Rift Valley fever is an acute or subacute zoonotic disease primarily transmitted by arthropods, predominantly affecting domestic ruminants. This disease is largely prevalent in Africa and is classified under the genus Phlebovirus within the Bunyaviridae family. It poses a significant zoonotic risk, often presenting as a mild influenza-like illness, but it can also manifest as a hemorrhagic condition with liver involvement and may lead to ocular or neurological complications. In animals, non-pregnant adults may exhibit signs of the disease; however, outbreaks are typically characterized by increased abortions and high rates of neonatal mortality. Older animals may show symptoms such as jaundice and hepatitis, and they can succumb to the illness. The occurrence of Rift Valley fever outbreaks is associated with prolonged heavy rainfall, sustained flooding, and a surge in mosquito populations, which serve as the primary vectors. In regions where the disease is endemic, diagnosis relies on epidemiological data, clinical signs, and microscopic examination; however, laboratory confirmation through virus isolation, immunological assays, and advanced molecular techniques is crucial. Implementing an effective vaccination strategy is vital for preventing or mitigating outbreaks. Given the presence of various vector species in disease-free areas, the growth of international trade, and the effects of climate change, Rift Valley fever is increasingly recognized as a significant challenge in the global management of zoonotic diseases. Therefore, conducting epidemiological studies to evaluate the disease's prevalence, offering pre-exposure vaccinations to high-risk groups, and enforcing pre-export inspections for livestock are essential control measures that should be prioritized.

Keywords: Diagnosis, epidemiology, livestock, pathogenesis, risk factors, rift Valley Fever