Small scale industries in Jammu and Kashmir ( J & K ) : Growth , performance and challenges

Small scale industries have been considered as the engine of economic growth and promotion of equitable development. The major advantage of the sector is its employment potential at low capital cost. The labour intensity of the small scale industry (SSI) sector is much higher than that of the large enterprises. The role of small industries in the economic and social development of the country is well established. The sector is a nursery of entrepreneurship, often driven by individual creativity and innovation. The paper concludes that besides the growth potential of the sector and its critical role in employment generation of Jammu and Kashmir (J & K) state. It also contributes to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) that is, it contributes 12.55% to GSDP. The study is significant in the sense that the state of Jammu and Kashmir is relatively a backward region of the country both economically and educationally and thus the paper presented a good setting for investigation to know about what is the performance of SSIs in J & K and how some sort of self-employment and income have generated SSIs and what are the challenges that these industries face.


INTRODUCTION
Industrialisation is a key to economic development of a country.This is true for an underdeveloped economy like India where the industrialisation produces avenues for absorbing the excess manpower and also ensures availability of mass consumption goods for a vast population.The process of industrialisation helps in harnessing and transforming the raw resources into useful consumer products and effective means and tools of production and in the development of infrastructure.
The industrial sector possesses a relatively high marginal propensity to save and invest, contributes significantly to the achievement of a self sustaining economy with continued high levels of investment, increase in levels of income and employment.In a developing country like India, where per capita income is very low and population is very high, with majority living *Corresponding author.E-mail: abrashidmalik96@gmail.com. in villages, it is highly desirable to develop small scale industries which have capacity of absorbing more and more unemployed youths.In view of several advantages such as small gestation period, small investment, balanced growth etc., industrialisation helps to bring about a self sustained and self reliant economy.It increases the purchasing power of the people engaged in industrial sector and hence the market for industrial goods increases.Industrialization helps in bringing about qualitative changes in other sectors also such as agriculture, social, political etc. Pt.Jawaharlal Nehru in an inaugural speech delivered at the meeting of the National Development Council, New Delhi in November 1963 observed: "Agriculture is more important than industry for the simple reason that industry depends on agriculture.Industry which is, no doubt, very important, will not progress unless agriculture is sound, stable and progressive."For a country like India, where labour is abundant and capital scarce, the argument for small scale industries is very strong.Small scale industries can be set up anywhere in the country and thus can help in removing the regional disparities (Hussain, 2003).
The state of Jammu and Kashmir has primarily an agriculture economy unlike some other states in the country.There are no large scale industries in the state.Many small and medium scale industries have come up basically in the traditional sector along with some new areas like food processing, agro based units, wood based units, metallic and non metallic products etc.However natural factors are more conducive for small scale industries like handicraft, cricket bat industry, village industries etc.Besides due to the saturation of employment opportunities, industrial sector has been declared as the main vehicle for accelerating economic activity (Butt, 2005).
The main objective of this paper is to study the growth, performance and challenges of small scale industries in Jammu and Kashmir.

Review of literature
In order to gain background knowledge of problem and to identify appropriate methodology, research design, methods of measuring concepts and techniques of analysis or to be able to formulate the problem precisely, it seems logical to present a brief review of the available literature relating directly or indirectly to the field under study.Gupta (1990) while studying "The strategy for the development of Hilly areas of Jammu region with particular reference to district Kathua" evolved a developmental strategy based on a primary data collected from 6 villages of Bari and Lohai-Malhar of district Kathua.The constraints outlined in the development of hilly areas were lack of infrastructure, mass illiteracy, limited business opportunities, existence of rain fed agriculture etc.The study suggested a planned dispersal of local raw materials based on the small and cottage industries and the support of agri-allied activities.Sree (2004) pointed out the Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) 1948 accepted the importance of small scale industries in industrial development.These industries are particularly suited for the utilization of local resources and for creation of employment opportunities.
The results of the study of Sambit (2004) show that female ownership and a sole proprietorship have negative effects on enterprise productivity.Rural based irregularly operated enterprises are less productive than that of urban based and regularly operated productivity generally increases with the age educational attainment of enterprise.

METHODOLOGY
The study is largely based on the secondary data.The secondary data related to growth, performance and challenges of small scale industries in Jammu and Kashmir has been compiled from the The data obtained from the above sources has been analysed using the simple averages and regression techniques.The regression equation used in analysis of data is as: Where Y is dependent variable and X is independent variable and "a" and "b" intercept and slope coefficient of the equation.

Limitations of the study
Nothing is perfect in social science research, so is this study.The present study also suffers from certain limitations.The study is based on the information from secondary data, which reduce the degree of reliability of the study.However, an attempt has been made to collect maximum information from various government and nongovernment institutions that are related to SSIs on the various aspects of the study.Most of the departments neither publish the information nor do they allow the outsiders an access to their records, internal workings etc. on the pretext of maintaining secrecy.This restricts the data availability.It was difficult to collect all the necessary data from grass-root level.

SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES -GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE
Industrialisation has come to be regarded as synonymous with economic development.Not much distinction is made between the two terms that is, industrialisation and economic development and both are used interchangeably.The essential criteria that are being used to distinguish a developed economy from an underdeveloped one relate to proportion of workforce engaged in industrial activity (Sharma, 1990).There is no denying of the fact that industrialisation is of utmost importance to the developing economies like ours for solving the problems of economic backwardness.
Establishing of wide variety of industries, however, alone is not important but what matters most is their survival and growth.To draw a total and candid picture of the state"s industrial potential, it will be obviously essential to have a close view of resource endowments, infrastructural capital, geo-physical features, economic policies and systems, political leadership with vision and mission, peace and stability and true democracy.All these will help in the development of industrial units in the state of Jammu and Kashmir (Baqual, 2008).
The small scale industries sector plays a pivotal role in Jammu and Kashmir State.Besides providing employment opportunities to the unemployed youth in  =  + (1) the state, it also contributes to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) that is, it contributes 12.55% to GSDP.The small scale industrial sector has recorded a constant growth rate.The total number of permanent registered small scale industrial units at the end of November 2010 stood at 53157, providing employment to 247065 persons, out of these formally registered units, 526 units were registered during the year 2010, providing employment to 3654 persons.This shows that small scale industrial sector is an important source of livelihood to the thousands and lakes of people in the state (Jammu and Kashmir, 2010).Small scale industries have registered maximum growth during the decade of 80,s and thereafter the number of units have grown but at decreasing rate of 4.85 percent.The decline of 90,s to a great extent is attributed to onset of militancy in the state which has given a crippling blow to the industrial sector particularly.As per the available data the growth of small scale industries in J & K since 1973-1974, there was about eleven times increase in the number of units 1977-1978 to 1999-2000 that is, 3498 to 41950 respectively, where as there was about nine times increase in the employment opportunities that is, from 17,252 to 1,83,698 during the same period.It can be observed from the Table 1 that the annual growth has shown a sudden fall after 1989-1990.The small scale sector in the state is widely diversified and the product profile of this sector mainly consists of paints, confectionary, wax candles, fruit juices, joinery, furniture, plywood, bat manufacturing, steel wire, pharmaceuticals, printing, electrical etc (Baqual, 2008).
The Table 1 reveals that, in 1973-1974, the total number of functional small scale industrial units in the state were 2203 generating employment for 8812 persons.Over the years the industry has grown rapidly.In 2009-2010 the number of units has increased to 52631, providing employment for 243411 persons.The formal registration of units has registered 2.30% growth during the year 2009-2010 as against 1.92% in corresponding year.Similarly, employment has also registered growth of 3% in 2009-2010 in comparison to 2.32% in corresponding year.Over the years the small scale industrial sector has shown an improvement by providing employment to lakes of people in the state.The number of SSI units has increased from 2203 in 1973-1974 to 52631 in 2009-2010 and the employment has increased from 8812 to 243411 during the reference
The Figure 1 shows that small scale industry in the state of Jammu and Kashmir has shown an improvement in terms of both number of units and employment.In 1973In -1974In up to 2009In -2010, there is a gradual increase in the number of units from 2203 to 52631 providing employment to 8812 and 243411 persons respectively showing phenomenal growth over the years.
In the current study the available data related to number of units and employment in the small scale industrial sector were projected to obtain a trend and correlation.So as to obtain the value of intercept and slope in the equation y = a + bx (2), the detail of available data is y= employment and x = number of units.The correlations of these two variables are positive.As by relation it should be expected that there is a strong correlation (0.99) between these variables.The explanation for the correlation between these variables is that employment is largely dependent on number of units, as the number of units" increases, the employment also increases.The trend Y= 2790.47 + 4.40X (3), depicts that when number of units are increased by 1, employment increases by 4.40 that is, on an average 4 persons are getting employment in the small scale industrial unit.In other words per industrial unit generates an employment on an average of 5 persons.Therefore small scale industrial units in the state of J & K are economically profitable enterprise which leads to improvement in the living standards of the people.
It is evident from Table 2 and Figure 2 that the employment has shown an increasing trend over the years.In 1973-74, small scale industrial units provide employment to 8812 persons, which was less than the estimated employment of 12483 persons, Up to 2003-2004, the trend was same as above.After 2004-05 onwards the employment has increased more rapidly, in the same year it was estimated that small scale industrial units provide employment for 208759 persons, which was less than the actual employment that is, 209322 persons.With the passage of time, due to the increase in unemployment more and more small scale industrial units have been established to solve the problem of unemployment.In 2009-2010, small scale industrial units in the state of Jammu and Kashmir provided employment to 243411 persons.
Organising small scale industrial units in the state of J & K on the modern lines is a challenging task which needs prior attention of the government, that is: 1.There should be adequate stock of raw materials.2. There should be proper marketing support.Sale of finished goods should have a market, which is essential prerequisite for the sustained growth.3.There should be quality control centres, for ensuring the quality of raw material and for the finished products.4.There must be reduction in the trade restrictions and improvement for the transformation of production pattern 5.There should be social incentives for these industrial units for attracting fresh investment.6.There should be development of infrastructure such as roads, communication and other services such as water, electricity etc. 7.There should be number of incentives for the small scale industries as fiscal incentives, tax incentives etc.

Conclusion
The state of Jammu and Kashmir has made its place in the industrial map of the country, however, there is still a need to go a long way in achieve industrialization of the size and magnitude required to take the state out of economic backwardness.There is an immense need to remove the different bottlenecks that are coming in the way of sustained industrial development in the state.The small scale industrial sector in the state has an incredible and fantastic potential of absorbing thousands and thousands of unemployed educated youth.Therefore time has come to take bold steps to improve the industrial environment of large scale investment, which calls for a pragmatic and long term result oriented policy initiative on the part of the government.An hour is needed for both Dar and Ahmad 43 state and central level that they should adopt such policies and programmes through which the small scale industrial sector in the state will be develop by leaps and bounds as well as become able to reduce the level of unemployment in the state, which is the main concern now-a-days.
District industries centres and Directorate of industries and Commerce J & K Government.Besides this, the sources of secondary data include the various issues of Digest, and Survey of Planning and Development Department, Government of J & K.

Table 2 .
Shows the estimated value of employment in the SSIs in Jammu and Kashmir.