Contributions of farmers ’ organizations to rural development : Case of North West Farmers ’ Organization in Mezam Division , Cameroon

1 Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P. O. BOX 222 Dschang, Cameroon. 2 Master of Science in Integrated Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P. O. BOX 222 Dschang Cameroon.


INTRODUCTION
In Cameroon like in many other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is the main-stay of the economy.
Agricultural development requires the embracement of external aid to facilitate access to productive resources, capacity building, marketing, and access to production credit (AfDB, 2010).Aid consisted of food, security, conflict resolution and good governance made life safer and better for the rural population (Koehler et al., 2007).In the past colonial period, external aid has been one of the main vehicles for the rich countries to promote better living conditions in less developed parts of the world, with alleviation of poverty and narrowing income disparities, viewed as its main goals (Calderón et al., 2006).
As the International Monetary Fund (2003) puts it, the incidence of poverty in Cameroon is about 22.1% in the urban and 49.9% in the rural areas.The growth and employment strategy document for Cameroon considers aid as one of the essential pillars used to restart growth.More so, aids as microcredit constitute a form of social intermediation which allows poor and marginalized groups to develop and become autonomous (Fouda, 2002).Peasant organizations play an important role in securing, using and management of aids (Devora, 1997;Mbancele, 2000).
This study will help partners, farmers and NOWEFOR leaders point out the strengths and weaknesses of their projects; it also provides information on the efficiency of the aid assistance to farmers which will help concerned policy makers (SOS Faim Luxembourg and European Union) to take appropriate decisions in formulating aid assistance strategies, that will improve the living conditions of farmers.
In the North West Region of Cameroon, NOWEFOR observed as the strongest farmers' movements with a membership of 2893 farmers has been providing aid to members, to increase their incomes and enhance them to lead in development initiatives in their communities.In pursuing this goal, the beneficiary farmers that NOWEFOR targeted in order to improve their living conditions through capacity building, access to productive resources, micro credit and group marketing, appear not to have been empowered in such a manner that will guarantee the sustainability of the farmer's movement.
Besides, several studies have been carried out on the evaluation of the federation (NOWEFOR-EU project evaluation report, 2010; NOWEFOR Evaluation report, 2012), but it appears that no impact assessment has been carried out to show whether these external aid assistance provided to farmers by NOWEFOR has a positive impact on the farmers.The objective of the study is to analyze the contribution of NOWEFOR to the development of its members and their rural community in Mezam Division of the North West Region of Cameroon; more specifically, to examine the contribution of external aid on the performance of NOWEFOR, and to determine the contribution of NOWEFOR on its beneficiaries and the rural community.

Study area
The study was carried out in Mezam Division of the North west Region.Mezam Division is located between latitudes 5°40' and 7°50'North and longitudes 9°80' and 11°51' east of the Greenwich Meridian (UNDP, 1999).Mezam has a total surface area of 1,841.45km 2 with a total population of 524,127 in the 2005 census.
The agricultural population is estimated at 258467 representing 43.07% of farm families (Republic of Cameroon, 2015).This population belongs to a large set of ethnic groups, made up of several tribes such as Ngemba (Awings, Mankons, Bafuts, Nkwens, Pignins, Akums, Njongs), Mugahkah (Bali), Bei (Baba IIs, Bafochus), etc.The climate is of the tropical savannah type with two distinct seasons: the rainy and dry seasons.The rainy season starts from mid-March to mid-October.The dry season is characterized by winds and runs from late October to mid-March.Vegetation comprise doted parches, artificial and natural forest, short and thick grasses, hence its name "Grass-field".
As the International Monetary Fund (2003) puts it, the incidence of poverty in Cameroon is about 22.1% in the urban areas and 49.9% in the rural areas.According to the Growth and Employment Strategy Paper for Cameroon (GESP, 2010) the income poverty rate situation of study zone stands at 39.9% in 2007 and the Government strove to reduce the income poverty rate from 39.9 % in 2007 to 28.7% in 2020.This makes a marked difference from the millennium development goal (Figure 1).

