Journal of
Ecology and The Natural Environment

  • Abbreviation: J. Ecol. Nat. Environ.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2006-9847
  • DOI: 10.5897/JENE
  • Start Year: 2009
  • Published Articles: 412

Review

Brick kiln emissions and its environmental impact: A Review

Bhat Mohd Skinder
  • Bhat Mohd Skinder
  • Centre of Research for Development/Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir Srinagar (J&K) India.
  • Google Scholar
Afeefa Qayoom Sheikh
  • Afeefa Qayoom Sheikh
  • Centre of Research for Development/Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir Srinagar (J&K) India.
  • Google Scholar
Ashok K. Pandit
  • Ashok K. Pandit
  • Centre of Research for Development/Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir Srinagar (J&K) India.
  • Google Scholar
Bashir Ahmad Ganai
  • Bashir Ahmad Ganai
  • Centre of Research for Development/Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir Srinagar (J&K) India.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Accepted: 03 December 2013
  •  Published: 31 January 2014

References

Agrawal M (2005). Effects of air pollution on agriculture: An issue of national concern. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 23(3&4):93-106.
 
Agrawal M, Deepak SS (2003). Physiological and biochemical responses of two cultivars of wheat to elevated levels of CO2 and SO2, singly and in combination. Environ. Pollut. 121:189-197.
crossref
 
Agrawal M, Singh B, Agrawal SB, Bell JNB, Marshall F (2006). The effect of air pollution on yield and quality of mungbean grown in periurban areas of Varanasi. Water Air Soil Pollut. 169:239-254.
crossref
 
Agrawal M, Singh B, Rajput M, Marshall F, Bell JNB (2003). Effect of air pollution on periurban agriculture: A case study. Environ. Pollut. 126: 323-329.
crossref
 
Ahmad MN (2010). Air pollution impacts to agricultural crops. Ph.D. Thesis. University of York Environment.
 
Alam SA (2006). Use of biomass fuels in the brickmaking industries of Sudan: implications for deforestation and greenhouse gas emission, Dept. Forest Ecol. Univ. Helsinki, Finland. pp.16-17.
 
Alberta M, Marzluff JM, Shulenberger E, Bradley G, Ryan C and Zumbrunnen C (2003). Integrating humans into ecology: opportu-nities and challenges for studying urban ecosystems. Bioscience, 53: 1169-1179.
crossref
 
Ali M, Athar M (2006). Air polluting due to traffic, air quality monitoring along three sections of national high way N-5, Pakistan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 1(3): 25-28.
 
Al-Khalaf AK (2006). Influence of meteorological and related factors on surface ozone pattern at Makkah station. J. Environ. Sci. 11:1-19
 
Amdur MO (1978). Effects of sulfur oxides on animals. In: Nriagu, J.O. (ed.). Sulfur in the Environment. Part II: Environmental Impacts. John Wiley & Sons, Toronto. pp. 61-74.
 
Amison A (1992). Stack Emissions in the Brick Industry. Ceram. Ind. 138(3):61-64.
 
Anda A (1986). Effect of cement kiln dust on the radiation balance and yields of plants. Environ. Pollut. 40:249-256.
crossref
 
Arditsoglou A, Samara C (2005). Levels of total suspended particulate matter and major trace elements in Kosovo: a source identification and apportionment study. Chemosphere 59:669-678.
crossref
 
Ashenden TW, Williams IAD (1980). Growth reduction in Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Phleum pratense L. as a result of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide pollution. Environ. Pollut. 21:131-139.
crossref
 
Asgher MS, Singh AL (2003). Land degradation through brick kiln: a case study of Aligarh, India. Indian J. Reg. Sci. 35(2):77-84.
 
Assadi A, Abdollah GP, Fatemeh M, Nasrin T and Leila A (2011). Impact of air pollution on physiological and morphological characteristics of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. J. Food Agric. Environ. 9(2): 676 - 679
 
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (1998). Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Dioxide. ATSDR, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta, GA. pp. 185.
 
Aziz HM, Ahmed SB and Saleh IA (2010) 'Respiratory Hazards Among Egyptian Ceramics Workers. Researcher 2 (6):65-73.
 
