2025-04-18T09:16:00Z https://academicjournals.org/oai-pmh/handler

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:5A9E8E5706 2009-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Analysis of post primary teachers’ utility of the due process of law in academic dismissal in Nigeria E. D. Nakpodia Full Length Research Paper This paper focused on the utility of the due process of law by teachers as a protection and corrective measures on academic dismissal in Nigerian post primary schools. It reviewed how lsquo;rightrsquo; and lsquo;due processrsquo; are related as well as the essence of the due process in considering the crucial aspect of law by reviewing statutes, laws, edicts and decrees to improve some problematic areas faced by teachers in the teaching profession. This approach did not only ensure and allow harmony, peace and promote respect for each individualrsquo;s right in the teaching profession but, also ensured satisfaction among teachers. In view of the technicality of the term lsquo;due processrsquo;, experts who are lawyers, judges and trained administrators read and interpret this term without difficulty. However, the layman can be kept well above water to know the essence of due process by simply following the definition and explanations provided. lsquo;Due processrsquo; is subdivided into three areas which include constitutional, procedural and substantive due process. Key words: Due process, academic dismissal, Nigerian post primary schools. Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/5A9E8E5706 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.024 en Copyright © 2009 E. D. Nakpodia

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:AA0189C699 2009-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Perceptions of principals’ responsibilities in-locoparentis in Nigerian secondary schools E. D. Nakpodia Full Length Research Paper This paper reviewed the perceptions of principalsrsquo; responsibilities in-loco-parentis in Nigerian seconddary schools, using the theoretical method, applied precedent cases and administrative examples. This work also suggested that possible modifications may be needed especially where past laws of operations have been revised. This approach could allow for more harmony among parents, students, teachers and principals, in assuming a peaceful teaching and learning atmosphere, thereby discouraging unnecessary litigations based on unreasonable rules and regulations. Key words: Principalsrsquo; responsibilities, in-loco-parentis, Nigerian secondary schools. Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/AA0189C699 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.026 en Copyright © 2009 E. D. Nakpodia

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:38D2F99713 2009-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Poverty alleviation: The educational planning perspective Julius Maiyo, Jane k. Amunga and Irene A. Ashioya Full Length Research Paper A well planned education system is expected to respond to the socio-economic needs as well as the political objectives of any country. Education contributes to poverty reduction by increasing the value of efficiency of the labour force and thus enhances economic growth. This economic growth is expected to translate into higher income lowering poverty levels. This is because the more educated an individual is; the more productive he is expected to be both in the labour market and the household. Therefore, more education provision can raise income levels in general and remove groups from absolute poverty. This paper examines the extent to which education in Kenya has been planned to foster economic growth and alleviate poverty. It also looks at the factors hindering the realization of this objective and finally offers recommendations on how education can be systematically planned to elevate society and social systems towards a better and more humane life. Key words: Socio-economic, poverty, growth, development, efficiency, labour force. Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/38D2F99713 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.031 en Copyright © 2009 Julius Maiyo, Jane k. Amunga and Irene A. Ashioya

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:730AE7E715 2009-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Business ethics for excellence in action: A view Kastoori Srinivas and Syed Abdul Malik Full Length Research Paper The core subject of ethics is essentially a branch of spiritualism, which is a banyan tree covering the entire gamut of human behavior on righteous path for the well being of society, in simple terms spiritualism, which is closely linked to strong religious faith is a canvas under which ethical values and principles bloom and blossom. Four sources of values, legal regulation, professional codes of ethics, individual values and organizational codes of ethics are identified in business ethics. This article attempts to analyze the sources of values in business, sharing of moral values and morality and its impact on society. The main aim of this study is to examine the professional and organizational codes of ethics in general and individual values in particular. Key words: Ethical standards, moral values, organizational codes, ethical crises. Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/730AE7E715 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.055 en Copyright © 2009 Kastoori Srinivas and Syed Abdul Malik

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:F668F5F717 2009-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Parental involvement in schools: The perspectives of Cypriot principals Loizos Symeou Full Length Research Paper This paper presents the findings of a survey study conducted in Cyprus primary state schools, which aimed at outlining principalsrsquo; perspectives concerning parental involvement in school life. The research involved a representative sample of principals of the schools concerned. The analysis and interpretation of the data indicated that current home-school links are extremely limited. It was also found that even though the principals express a need to modify their schoolsrsquo; relationships with the pupilsrsquo; parents, their suggestions still imply mild modes of family involvement, and not broader levels of participation. These views were found to relate to certain personal characteristics of the principals and a number of external variables. The findings are discussed within the current context of vivid surge within the Cyprus educational system for the introduction of relevant innovation and change. Key words: Parental involvement, principals, Cyprus, survey Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/F668F5F717 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.056 en Copyright © 2009 Loizos Symeou