Data collection
Two sets of data were collected for the study: primary and secondary.Secondary data were obtained from relevant literature existing in documents and archives of several structures such as the central library of the University of Dschang, British Council library in Bamenda, NOWEFOR annual reports, project reports, evaluation reports and from the internet.Primary data were obtained via observations, interviews (focus group discussions, meetings) and the administration of questionnaires to the beneficiary groups covered by the NOWEFOR aid programme.Also narratives were recorded using a jotter and a recorder.
The before-after design was measured in terms of number of better access to skills and practical knowledge in farm business areas (production, record keeping, backstopping of farmers, and organization of meetings, group sales and leadership), better market outlet, structuring, governance, funds mobilised and sustainability were obtained.

Sampling
A stratified random sampling method was used.The population of the study is divided into strata (Table 1).Firstly, out of the five Divisions, Mezam Division was chosen because it has the highest

Theoretical framework and concepts
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play an increasingly prominent role in the development scene and channel a growing share of development assistance to the needy farmers at the grass root level (Masud and Yontcheva, 2005).Cheston et al. (1999) reported that impact is any change positive or negative that results from an intervention.Impact refers to broad economic and social changes, brought about by a project or a programme (Zanoli et al., 2007).Contribution is the part played by a person or something in bringing about a result or helping something to advance (William, 2012).
All impact assessments embody three main elements: a model of the impact chain that the study is to examine; the specification of unit(s) or levels, at which impact is assessed and the specification of the type of impact that is to be assessed.Impact Assessment (IAs) measure the difference in the key variables between the outcomes on "agents" (individuals, enterprises, household, community, etc.), which have experienced an intervention against the values of those variables that would have occurred, and there had been no intervention aid program (Hulme, 1997).Masud and Yontcheva (2005) measured the impact of external aid on Human Development indicators such as infant mortality and illiteracy using regression and these findings revealed that increased health expenditure per capita reduces infant mortality as those greater NGO aid per capita.
In order to conduct a valid impact assessment, researchers need to define their overall strategy which sets the course for the rest of the research process (Hulme, 1997;Koehler et al., 2007).Another non-experimental methods of impact assessment as agreed upon by the World Bank, is the difference-in-differences and this method relies on key assumptions.For instance difference #1 compared over time, the situation before and after the program and difference #2 compared to the treatment and control groups so as to measure changes between the outcomes on individuals, organizations, communities, etc.He argued that impact assessment is better achieved when the before-after and with-without approaches are combined to an overall treatment effect (Bilal, 2014) as indicated in Table 2.
Alternatively, the study sought the indications on contributions of NOWEFOR to rural development in the North West Region through an impact assessment of the observable and measurable changes between the outcomes on "agent" (individuals, organization and community), that have experienced external aid interventions against the values of those variables that would have occurred and there had been no external aid intervention.In this study, impact assessment is achieved by combining the before-after and withwithout approaches to an overall treatment effect.

Socio-economic characteristics of NOWEFOR respondents
It was observed that women generally constituted 48% and men 52% of the total respondents, meanwhile the fraction of women beneficiaries stood at 54%.This 52% agrees with those found in the urban and peri urban zones in Dschang (Defang et al., 2014).Overall, 56% of the respondents are between the age group of 35 to 55 years.The mean age of the respondents was 40 years (±5) indicating that a high proportion of the middle age respondents were involved in production as in agreement with the findings in the locality of Dschang (Defang et al., 2014).
The respondents are almost all married (72%) and among them 61% are aid beneficiaries.Our findings are similar to those found in the locality of Dschang (Defang et al., 2014) and in the West Region of Cameroon (Fotso et al., 2014).The implication of this is that, housewives were still predominantly used as family labour for light farm operations.The farmers have varied levels of education.In the study, 92% of farmers have at least attended formal primary education among which 52% are beneficiaries.These findings are close to those of Defang et al. (2014) and Fotso et al. (2014) in the west region of Cameroon.Education may be of assistance to extension.The fact that 92% of them are literate could facilitate trainings, extension, advice, monitoring and evaluation.
The implication is that literate farmers might be more likely to adopt good farming and health-management practices.
It stems from the survey sample that, youths are mostly involved in gardening (16%), adults in poultry (28%) and old (aged) in piggery (565) as their main sources of income.The youths are those found between the age group of 15 to 35 years and could be explained by the fact gardening, which requires much physical efforts and adequate technical know-how.The adults are those found between the age group of 35 to 55 years and this could be explained by the fact that broiler production requires little physical efforts, adequate time, follow up which is very profitable.Also, one of the conditions for farmers to receive aid in poultry was for them to have a poultry house.The observed majority of old people (55+) in piggery could be inferred from the fact that, it requires little technical knowledge and physical efforts though not very profitable compared to poultry (Table 3).NOWEFOR and SAILD decided to engage in a process of autonomisation of the producers' organization with the objective to build the economic and institutional capacities of NOWEFOR so that it can assume by itself, its roles and service provision to its members.This objective was reason behind a project that was financed by the EU for SAILD in 2004 to 2005 (NOWEFOR, 2014).Today NOWEFOR is an autonomous federation in the North West Region with board of directors, executive committee and a technical crew of 9 staff.