Balkhi M, Amin S, Masood A (2009). Effect of aqueous sulphur dioxide on the biochemical and antioxidant properties of Malva sylvestris. Asian J. Environ. Sci. 3(2):139-145
 
Bandyopadhyay A (2009). Abatement of particulate laden SO2 in tapered bubble column with internals. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 2:147-155.
crossref
 
Banerjee AC, Rangaswamy P, Sood S 1(980). Mechanism of oxidation of iron pyrite in dynamic air. Therm. Anal. pp. 241-246.
 
Bobak M (2000). Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity. Environ. Health Perspect. 108: 173-176.
crossref
 
Brosnan DA (2000). Ceramic and Brick Manufacturing, p. 681-690. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Air and Waste Management Association. John Wiley and Sons.
 
Brosnan DA, John PS (1998). Environmental regulations and their effect on ceramic manufacturing in North America, Qualicer: General Conferences and Communications. I: 215-224. Castellon, Spain.
 
Calatayud A, Ramirez JW, Iglesias DJ, Barreno E (2002). Effects of O3 on photosynthetic CO2 exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant systems in lettuce leaves. Physiol. Plant. 116: 308-316.
crossref
 
Callen MS, Cruz MT, Lopez JM, Navarro MV, Mastral AM (2009). Comparison of receptor models for source apportionment of the PM10 in Zaragoza (Spain). Chemosphere 76:1120-1129.
crossref
 
Chauhan A, Joshi PC (2010). Effect of ambient air pollutants on wheat and mustard crops growing in the vicinity of urban and industrial areas. New York Sci. J. 3(2):52-60.
 
Chen YM, Lucas PW, Wellburn AR (1990). Relative relationship between foliar injury and change in antioxidants levels in red and Norway spruce exposed to acidic mists. Environ. Pollut. 69:1-15.
crossref
 
Cheng S, Li J, Feng B, Jin Y, Hao R (2006). A Gaussian-box modeling approach for urban air quality management in a northern Chinese city-1 model development. Water Air Soil Pollut. 178:137-157.
 
Chung YS (2008). Observations of massive air-pollution transport and associated air quality in the yellow sea region. Air Atmos. Health 1: 69-79.
crossref
 
Chung YS, Kim HS, Dulam J, Harris J (2003a). On heavy dust fall observed with explosive sandstorms in Changwon-Changju, Korea. Atmos. Environ. 37: 3425-3433.
crossref
 
Chung YS, Kim HS, Han KY, Jugder D (2003b). On East Asian sand dust storms and associated significant dust fall. Water Air Soil Pollut. 3: 259-277.
crossref
 
Cofala J, Amann M, Gyarfas F, Schoepp W, Boudri JC, Hordijk L, Kroeze C, Li JF, Lin D, Panwar TS, Gupta S (2004). Cost-effective control of SO2 emissions in Asia. J. Environ. Manage. 72: 149-161.
crossref
 
Costa DL, Amdur MO (1996). Air Pollution. p. 857-882. In: Klaasen, C.D., Amdur, M. O. and J. Doull (eds.), Casarett and Doull's Toxico-logy. The Basic Science of Poisons. 5th edn. Mcgraw-Hill, New York.
 
Croitoru L, Sarraf M (2012). Benefits and costs of the informal sector: The case study of brick kilns in Bangladesh. J. Environ. Prot. 3: 476-484.
crossref
 
De AK (2012). Environmental Chemistry, (7th ed). New Age International (P) Limited Publisher, New Delhi.
 
Dehghan F, Mohammadi S, Sadeghi Z, Attarchi M (2009). Respiratory
 
complaints and spirometric parameters in tile and ceramic factory workers. Tanaffos 8(4):19-25
 
Demirak A (2007). The Influence of a Coal-Fired Power Plant in Turkeyon the Chemical Composition of Rain Water in a Certain Region. Environ. Monit. Assess. 129:189-196
crossref
 
Donaldson K (2001). Ambient particle inhalation and the cardiovascular system: Potential mechanisms. Environ. Health Perspect. 109(4): 523-527.
crossref
 
Elampari K, Chithambarathanu T, Sharma KR (2010). Examining the variations of ground level ozone and nitrogen dioxide in a rural area influenced by brick kiln industries. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 3(8): 900-903
 