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:A40022B735 2009-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Implications and challenges of Nigerian universities as learning organizations E. D. Nakpodia Full Length Research Paper The purpose of this paper was to highlight the implications and challenges of Universities as learning organizations in Nigeria. lsquo;Learning organizationrsquo; is a concept that is becoming an increasingly widespread philosophy in our contemporary society. It has a strong humanistic orientation and it is a place where people continually expand their capacity to produce results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured and where people are continually learning how to learn together. In order to implement learning organization techniques, the Universities tackled some disciplines which are essential to a learning organization. Such techniques were team learning, shared vision and system thinking. As a result of this, the paper was confined on how Nigerian Universities are committed to creating continuous learning opportunities, encouraging collaboration and team learning, establishing systems to capture and share learning, and connecting the university organization to its environment. It also proposed the need for radical rethinking of the core functions of the Universities in Nigeria. Key words: Challenges, learning organizations, Nigerian Universities. Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/A40022B735 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.018 en Copyright © 2009 E. D. Nakpodia

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:834E4CF740 2009-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Parents’ involvement in school administration as a correlate of effectiveness of secondary schools in Nigeria I. A. Ajayi, T. Ekundayo Haastrup and B. B. Arogundade Full Length Research Paper The study examined the relationship between parentsrsquo; involvement in school administration and effectiveness of secondary schools in Nigeria. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population consisted of all the teachers, principals and parents of the students in public secondary schools in South-West Nigeria. The sample comprised 1200 teachers, 300 parents and 60 principals from 60 secondary schools. Multi-stage, simple and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select the states, schools, teachers and parents used for the study. Two sets of questionnaire were used to collect the data for the study. The Data were analysed using frequency counts, percentage scores and Pearson product movement correlation. The only hypothesis formulated in the study was tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that parents were much involved in the administration of secondary schools in Nigeria. The study also revealed that secondary schools in the area covered were moderately effective. However, the study showed that there was no significant relationship between parentsrsquo; involvement in school administration and effectiveness in schools. It was recommended that the school administrators should sustain the high level of parentsrsquo; involvement in school administration in order to maintain cordial relationship between the parents and the school authorities. Since parentsrsquo; involvement in school administration was not significantly related to the effectiveness of the schools, the government and other stakeholders should make the teaching-learning environment of the schools more conducive in order to improve their effectiveness. Key words: Parentsrsquo; involvement, school administration, effectiveness, secondary schools. Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/834E4CF740 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.039 en Copyright © 2009 I. A. Ajayi, T. Ekundayo Haastrup and B. B. Arogundade

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:47F7334757 2009-08-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Rethinking centrifugal issues in intra-Iuleha relations in Edo state, Nigeria, from the pre-colonial times up to 2000 Omon Merry Osiki Full Length Research Paper Socio-economic and political factors of unity or disunity have influenced human existence since the dawn of history. Communities around the world have developed socio-cultural, economic and political elements of inter-group relations that have bonded them together and distinguished them from other groups while at the same time guaranteeing their group survival and distinctive identity. This article interrogates those societal arrangements that served as bonding elements among Iuleha community, a micro-state among the Edoid-speaking group of Nigeria. Using socio-cultural elements such as market rotations, shared festivals and ancestral figures, the article maintains that Iuleha people developed common kinship ties because they found them expedient as centrifugal forces that would bind them to a common root and regulate their relationship with one another. Key words: Nigeria, Edo, socio-economic, socio-cultural, market. Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/47F7334757 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.036 en Copyright © 2009 Omon Merry Osiki

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:0A9FC5C774 2009-08-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Managerial strategies to conflict management of not-for-profit organizations in Nigeria: A study Austin O. Oparanma, Donald I. Hamilton and John Ohaka Full Length Research Paper This study is an investigation of the managerial strategies to conflict management in non-profit making organizations in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The essences of this study are to device effective strategies to conflict management and make appropriate recommendations for an effective conflict resolution, aimed at ensuring organizational development, productivity and societal growth. The study adopted the descriptive study pattern and used both the questionnaire method and personal interview in collecting data for the study, a total of 80 questionnaires were distributed to both the junior and senior staff of the 4 non-profit making organizations surveyed in Port Harcourt and the quot;Zquot; test was used to analyse the stated hypotheses. The research findings reveal among others, first, that the causes of conflicts in non-profit making includes poor communication gap, ethnic and religion differences, power tussle among staff, unequal distribution of rewards, competition over scarce resources etc, secondly, that conflicts in non-profit making organizations can be resolved were administrators indulge in collectives bargaining agreement, understanding of employees and acceptance of subordinate goals. K ey words: Conflict, organization, management, unions. Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/0A9FC5C774 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.045 en Copyright © 2009 Austin O. Oparanma, Donald I. Hamilton and John Ohaka

