Journal of
Diabetes and Endocrinology

  • Abbreviation: J. Diabetes Endocrinol.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2141-2685
  • DOI: 10.5897/JDE
  • Start Year: 2010
  • Published Articles: 69

Full Length Research Paper

The utilization of HbA1c test in the screening and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: An outpatient clinics survey in Botswana

Bernard Omech*
  • Bernard Omech*
  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Jose-Gaby Tshikuka
  • Jose-Gaby Tshikuka
  • Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Kennedy Amone-P’Olak
  • Kennedy Amone-P’Olak
  • Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Julius Mwita
  • Julius Mwita
  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Billy Tsima
  • Billy Tsima
  • Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Oathokwa Nkomazana
  • Oathokwa Nkomazana
  • Department of Ophthalmology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 23 November 2016
  •  Accepted: 05 January 2017
  •  Published: 31 January 2017

Abstract

This study aimed to assess HbA1c performance against single fasting blood glucose (FBG) for diagnosis of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D) and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) among general medical outpatients in Botswana. Participants aged, ≥20 years were cross-sectionally surveyed from August to October, 2014. All the participants underwent testing for HbA1c and FBG. The HbA1c sensitivity, specificity and predictive values in the diagnosis of T2D and IFG were computed and their Pearson’s correlation and scatter diagrams determined. A total of 291 participants (74.2% women) with a mean age of 50.1±11.0 years provided data for the current analysis. HbA1c at cut-off of ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) had a sensitivity and specificity for T2D of 100 (15.81 to 100.00) and 86.3% (86.16 to 89.92), respectively. Similarly, for IFG, the sensitivity and specificity was 100 (2.5 to 100) and 36.3% (30.3 to 42.6), respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 4.8 (0.58 to 16.16) and 0.6% (0.02 to 3.45) for T2D and IFG screening, respectively. The negative predictive value (NPV) was 100% in both cases of T2D and IFG screening. HbA1c had a modest, positive correlation (r) with FBG for the overall population (r = 0.536, p < 0.001); for women, (r = 0 .578, p < 0.001) and men (r =0 .336, p =0.003). HbA1c had high sensitivity but widely varying specificity, high proportion of discordant results and poor prediction of T2D and IFG in this setting. Although, HbA1c correlation with fasting glucose was modest, both tests are required to improve diagnostic reliability in asymptomatic T2D screening program.

Key words: Diabetes screening, HbA1c test, Botswana.