Emberson LD, Ashmore MR, Murray F, Kuylenstierna JCI, Percy KE, Izuta T, Zheng Y, Shimizu H, Sheu BH, Liu CP, Agrawal M, Wahid A, Abdel-Latif NM, Van Tienhoven M, De-Bauer LI, Domingos M (2001). Impacts of air pollutants on vegetation in developing countries. Water Air Soil Pollut. 130: 107-118.
crossref
 
Emberson LD, Buker P, Ashmore MR, Mills G, Jackson LS, Agrawal M, Atikuzzaman MD, Cinderby S, Engardt M, Jamir C, Kobayashi K, Oanh NTK, Quadir QF, Wahid A (2009). A comparison of North American and Asian exposure-response data for O3 effects on crop yields. Atmos. Environ. 43:1945-1953
crossref
 
Environment Improvement Programme (EIP), Kathmandu (1995). Assessment of the Applicability of Indian Cleaner Process Technology for Small Scale Brick Industries of Kathmandu. Metropolitan Environment Improvement Programme, Kathmandu.
 

EPA (2012). What Are the Six Common Air Pollutants? Environmental Protection Agency. 

View

 
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (2007). Air pollution in Peshawar. NWFP-Pakistan.
 
Erickson PA (1979). Environmental Impact Assessment: Air Borne Particles. New York: University Park Press.
 
Fatima I (2011). Impact of brick kiln emissions on the ambient air quality and vegetation: A case study of district Budgam. M.Phil dessertation, University of Kashmir.
 
Friend JP (1973). The global sulfur cycle. In: Rasool, S.I. (ed.), Chemistry of the Lower Troposphere, Plenum Press, New York. pp. 177-201.
crossref
 
Ganai BA, Aliya A, Masood A, Zargar MA, Ganaie SA (2007b). Sulphite toxicity on spinach (Spinacea oleracea). J. Res. Dev. 7:109-118
 
Ganai BA, Nowsheen Q, Masood A, Zargar MA, Javaid IB (2007a). Effect of sulphur dioxide on Malva sylvestris. J. Res. Dev. 7:19-24
 
Ganai BA, Zaar A, Rafiq SK, Masood A, Zargar MA, Kumar R (2010). Impact of brick kiln emissions on biochemical parameters of Malva sylvestris Lin. Ad. Plant Sci. 23(2): 545-546.
 
Gheorghe IF, Barbu I (2011). The Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetation and the Role of Vegetation in Reducing Atmospheric Pollution. p. 241-280. In: Mohamed Khallaf (ed.). The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources. InTech, Europe
 
Ghose MK, Majee SR (2002). Assessment of the status of work zone air environment due to opencast coal mining. Environ. Monit. Assess. 77: 51-60.
crossref
 
Gilbert OL (1968). Biological Indicators of Air Pollution. University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, Great Britain.
 
Godzik S, Sienkiewicz J (1990). Air pollution and forest health in central Europe: Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the German Democratic Republic. p. 155-170. In: Grodzinski, W., Cowling, E. B. and Breymeyer, A. I. (eds.). Ecological Risks Perspectives from Poland and the United States. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
 
Goyal SK, Ghatge SV, Nema P, Tamhane SM (2006). Understanding urban vehicular pollution problem vis-à-vis ambient air quality- a case study of a Megacity (Delhi, India). Environ. Monit. Assess. 119: 557-567.
crossref
 
Grahame TJ, Schlesinger RB (2009). Cardiovascular health and particulate vehicular emissions: a critical evaluation of the evidence. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 3(1): 3-27.
crossref
 
Gupta S, Narayan R (2010). Brick kiln industry in long-term impacts biomass and diversity structure of plant communities. Curr. Sci. 99(1):72-79
 

Guttikunda S (2009). Impact Analysis of Brick Kilns on the Air Quality in Dhaka, Bangladesh: SIM-Air Organization.

View

 

Guttikunda SK, Begum BA and Wadud Z (2013). Particulate pollution from brick kiln clusters in the Greater Dhaka region, Bangladesh. Air Quality, Atmos. Health, 6(2):357-365
 
Halvani GH, Zare M, Halvani A, Barkhordari A (2008). Evaluation and comparison of respiratory symptoms and lung capacities in tile and ceramic factory workers of Yazd Arh Hig Rada. Toksikol 59: 197-204
 
Hassan M, Waseem M and Ihtisham R, Waqar A, Adil S, Ali SS (2012). Application of air dispersion model for the estimation of air pollutants from coal fired brick kilns samples in Gujrat. Sci. Int. 24 (4): 141-145.
 