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:B21DD81792 2009-09-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Research on the cost calculation of distance education based on activity-based costing Zheng Qinhua, Chen Geng and Chen Li Full Length Research Paper The analysis on the cost and efficiency of distance education has important meanings in both theory and practice. This paper tries to analyze the status of the school-running cost and efficiency of the pilot universities for modern distance education at present in China. On the basis of analyzing the major defects of current analysis on the cost and efficiency of distance education, activity-based costing has been used for the cost calculation and analysis of one case college. Research indicates that average school-running cost per student of the case college at three academic degrees in 2005 differs from one another, where the school-running cost per student of the undergraduate education starting from senior high school is 325.85 Yuan, of junior college education starting from senior high school, 312.96 Yuan, of undergraduate education upgrading from junior college, 308.00 Yuan. What is more, the research has established the cost function of the case college applying to the future coast budget and calculation, offering the decision-making support to the colleges in practice. The research has proved that the activity-based costing is favorable for survey of the cost information influenced by multiple factors, and can help the colleges adjust the school-running structure according to different cost efficiency and offer guidance and reference for making matching tuition price. Key words: Activity-based costing, distance education, cost calculation. Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/B21DD81792 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.023 en Copyright © 2009 Zheng Qinhua, Chen Geng and Chen Li

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:4D1BE63799 2009-09-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2009

Primary schooling in a tribal district of Maharashtra: Some policy relevance Aparajita Chattopadhyay and Vijaya Durdhawale Full Length Research Paper The situation of primary schooling is indeed appalling in backward districts because education planning in India does not take into account the educational needs and aspirations of the poor people. The study focuses the situation of primary education in some tribal villages of a backward district of Maharashtra, India with the help of qualitative and quantitative data. Besides infrastructural improvements, the study strongly favors introduction of tribal languages for basic education, provision of personnel for clerical works and proper maintenance of records that reflects the reality of primary schooling. Economic uncertainty and financial hardship are the contributing factors for the age-old disinterest in education among the tribes. Thus increasing the sources of income is the only way to encourage willing participation in basic education. Key words: India, primary schooling, Maharashtra Academic Journals 2009 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/4D1BE63799 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.011 en Copyright © 2009 Aparajita Chattopadhyay and Vijaya Durdhawale

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:187739F814 2010-02-28T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

The effects of educational attainment on poverty reduction in Cameroon Aloysius Mom Njong Full Length Research Paper In recent years education has been promulgated as a primary weapon against poverty. Hence it is important to investigate the impact of different levels of education upon poverty. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of different levels of education of the employed individuals as determinants of poverty in Cameroon. The data for this study come from the 2001 Cameroonian Household Survey obtainable from the National Institute of Statistics. A sample-selectivity corrected logistic regression model is estimated based on the cross-sectional data, with the probability of an individual being poor as the dependent variable and a set of educational levels and experience as explanatory variables. The results depict that improvement in experience and educational attainments reduce the probability of being poor of the employed individual. On the gender side the study concludes that a malersquo;s educational level is more poverty reducing than a female counterpart. Key words: Education, poverty reduction, gender, Cameroon. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/187739F814 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.058 en Copyright © 2010 Aloysius Mom Njong