Resources mobilized by NOWEFOR
Our findings revealed that NOWEFOR mobilized both internal and external resources as follows.

Internal resources
The internal resources of NOWEFOR are mobilized at the beginning of each year as member unions from all the 12 unions affiliated to NOWEFOR pay a minimum annual due of 100,000 FCFA for participation, and strengthening of its associative life.Those unions who do not meet up with their annual contributions are immediately suspended from NOWEFOR services like any field follow up, refinancing projects or any form of support from NOWEFOR (Table 4).Table 4 reveals that NOWEFOR realizes annually on average as annual dues, the sum of 1,363,000FCFA which is far beyond the targeted amount of 1,200,000FCA making an overall percentage increase of 113.5%.
From our interview with leaders, NOWEFOR usually realize annually 45 000-50 000 FCFA as income from the sales of plantain plantlets.About 200000 to 300000 FCFA is usually realized annually as interest from refinancing of farmers.Our findings showed that the federation is run and managed day to day a team of nine technical staff (1 coordinator, 1 production officer, 1 marketing officer,1 microfinance controller, 1 accountant, 1 receptionist, 1 office aide, 3 credit house cashiers) and elected leaders (3 executive bureau members: executive chair person, financial secretary and secretary).The material resources of the organization building is used as office and, 3.5 ton van to facilitate marketing of farmers produce, Toyota Hilux vehicle to facilitate field movement, 2 motor bikes Yamaha AG 125 to facilitate field movement, 6 computers and 3 printers.

External resources
The amount of external resources mobilized by NOWEFOR increases with time as seen in Figure 2.
Overall, from 1998 to 2014 NOWEFOR has received a total of 543, 862, 670 FCFA as external aid mainly from SOS Faim and European Union.In fact, before the support of SOS Faim and European, NOWEFOR farmers live on less than 1 dollar per day (UNDP report, 1999).This is because they are unable to generate adequate income from their farming activities.

Partners of NOWEFOR
Our findings showed that NOWEFOR mobilizes her external resources from a multiplicity of partners.On the level of involvement, we could distinguish three categories of partners: Primary partners that are international organizations or agencies involved actively in the provision of material, financial and technical assistance to NOWEFOR.The main primary partner is Save Our Souls from Hunger (SOS Faim) and the European Commission (EC).
Secondary partners are national and/or international organizations or agencies involved in the provision of both material and financial or material and technical, or financial and technical assistance to NOWEFOR.The secondary partners include: Voluntary Services Overseas (VSO), The American Peace Corps and Support Services to Grassroots Initiatives for  5.The findings show that, since 1995 till date NOWEFOR had received aid from SAILD, MINADER, MINEPIA, SOS Faim, EC, American Peace Corps and VSO.SOS Faim has been the best aid donor to NOWEFOR since its creation.Also, NOWEFOR has received aid from EC three (3) times.