Heather G (2003). Effect of air pollution on agricultural crops. Ministry of Agriculture, Ontario, Canada.
 
Heggesbad HE, Lesser VM (1990). Effect of ozone, sulphur dioxide, soil water deficit and cultivars on yields of soybean. J. Environ. Qual. 19: 488-495.
crossref
 
Heyder J, Takenaka S (1996). Long term canine exposure studies with ambient air pollutants. In: Paoletti and Costabel, U. (eds.) Series, Respiratory Effects of Air Pollution. Eur. Respir. J. 9:571-584.
 
Hidy GM (1994). Atmospheric Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides: Eastern North America Source Receptor Relationships. Academic Press Inc, San Diego. p.447.
 
Hofer M (1994). The exhaust gas problems in the brick and tile industry. Zeigelindustrie International, 47(9): 552-557.
 
Holleman W (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Acad. Press, San Diego, CA.
 
HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank) (2002). Hazardous Substances Data Bank Sulfur Dioxide (HSN 228). Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
 
Hussan A, Bhat GA, Sheikh MA (2013). Impact of brick kiln and vehicular emissions on lichen diversity in Khanabal Area of Anantnag District (J&K), India. Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci. 2(4):30-33
 
IARC (1992). Sulfur Dioxide and Some Sulfites, Bisulfites and Metabisulfites. IARC Working Group. TA: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Human. 54:131-188.
 
Irshad AH, Ahmad SF, Sultan P (2011). Effect of sulphur dioxide on the biochemical parameters of spinach (Spinacea oleracea). Trakia J. Sci. 9(1): 24-27
 
Ismail M, Muhammad D, Khan FU, Munsif, F, Ahmad T, Ali S, Khalid M, Haq N, Ahmad M (2012). Effect of brick kilns emissions on heavy metal (Cd and Cr) Content of Contiguous Soil and Plants. Sarhad J. Agric 28 (3): 403-409.
 
Jacobson JS, Hill AC (1970). Recognition of air pollution injury to vegetation. A Pictorial Atlas. Air pollution control Association, Pittsburg.
 
Jain M, Saxena NC (2001). Air quality assessment along Dhanbad Jharia Road. Department of Mining Engineering, I.I.T., Kharagpur India and Center of Mining environment, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India.
 
Joshi PC, Swami A (2007). Physiological responses of some tree species under roadside automobile pollution stress around city of Haridwar, India. Environmentalist 27: 365-374.
crossref
 
Joshi SK, Dudani I (2008). Environmental health effects of brick kilns in Katmandu valley. Katmandu Univ. Med. J. 6(1): 3-11.
 
Junge K (1992). Reduction of sulphur emissions in the Thermoreactor. ZI-Annual for the Brick and Tile, Structural Ceramics and Clay Pipe Industries. pp. 32-46.
 
Kainulainen P, Holopainen JK, Okasanea J (1995). Effects of sulphur dioxide on the concentration of carbohydrates and secondary compounds in Scot pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) seedlings. New Phytol. 130:231-238
crossref
 
Kakooei H, Marioryad H (2005). Exposure to inhalable flour dust and respiratory symptoms of workers in flour mill in Iran. Iranian J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 2(1): 50-55
 
Katz M (1977). The Canadian Sulphur Problem. p. 21-67. In: Sulphur and Its Inorganic Derivatives in the Canadian Environment. Ad hoc Panel of Experts Management Subcommittee, NRC Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
 
Khan S, Soja G (2003). Yield responses of wheat to O3 exposure as modified by drought-induced differences in O3 uptake. Water Air Soil Pollut. 147: 299-315.
crossref
 
Kolkmeier H (1991). Emissions. Ziegelindustrie International. 44 (10): 544-549.
 
Kondo N, Sugahara K (1978). Changes in transpiration rate of SO2 resistant and SO2 sensitive plants with SO2 fumigation and participation of abscisic acid. Plant Cell Physiol. 19: 365-373.
 