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:6B8F847825 2010-02-28T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Comparative analysis of academic achievement of UME and ex-remedial students: Case study of University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria Simon V. Irtwange and Nancy N. Agbe Full Length Research Paper This study was undertaken with the objective of carrying out a comparative analysis of academic achievement of UME and ex-Remedial students with University of Agriculture, Makurdi as a case study to assist Government and policy makers in educational sector reform decisions as to the suitability or otherwise of domiciling remedial programmes in the Universities. The comparative assessment was based on Senate approved results for the 1st semester of the 2004/2005 session by arranging the academic achievement in terms of Grade Point Average (GPA) into mode of entry (Direct entry, UME and Remedial). Based on a population of 511 ex-Remedial and 428 UME students spread across 28 programmes, 17 academic Departments and 8 Colleges, the data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel computer software in terms of range, mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis so as to provide leading answers to the questions initiating the research. Comparative analysis of data indicate that the lowest GPAs were recorded by UME in 76.9% of the programmes, 76.5% of the Departments and 75% of the Colleges with two recorded cases of GPA of 0.00. Highest GPAs were recorded by UME in 76.9% of the programmes, 73.3% of the Departments and 100% of the Colleges with overall maximum of 4.72. However, smaller range recorded by ex-Remedial in 88.9% of the programmes, 93.8% of the Departments and 100% of the Colleges shows that remedial achievements were more consistent than the UME which indicates unpredictability. Higher mean and smaller standard deviations were recorded for Remedial in 44.4 and 96% of the programmes, 41.2 and 94.1% of the Departments and 50 and 100% of the Colleges respectively indicating that ex-Remedial GPAs were clustered more closely to the means (which were comparatively competitive) than UME. Desirable skewness and kurtosis behavior was recorded in 58.3 and 25% for the programmes, 70.6 and 36.4% of the Departments and 62.5 and 40.0% of the Colleges respectively indicating that more of the ex-Remedial students are in the high performance group than UME. T-test at 5% level of significance showed that there was no significant difference between the achievements of ex-Remedial and UME students in 92.6% of the programmes, 88.2% of the Departments and 87.5% of the Colleges. However, the University-wide test showed significant difference. The ex-Remedial students were found to have higher, consistent and predictable achievement than the UME. Based on findings, it is recommended that Remedial programme should be allowed to stay as a means of meeting up admission quota and addressing issues of imbalance, post-JAMB test introduced by Universities should be sustained, ex-Remedial students should be given time to remedy their deficiencies before graduation and placement of ex-Remedial students should be officially published in JAMB brochure and accepted by NUC as part of the admission requirements in Nigerian Universities. Key words: Academic achievement, comparative analysis, UME, ex-remedial, university education, Nigeria. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/6B8F847825 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.074 en Copyright © 2010 Simon V. Irtwange and Nancy N. Agbe

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:8883A30846 2010-03-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Role of church sponsor in management of secondary schools: Impact on academic performance and conflict concerns in Kenya Theodorah M. Mabeya, Judah M. Ndiku and J. Njino Full Length Research Paper A descriptive survey design was used to investigate the role of the sponsor in secondary school management and its impact on academic performance in Uasin Gishu District, Kenya. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 97 secondary schools where the head teachers of the schools and 7 Education Secretaries of the sponsoring churches formed the sample. Instruments of data collection were document analysis and a questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. It was found out that there is a significant influence of the provision of a conducive learning environment on academic performance. The expectations of the sponsor on teachers and students had a significant influence on school operations and also there was a significant relationship between a school sponsor and academic performance in schools. Lastly, it was revealed that administration challenges have a significant relationship with the roles played by sponsors in schools. The most prevalent challenges that head teachers experience while dealing with sponsors in school management are favours sought, the nomination of ineffective BOG chairpersons and the use of school facilities for non-academic activities by sponsors. It was concluded that church sponsors do meddle in school management and recommended that the Ministry of Education needs to review the sponsorship policy. Key words: Sponsor, school management, public school, policy, christian church sponsored school, role, academic performance, conducive learning environment, impact. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/8883A30846 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.070 en Copyright © 2010 Theodorah M. Mabeya, Judah M. Ndiku and J. Njino

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:C54D302856 2010-03-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Problems of facilities in South West Nigerian Universities and the way forward B. Arogundade Babatope Full Length Research Paper This paper examined the problems of facilities in South West Nigerian universities. The study population consists of all academic staff in 10 public universities in South West Nigeria, while the sample was made up of 500 academic staff randomly selected from the 10 universities. A self-designed instrument tagged ldquo;Problem of Facilities in Universities Questionnaire (PFUQ)rdquo; was used to collect relevant data for the study. The data collected were analyzed using frequency counts and percentage scores. The findings show that the financial support to the universities was not adequate, the universities were not provided with adequate facilities while students and staff maintenance culture contributed to high destruction of the available facilities. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the government should provide adequate funds to the universities in its annual budgetary allocation. Besides, adequate provision of facilities should be provided while students should be well-educated on how to maintain available facilities in Nigerian universities. Key words: Problems of facilities, South West, Nigeria, population, questionnaire, universities. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/C54D302856 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.084 en Copyright © 2010 B. Arogundade Babatope