Contribution of NOWEFOR to the support and reinforcement of certain farmers' initiatives
The contribution of NOWEFOR is in the possession of agricultural equipment.In Table 6, both the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries have agricultural equipment in their farms.However, the proportion of aid beneficiaries possessing agricultural equipment in their farms outweighs those of the non-beneficiaries.74% of the respondents who possessed agricultural equipment in their farms got it from the support of SOS Faim/EC, 38% as a result of MINADER support and 17% coming from the farmers' own capital.These findings agree with Hulme (1997) and Fouda (2002) who reported that aid in the form of micro credit contributes to the possession of agricultural equipment by farmers in their farm.The life of respondents on their annual farm incomes from January to December is illustrated in Table 7.
Table 7 indicated that, majority (52%) of the respondents targeted by the aid in Mezam Division have a general increase in farm income with the women beneficiaries constituting 30.These findings agree with Aryeetey (1998); Nshom (2002); Calderón et al. (2006) who reported that external aid helps farmers to have a positive change in their incomes.Testimonies of a farmer from Mforyah help to have a feel of the impact."A farmer in Mforyah Bafut has increased his production from about 10 baskets of tomatoes per week to about 20 each week; he has a turnover of at least 150,000FCFA.He has changed the roofing of his house, all his children go to school and he now employs more than two youths in his farms daily.He is an active member of the Mforyah Union".
The contribution of NOWEFOR to the use of more and more non-family, paid and skilled labour is illustrated in Table 8a.
The findings showed that majority of the respondents employed workers in their farms for farming; however beneficiaries of aid hired 55% of labourers in their farms against 2% for non-beneficiaries.These findings agree with Aryeetey (1998) and Masud and Yontcheva (2005) who reported that aid plays a significant role in reducing household vulnerability to a number of risks such as creation of employment.
The contribution of NOWEFOR to the evolution of the average or means of farm income and gross margins of respondents from the non-parametric t-test is illustrated in Tables 8b, 9 and 10.The findings illustrate that the beneficiaries mean annual farm gross margins for market gardening value chain (206,666) is higher than that of non-beneficiaries (35, 300).The Independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U test showed a statistically significant difference (i.e P=0.000 which is far less than 0.05) at 5% level in the improved annual mean gross margins of beneficiaries for market gardening.This indicates that beneficiary respondents of market gardening have a significantly higher annual gross margins compared to the non-beneficiary respondents.This could be explained by their access to external aid which has improved access to productive resources, training and market outlet.
The findings showed that the beneficiaries mean of annual farm gross margins for broilers value chain (416,833) is higher than that of non-beneficiaries   (100,687).The Independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U test showed a statistically significant difference (that is, P=0.000 which is far less than 0.05) at 5% level in the improved annual mean gross margins of beneficiaries for broiler production.This indicates that beneficiary respondents of broilers value chain have a significantly higher annual gross margins compared to that of nonbeneficiary respondents.The contribution of NOWEFOR to the evolution of the average or means of farm income and a gross margin of respondents for piggery is as shown in Table 10.In Table 10, the beneficiaries' mean of annual farm gross margins for piggery value chain (289,681) is higher than that of non-beneficiaries (94,285).The independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U test showed a statistically significant difference (i.e.P=0.000 which is far less than 0.05) at 5% level in the improved annual mean gross margins of beneficiaries for piggery value chain.
This indicates that beneficiary respondents of piggery value chain have a significantly higher annual gross margins compared to that of non-beneficiary respondents.These findings agree with Aryeetey (1998), Nshom (2002) and Calderón et al. (2006) who reported that external aid helps farmers to have a positive change in their incomes.
In the same light, Calderón et al. (2006) examined the effect of foreign aid on income inequality and poverty reduction for a period 1971 to 2002 using the dynamic panel data techniques and found out external aid is conducive to the improvement of the distribution of income when the quality of the institutions is taken into account.This could be explained by their access to external aid through NOWEFOR which has helped them to improve access to productive resources, training and market outlet.As stipulated by Devora (1997), capital is very important for agricultural production because in its absence, creativity drive and innovations cannot be transformed into practice.The creations of new activities, timely application of fertilizers, good agricultural season, and support from external aid are some of the reasons for the positive change in income.