Koskela R S, Mutanen P, Sorsa JA, Klockars M (2005). Respiratory disease and cardiovascular morbidity. Occup. Environ Med. 62(9): 650-655.
crossref
 
Kukkonen J, Bozó L, Palmgren F, Sokhi RS (2001). Particulate Matter in Urban Air. National Environmental Research Institute. Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
 
Kumar R, Joseph AE (2006). Air pollution concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 at ambient and Kerbsite and their correlation in metro city Mumbai. Environ. Monit. Assess. 119: 191-199
crossref
 
Kumar SR, Thambavani SD (2012). Effect of cement dust deposition on physiological behaviors of some selected plant species. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res. 1(9): 98-105
 
Kurpa SV, Kickert RN (1989). The greenhouse effect:Impacts of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) on vegetation. Environ. Pollut. 61: 263-392.
crossref
 
Lalitha J, Dhanam S, Ganesh KS (2013). Air Pollution Tolerance Index of Certain Plants around SIPCOT Industrial Area Cuddalore, Tamilnadu, India. Int. J. Environ. Bioenergy 5(3): 149-155
 
Le HA and Oanh NTK (2010). Integrated assessment of brick kiln emission impacts on air quality. Environ. Monit. Assess., 171: 381-394.
crossref
 
Lerman S (1972). Cement-kiln dust and the bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Black Valentine Var.); indepth investigations into plant morphology, physiology and pathology. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside.
 
Likens GE, Wright RF, Galloway JN, Butler J (1979). Acid rain. Sci. Am. 241: 43-51
crossref
 
Linaker C, Smedley J (2002). Respiratory illness in agricultural workers. Occup. Med. 52: 451-459
crossref
 
Liu N, Peng CL, Lin ZF, Lin GZ, Pan XP (2007). Effects of simulated SO2 pollution on subtropical forest succession: Toward chlorophyll fluorescence concept. Pak. J. Bot. 39(6):1921-1935
 
Loppi S, Corsini A (2003). Diversity of epiphytic lichens and metal contents of Parmelia caperata thalli as monitors of air pollution in the town of Pistoia. Environ. Monit. Assess. 86: 289-301.
crossref
 
Maclean DC (1981). Air Quality Standards for Fluoride to Protect Vegetation: Regional, Seasonal, and other Considerations. The 74th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the Air Pollution Control Association, Philadelphia, PA.
 
Magas OK, Gunter JT, Regens JL (2007). Ambient air pollution and daily pediatric hospitalizations for asthma. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 14:19-23.
crossref
 
Maggs R, Wahid A, Shamsi SRA, Ashmore MR (1995). Effects of ambient air pollution on wheat and rice yield in Pakistan. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 1311-1316.
crossref
 
Maithel S, Vasudevan N, Johri R, Kumar A (2002). Pollution Reduction and Waste Minimization in Brick Making. Tata Research Institute, Habitat Place, Lodhi Road, New Delhi.
 
Maity S (2011). Overview of Brick Industry in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Retrieved from http://www.devalt.org/newsletter
 
Mayer H (1999). Air pollution in cities. Atmos. Environ. 33: 4029-4037.
crossref
 
Maynard RL, Waller R (1999). Carbon Monoxide. In: Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS & Maynard RL (eds.). Air Pollution and Health. Academies Press: Harcourt Brace & Company, Publishers.
crossref
 
Mejstrik V (1980). The influence of low SO2 concentration on growth reduction of Nicotiana tabacum L. W. Samsum and Cucumis sativus L. C.V. Unikat. Environ. Pollut. 21: 73-76.
crossref
 
Memon E (2000). Environmental effects of thermal power plant emissions- A case study. A thesis of Master of Engineering. Canada: Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland
 
Middleton JT, Kendrick JB, Schwalm HW (1950). Injury to herbaceous plants by smog or air pollution. Plant Dis. 34: 245-252.
 
Miller PR (1983). Ozone effects in the San Bernardino National Forest. In: Proceedings of Symposium on Air Pollution and the Productivity of the Forest. Pennsylvania State University Press, State College, PA. pp. 161-197.
PMid:6221064
 
Mishra V (2003). Cyber seminar on Health Effects of Air Pollution. Minnesotans for Sustainability.
 