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:2DA974C875 2010-04-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Extent and ranking of social factors in participatory health development among the "O-kun Yoruba" of Ijumu, Kogi State, Nigeria Steve Metiboba and Olukemi Grace Adebola Full Length Research Paper Participation as a process has been widely recognized and accepted as both a basic right of people and of crucial importance to the success of development efforts generally. In recent times, a link has been made between participation and programs designed to improve peoplersquo;s health. The general objective of this study is an investigation of the extent to which social factors such as education, income, occupation, etc, do trigger community participation in health programs as well as the ranking of such social factors. Data for the study were generated mainly through multi-stage sampling technique, by the use of questionnaire administered to 235 respondents randomly selected from 7 communities in Ijumu LGA of Kogi State, Nigeria. Preference based analysis (PBA) was used as the technique for data analysis in this work. The major findings of this study are that social factors including occupation, religion, marital status, education, etc, but most importantly income, are strong determinants of community participation in health care services delivery and utilization. The paper therefore recommends that all stakeholders in health should treat human beings as rational beings, taking cognizance of their attitudinal dispositions, psychology, norms and values as well as their cultural and social milieu. Key words: Social factor, community participation, health development. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/2DA974C875 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.002 en Copyright © 2010 Steve Metiboba and Olukemi Grace Adebola

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:5C5AA8C883 2010-04-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Examination malpractices among secondary schools students in Ondo State, Nigeria: Perceived causes and possible solutions T. O. Adeyemi This paper investigated teachersrsquo; perception of examination malpractices among secondary school students in Ondo State, Nigeria. As a descriptive research, the study population comprised the 481 secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. This was made up of 281 public and 200 private schools as well as 210 urban and 272 rural schools. The sample consisted of 245 schools made up of 142 public and 103 private schools. Out of the 142 public schools, 62 were urban while 80 were rural schools. Out of the 103 private schools, 47 were urban while 56 were rural schools. Out of the 4250 teachers in the schools, 960 teachers were selected. The methods of selection were also by multi-stage and stratified random sampling techniques. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire while the data collected were analyzed using percentages, Person r product moment correlation and the t-test. The findings revealed that one major cause of examination malpractices in the schools was indiscipline among students that made many of them to be involved in examination malpractices. Other important causes include the non-implementation of the examination malpractices decree and the lack of effective supervision of students during examinations. It was recommended that concerted efforts should be made at improving the level of discipline among students through counseling services in the schools. There should be the full implementation of the examination malpractices decree. There should be increased efforts at effective supervision of students during examinations. The termination of appointment of examination officials and teachers involved in perpetrating examination malpractices should be in force to serve as a deterrent to others. Key words: Examination, malpractices, schools, perceived, causes, solutions. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/5C5AA8C883 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.030 en Copyright © 2010 T. O. Adeyemi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:FC05A98896 2010-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Democratic education in the classroom: An education law perspective Bernard Moswela Full Length Research Paper This paper sought to unpack the extent of studentsrsquo; democratic involvement in the teaching and learning processes. Data that were analyzed were obtained from 253 teachers and 194 students from 15 secondary schools in Botswana using a closed questionnaire consisting of 31 question items. Although the sample may not be representative of all the schools in the country (only 15 out of 233 schools were studied), the study concluded that the teaching and learning activities are largely pursued in democratic environments where teachers consult students on important classroom decisions. These efforts are, however, constrained by the disturbing levels of bullying in the classroom reported by the students. The democratic practices encouraged by the teachers, the study concluded, are consistent with what obtains at the national macro level. Key words: Democratic education, learner-centred teaching, academic freedom, children rights. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/FC05A98896 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.049 en Copyright © 2010 Bernard Moswela

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:0AFAF83904 2010-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

School violence and guidelines for establishing disciplinary committee in schools Alabi Amos Oyetunde Full Length Research Paper The school is an open system that influences its environment and is being influenced by it too. Thus, the existence of violence in the society culminated to its existence in the school system. This paper examines the concept of violence, cases and types of violence in schools, factors associated with it, the need for discipline in schools and the guidelines for establishing disciplinary committee in schools. It also suggests some of the expected functions of disciplinary committee in order to promote and encourage discipline among pupils and teachers thereby reducing/terminating the occurrence of violence in our schools. It concludes that violence in educational institutions poses a lot of challenges to the stake holders in education and thus, all hands must be on deck to help put students on the right track of non-violent behavior so that the educational objectives would be achieved. Key words: School violence, factors associated with violence, disciplinary committee, non ndash; violence behaviour, educational institutions. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/0AFAF83904 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.061 en Copyright © 2010 Alabi Amos Oyetunde