Eligibility for inputs/equipment/building materials
For a farmer to be eligible for inputs (insecticides, fungicides, manure, sprayers, animal feed, drugs, piglets, day old chicks and vegetable seeds), equipment (motor pumps) and building materials (Cement, and Zinc) one: Must have received adequate training Must have been active in the production sector Must not be a delinquent member or up to date with his/her financial contributions in union and credit house Must have been saving at least once a month in the credit house Must have been in the union for at least 1 year Must not be on a permanent salary Must have provided his/her quota of the contribution (labour, local construction materials, financial contribution to the inputs in question) To crown it all, the commitment and contribution of the farmers were major criteria for assistance and farmers benefited from the project strictly on performance, which no one is like a limitation to small and average farmers.The fact that a farmer must have been in the union for at least one year before benefiting from the grants was a

Parameters
Before limiting factor for new members to join the unions on one hand, and on the other hand, it was also means to shifter active and non-active members of the group.The inputs distributed to farmers are illustrated in Table 11.

Contribution of NOWEFOR to the development of the rural community
The contribution of NOWEFOR to the development of the human resources of federation is shown in Table 12.
Our findings showed that NOWEFOR membership rose/increased from 923 members in 2007 to 2162 in 2010 giving an overall increase of 42% reason being that the huge sum received by NOWEFOR from the European Commission and SOS Faim during this period boosted the dynamism of existing member unions and improved the general well-being of the farmers at large.The number of trained leaders rose/increased from 25 members in 2007 to 100 members giving an overall increase of 75%.This could be explained by the fact that the EU Project empowered NOWEFOR leaders in terms skills, competencies and abilities that enable them to fully assume their roles and pilot their organization.The same trend holds for the number of technical staff increasing from 2 to 5 permanent staff making an overall increase of 75%.These findings agree with the Community Development Exchange (CDX, 2008) and Horton et al. (2004) who reported that technical skills would enable more people to play an active role in the decision making that affect their organizations.This implies that the impact of external aid on the increased in membership of NOWEFOR, trained leaders and technical personnel is overall positive.
It stems from Table 13 that NOWEFOR membership rose/increased from 2162 members in 2010 to 2954 in 2013 giving an overall increase of 73%.The same trend holds for the number of trained leaders and technical staff.This implies that the external aid from partners facilitated the increased in membership of NOWEFOR, number of trained leaders and the number of technical personnel of the federation.It could be concluded from Table 10 and 13 that, the impact of the external aid is overall positive due to increased membership of NOWEFOR, trained leaders and technical personnel of the federation.These findings are in line with Czuba (1999) who reported that empowerment is a multidimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives.The contribution of NOWEFOR on the organization of group sales is presented in Table 14.
Our findings showed the number of group's sales or marketing of pigs, assorted gardening crops and broilers rose/increased from 40 in 2007 to 225 in 2010 making an overall increase of 82%.This increment could be explained by the fact there was easier access to information and trainings, harmonization of marketing strategies and the existence of marketing network that strived for better prices for farmers' produce.As a result of this a large number of new producers joined the NOWEFOR unions, based in Bafut, Mforyah, Nchum, Mundum 1 and Bambui.According to the Community Development Exchange (CDX, 2008) an empowered organization is one which is confident, inclusive, organized, co-operative and influential.Testimonies of farmers from Bafut Union on the local mastery of the market and organized group marketing include: "…With SAILD, we realized that the Bafut market was poorly organized.We invited the traditional authorities in order to put different strategies in place such as: a unique sales place in the market, a rotation of sellers in the market (division by quarters), a market day fixed for each quarter…and the end results was on every day of the weekly market, about 200-250kg of fresh ginger is sold within a few hours at better prices.In this light, 20 new producers joined the NOWEFOR union of BUFAG, based in Bafut…" According to our survey with members, the opinion of members on the community is seen on the changes brought about by aid within the community at large as shown in Figure 3.
As illustrated in Figure 3, the respondents revealed that aid has brought changes within the community in order of relative importance: better structuring (23.53%), improved leaders' capacities (19.41%), funds mobilized (18.37%), new strategies in place (13.02), improved market outlet (12.75%) and improved governance (12.88%).Better structuring and improved leaders' skills were achieved through the organization of training workshops on thematic areas such as organization and holding of effective statutory meetings, record keeping, input needs assessments, governance, monitoring and evaluation.
Better market access, new strategies in place to mobilize funds and funds mobilized were achieved through the training of leaders on improved marketing techniques and organization of a unique sales place in the market, a rotation of sellers in the market (division by quarters), and a market day fixed for each quarter in the community.These findings agree with the Community Development Exchange (CDX, 2008) who reported that an empowered and structured organization is one which is confident, inclusive, organized/structured, co-operative and influential.It could be inferred from this that the impact of the external aid on the community of its members is overall positive.