Murray F, Wilson S (1988). The joint action of sulphur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride on the yield and quality of wheat and barley. Environ. Pollut. 55: 239-249.
crossref
 
Mustajbegovic J, Zuskin E, Schachter E, Kern J, Milas ML, Pucarin J (2003). Respiratory findings in tobacco workers. Chest 123:1740-1748
crossref
 
Mwaiselage J, Bratveit M, Moen BE, Mashalla Y (2005). Respiratory symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among cement factory workers. Scand J. Work Environ. Health 31 (4): 316-323
crossref
 
Myers JE (1989). Respiratory health of brick workers in Cape Town, South Africa: Appropriate dust exposure indicators and permissible exposure limits. Scand J. Work Environ. Health 15: 198-202
crossref
 
NAPAP (National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program) (1990). Effects of Pollution on Vegetation. Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office.
 
Nihlgard B (1985). The ammonium hypothesis - an additional explanation to the forest dieback in Europe. Ambio. 14 (2): 844.
 
OAQPS Fact Sheet (1997). Health Effects of Particulate Matter. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
 
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (1981). The Costs and Benefits of Sulphur Oxide Control. Paris.
 
Ozolincius R, Stakenas V, Serafinaviciute B (2005). Meterological factors and air pollution in Lithuanian forests: Possible effects on tree condition. Environ Pollut. 137 (3): 587-595.
crossref
 
Panwar K (1982). Pollution studies in Nagada area due to Birla Indus-trial Complex discharges. Ph. D. thesis, Vikram University, Ujjain.
 
Pauls N (1989). Survey of the Emission of Pollutants in Brick and Tile Production. ZI-Annual for the Brick and Tile, Structural Ceramics and Clay Pipe Industries. pp. 69-77.
 
Pawar K, Dubey PS (1983). Effect of atmospheric pollutant on the morphology and pigment content in proceeding of sixth world congress on air quality. Paris. 2: 501.507.
 
Pawar K, Dubey PS (1985). Effects of air pollution on the photosynthetic pigments of Ipomea fistulosa and Phoenix sylvestris. In: All India seminar on Air Pollution Control. pp. 19-21.
 
Pawar K, Dube B, Maheshwari R, Bafna A, (2010). Biochemical aspects of air pollution induced injury symptoms of some common ornamental road side plants. Int. J. Biol. Med. Res. 1(4):291-294
 
Petkovsek SAS, Batic F, Lansik CR (2008). Norway spruce needles as bioindicator of air pollution in the area of influence of the sostanj thermal power plant, Slovenia. Environ. Pollut. 151: 287-291.
crossref
 
Pope CA (2000). Review: Epidemiological basis for particulate air pollution health standards. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 32: 4-14.
crossref
 
Pope CA (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287:1132- 1141.
crossref
 
Pope CA, Dockery DW (1992). Acute health effects of PM10 pollution on symptomatic and asymptomatic children. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145: 1123-1128.
crossref
 
Prakesh G, Gupta V, Poonia S, Sangita, Gupta S (2002). Effect of SO2 exposure on the chlorophyll contents in Raphanus sativus L. and Brassica rapa L. Plant Arch. 2 (2): 165-170.
 
Prieditis H, Adamson IYR (2002). Comparative pulmonary toxicity of various soluble metals found in urban particulate dusts. Exp. Lung Res. 28: 563-576
crossref
 
Pudasainee D, Sapkota B, Shrestha ML, Kaga A, Kondo A, Inoue Y (2006). Ground level ozone concentrations and its association with NOx and meteorological parameters in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Atmos. Environ. 40:8081-8087
crossref
 
Quiterio SL, Da Silva CRS, Arbilla G, Escaleira V (2004). Metals in airborne particulate matter in the industrial district of Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, in an annual period. Atmos. Environ. 38:321-331.
crossref
 
Rajput M, Agrawal M (2004). Physiological and yield responses of pea plants to ambient air pollution. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 9(1): 9-14.
 
Rajput M, Agrawal M (2005). Biomonitoring of air pollution in a seasonally dry tropical suburban area using wheat transplants. Environ. Monit. Assess. 101: 39-53.
PMid:15736874
 
Rao DN (1981). Phytomonitoring of air pollution, WHO workshop on biological indicator and indices of Environmental Pollution, Osmania University, Hyderabad: 1-8.
 
Reddy GS, Ruj B (2003). Ambient air quality status in Ranignaj-Asansol area, India. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 10 (2): 105-112.
 
Renaurd JP, Allard G, Mauffette Y (1997). Effects of ozone on yield growth and root starch concentrations of two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars. Environ. Pollut. 95:273-281.