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:64285DD936 2010-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

The up-scaling of technology to build inclusive financial systems in India Prasun Kumar Das Review The challenges from a technology point of view are many. The systems that provide connectivity need to be relatively inexpensive if they are to be commercially deployed, given the lower incomes in rural areas compared to urban areas. Recently, information and communication technologies (ICT) have emerged as a powerful tool to reduce operating costs, making it viable for financial institutions to expand into rural and low-income areas. It is this possibility of ICT solutions for expanding the rural finance frontier that has stimulated the writing of this paper. Despite the success of microfinance services in many countries, access to financial services in remote rural areas remains a challenge. An innovative business model is required to deliver the financial services to rural areas. Key words: Up-scaling, ICT, financial inclusion, microfinance, business model, SHG, MFI. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/64285DD936 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.057 en Copyright © 2010 Prasun Kumar Das

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:CDB0868944 2010-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Management challenges facing implementation of free primary education in Kenya: A case of Keiyo District Kipkoech Lydia Cheruto and Kyalo Wambua Benjamin Full Length Research Paper In January 2003 the Kenyan Government declared Free Primary Education (FPE) in all public schools as a fulfillment of the Education for All (EFA). This study examined the management challenges facing implementation of FPE in Kenya, a case of primary schools in Keiyo District. This was a descriptive survey study where questionnaires, interview schedule and observation were used to collect data from the head teachers, teachers and Education Officers from Keiyo District. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the education officers and the head teachers while random sampling technique was used to select the zones, schools and the teachers that participated in the study. 260 respondents participated in the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistic; percentages and frequencies. The study showed that primary school management face challenges in the implementation of the program which include shortage of staff, limited financial management skills, resistance from parents, inadequate physical facilities and delay in disbursement of funds by the government. Head teachers require further training in financial management and other managerial skills; and accounts clerks should be employed in primary schools to assist in book- keeping. Key words: Free primary education, management challenges, implementation, education in Kenya. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/CDB0868944 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.072 en Copyright © 2010 Kipkoech Lydia Cheruto and Kyalo Wambua Benjamin

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:BD9ED72958 2010-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Active learning Icy Drsquo;Silva Review Active learning refers to models of instruction that focus the responsibility of learning on students by allowing students to engage in learning that promotes higher-order thinking. Active learning involves learner-centeredness, and occurs within the classroom, as well as outside the classroom. By active learning, students not only become engaged with the ideas being communicated among themselves, and between the students and the educator, but also process the information acquired, integrate the newly acquired information with their prior knowledge, retain the integrated information over time and subsequently transfer their learning to new situations. Scholarship of teaching and learning promotes active learning. Active learning emphasizes deep learning, experiential learning, life-long learning, and overall development. Strategically designed active learning is critical for the overall development of graduate students towards life-long learning, and allows for a more enriching and encompassing education. Key words: Active learning, learner-centeredness, life-long learning. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/BD9ED72958 http://dx.doi.org/0.5897/IJEAPS10.021 en Copyright © 2010 Icy Drsquo;Silva