Conclusion
The study carried out in Mezam Division of the North West Region of Cameroon tried to assess the contribution of a farmers' organization to rural development.The findings revealed that since 1995 till date NOWEFOR had received external aid from SAILD, MINADER, MINEPIA, SOS Faim, EC, American Peace Corps and VSO.SOS Faim has been the best aid donor to NOWEFOR since its creation.Also, NOWEFOR had received aid from EC three times.The amount of external aid increased with time.The contribution to the development of the financial capacities of members was overall positive as 74% of the beneficiary respondents had equipment in their farms, 52% of the beneficiaries realised an increased income, and hence 55% of beneficiaries hired labour for farming.
The contribution on the strengthening of the organization as a whole was overall positive since it had permitted NOWEFOR to employ technical staff, boosted membership and group marketing respectively to 9 staff, 2954 members and 950 group sales.The contribution to the development of the community was positively, since 23.53, 19.41, 18.37, 13.02,12.75 and 12.92% of the respondents expressed satisfaction of better structuring, improved leader's capacity, mobilized funds, new strategies in place, improved market access and good governance respectively in the community of members.Conclusively the contribution of NOWEFOR to the development of the rural community was overall positive in spite of the setback such as untimely available funds.
Following our interview with members in the field, the study recommended that aid donors and NOWEFOR should provide aid on-time and in accordance with farming calendar and income generating activities for the federation.NOWEFOR should put in place an animal feed production unit, a cocoa farm and a multipurpose input shop for sustainability.data collection and Dr. Sama Joseph Kwain who helped with advices on the methodology.

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-NOWEFOR more recognized by donor.Should not depend but rather be independent -Financed multipurpose structures and shops -Grants mobilization is an opportunity to boost membership and farm income of sector is a source for income diversification -Good governance and accountability is obligatory -Cane rat could fetch more money -VSO Technical Placement of a short term volunteer Policies have to be in place for the functioning -Organizational development plans in place -(Source: Authors survey).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Impact of aid on members' communities.

Table 2 .
Treatment, control and differences before and after in impact assessment.
The Federation today known as North West Farmers' Organization(NOWEFOR)was founded in October 1995.It is a farmers' representation/movement in the North West Region of Cameroon registered under the registry of Common Initiative Groups and Co-operatives and guided by law No. 92/006 of 14 August 1992 and its Decree of Implementation No.92/455/PM of 25 November 1992.It has both internal and external partners including MINADER, MINEPIA, EC, American Peace Corps, VSO with SAILD and SOS Faim as founding partners.The Babungo and Ibal-Oku in Ngoketungia Division; Kai, Nyen and Batibo in Momo Division; and Mbowiyah in Donga Mantung Division.Its activities were realized mainly with the technical assistance of SAILD.After a series of reflection workshops starting late 2002,

Table 3 .
Distribution of respondents by sex, age group, marital status, level of education and main income generating activity.

Table 4 .
Situation of annual dues contribution in 2010.

Table 5 .
Roles and strategies of partners.

Table 6 .
Main equipment possessed by respondents in their farm.

Table 7 .
Opinion of respondents on their incomes from January-December.

Table 8a .
Source of labour.

Table 8b .
Distribution of t-test group statistics for gardening.

Table 9 .
Distribution of t-test group statistics for broilers.

Table 10 .
Distribution of t-test group statistics for piggery.