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:D97E129973 2010-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ job performance in senior secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria T. O. Adeyemi Full Length Research Paper This paper investigated principalsrsquo; leadership styles and teachersrsquo; job performance in senior secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. The study population comprised all the 281 secondary schools in the State. Out of this population, a sample of 240 senior secondary schools was taken and selected through the stratified random sampling technique. Out of 7460 teachers (including principals) in the schools, a sample of 2040 teachers was selected through the stratified random sampling technique. This sample was made up of 240 principals and 1800 teachers. Two instruments were used to collect data for the study. These were the principalsrsquo; leadership style questionnaire and the teachersrsquo; job performance questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, correlation matrix and the t-test. It was found that the democratic leadership style was the most commonly used leadership style among principals of senior secondary schools in the State. Teachersrsquo; job performance was also found to be at a moderate level in the schools. Teachersrsquo; job performance was found to be better in schools having principals using autocratic leadership style than in schools having principals using democratic or laissez-faire leadership styles. It was recommended that school principals should imbibe a mixture of autocratic and democratic styles of leadership in their school administration in order to enhance better job performance among teachers. The use of the laissez-faire leadership style should be discouraged among school principals as it could not bring a better job performance among teachers. Key words: Principals, leadership, styles, teachers, job, performance. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/D97E129973 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.019 en Copyright © 2010 T. O. Adeyemi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:9C38273984 2010-09-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Profile of academic and senior non-teaching staff in a Nigerian university O. B. Yusuf, A. S. Adebowale, A. F. Fagbamigbe, E. A. Bamgboye and A. B. O. O Oyediran Full Length Research Paper This study determined whether there has been any significant change in the profile of academic and senior non-teaching staff of the University of Ibadan recruited between 1961 and 2000. A retrospective study of these two categories were examined for their qualifications, dates of first appointment and the year of promotion to the grades of assistant lecturer, lecturer 2, lecturer 1, senior lecturer, professor positions and administrative officer, assistant registrar, senior and principal registrar positions for the non-teaching staff. The time intervals to move from one position to another were calculated and these were used to obtain probabilities of attaining these positions using the Kaplan-Meier survivorship model. The mean interval between year of first appointment and year of becoming senior lecturer increased significantly with increasing cohorts for the assistant lecturers. However, there was no appreciable change in the other categories of staff. The mean interval between year of first appointment and year of becoming senior assistant registrar decreased significantly with increasing cohorts. The study showed that there has been a change in the career progression of both academic and non-teaching staff. This change in the profile of staff could affect the quality and interrelations between the different categories of staff. Key words: Profile, university of Ibadan, staff. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/9C38273984 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.012 en Copyright © 2010 O. B. Yusuf, A. S. Adebowale, A. F. Fagbamigbe, E. A. Bamgboye and A. B. O. O Oyediran

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:4F664B1991 2010-09-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Relevance and benefits of management by objectives to secondary school management in Anambra State: Teachers views Ofojebe Wenceslaus Full Length Research Paper The purpose of the of this study was to investigate the statements of secondary school teachers on the relevance and expected benefits of Management by Objectives (MBO) to secondary school management in Anambra State. Guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses, the descriptive survey design was adopted. A sample of 1159 teachers was selected through stratified random sampling technique from secondary schools in the six education zones in Anambra State. The study utilized a 37- item researcher developed questionnaire structured on a 4-point scale. Mean scores were used to answer research questions, while Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the null hypotheses. The findings of the study indicated that the teachers irrespective of education zones were of the view that all the elements of MBO are relevant and could be beneficial in achieving continuous improvement in school management. Since the teachers considered MBO to be relevant and beneficial to school management, it was recommended among other things that principals across the six education zones in Anambra State should apply MBO for improved management of their schools. Key words: Management by objectives, education, teachers, school management. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/4F664B1991 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.098 en Copyright © 2010 Ofojebe Wenceslaus

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:901130E1015 2010-12-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

A case study of the Fort Smith public schools new teacher induction program Paul M. Hewitt and Monica Wilhelm Full Length Research Paper Each year almost 10% of new teachers will leave the teaching profession. By the end of the fifth year of teaching, 30 to 50% of new teachers will have left teaching. One method of retaining new teachers is through the use of new teacher induction programs. These programs help new teachers integrate and adjust to the rigors of teaching with a strong base of support. This paper is a case study of the Fort Smith public schools new teacher induction program. The Fort Smith new teacher induction program began during the 1997 to 1998 school year. Since that time 763 new teachers have participated in the program with 518 still teaching in the Fort Smith schools for a 68% teacher retention rate. Of the 32% who left the district: 14% took teaching position in another district, 17% cited family or personal issues and 1% took administrative positions within the district. Key words: Public schools, new teacher induction program, teachers, school districts. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/901130E1015 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.025 en Copyright © 2010 Paul M. Hewitt and Monica Wilhelm

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:D228BF31021 2010-12-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2010

Sensitizing the female in university admission in South-south geopolitical zone for assurance of sustainable development in Nigeria Don Omoike Full Length Research Paper There has been a growing belief that the rate of admission of candidates into universities in Nigeria through the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) has been tilted in favour of the males. This apparent anomaly has resulted in the production of fewer female graduates especially in universities in Nigeria. As a result, the needed female manpower is not sufficiently available in almost all production industries that could provide the needed change in the political and economic spheres for a sustainable development in Nigeria. This is the thrust of this paper which examined the admission rates of females from the South-south zone into universities in Nigeria. Data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was found that the rate of female admission into universities from the south-south has been increasing but has remained comparatively low. Strategies were proffered to deliberately favour comparative increase in the rate of admission of females into universities in Nigeria to ensure adequate representation of female graduates in the professions and the production sector. Key words: Gender access, gender equity, university admission, university education, sustainable development. Academic Journals 2010 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/D228BF31021 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.053 en Copyright © 2010 Don Omoike

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:1BB52A81090 2011-01-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Financial reforms and governance and the crisis in research in public universities in Africa: A case of Uganda Muriisa Roberts Kabeba Review Since the 1980s, African countries including Uganda, have been implementing financial reforms with particular emphasis on spending on priority sectors. Higher education sector was not given priority. In this regard, there was a shift from funding higher education to funding primary education in the 1990s, the consequence of which was a decline in public funding for university education. The effect of this policy shift was for universities to look for alternative funding sources. Universities have turned to privatisation and commercialisation of academic programs so as to continue functioning. In spite of the decline in public funding for universities, there is observation that funding from the private sponsorship scheme has increased but there is no corresponding increase in research and publication. Instead universities have glossily lamented over the decline in public funding as affecting their performance in areas of research and publication. There is little regard of the increased private and donor funding which could also contribute to research. In this paper, I argue that the financial governance and reforms rather than declining funding account for the decline in research in public universities in Uganda. The discussion presented will show that there is limited funding allocated to research resulting into low morale for research, and where research is done, there is more emphasis on applied research than basic research. In the last part of the paper I look at how universities can respond to the crisis of research by taking care of financial governance issues. Key words: Accountability, transparency, financial reforms, financial governance. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/1BB52A81090 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.065 en Copyright © 2011 Muriisa Roberts Kabeba

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:41FF2C03100 2011-01-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Investigating equity through allocation of teachers Ramesh Rao Full Length Research Paper Although inequalities in education are relatively well researched, little attention is given to the inequalities in the educational resources used in education. This is clearly a short coming in the course of providing equitable education to all. One of the educational resources frequently used in discussion is teachers. However, not many researchers had evaluated it in terms of availability in a school. In this paper, allocation of trained teachers to schools is measured. Using Malaysian data from 1986 to 2006 and Gini coefficient, a well known measure of distribution, trends and patterns of equity is examined. By estimating the Gini coefficient, the study aims to enhance the understanding of resource inequalities and their drivers. Inequity is looked at two levels of education, that is primary schools and secondary schools. Initial results reveal that primary levelrsquo;s equity is less desirable than secondary schoolrsquo;s. Much of it is due to introduction of ldquo;primary school integrated curriculumrdquo; and upgrading of non-graduate primary school teachers. Key words: Gini coefficient, education, teachers, schools, equity. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/41FF2C03100 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.043 en Copyright © 2011 Ramesh Rao

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:74DEB9A5821 2011-02-28T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Management challenges facing implementation of free primary education in Kenya: A case of Keiyo district Kipkoech Lydia Cheruto and Kyalo Wambua Benjamin, Full Length Research Paper In January 2003, the Kenyan government declared free primary education (FPE) in all public schools in the country as a fulfillment of the education for all (EFA) global commitment and strategy to give children universal primary education. This study examined the management challenges facing implementation of FPE in Kenya, a case of primary schools in Keiyo district. The study design used was descriptive survey method where questionnaires, interview schedule and observation were used to collect data from the head teachers, teachers and education officers from Keiyo district. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the education officers and the head teachers while random sampling technique was used to select the zones, schools and the teachers that participated in the study. A total of 260 respondents participated in the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistic. The study showed that primary school management face challenges in the implementation of the program which include shortage of staff, limited financial management skills, resistance from parents, inadequate physical facilities and delay in disbursement of funds by the government. Head teachers require further training in financial management and other managerial skills; and accounts clerks should be employed in primary schools to assist in book- keeping. Key words: Free primary education, management challenges, implementation. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/74DEB9A5821 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.063 en Copyright © 2011 Kipkoech Lydia Cheruto and Kyalo Wambua Benjamin,

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:CCB6CEC41280 2011-02-28T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Roadblocks to the achievement of universal primary education in Africa Williams P. Akpochafo and J. O. Ireyefoju Review One of the millennium development goals (MDGs) is the achievement of universal primary education (UPE). It is seen as part of the child#39;s rights and also as a force capable of freeing the child from ignorance, disease, poverty and making him a better human being. Africa is lagging behind in the pursuit of UPE and there are odds (roadblocks) working against its achievement. Such problems have been identified to include lack of adequate planning, poor funding, poor state of physical facilities, the incidence of HIV/AIDS and malaria, absence of research activities to support education, medium of instruction, etc. The first four are discussed in this paper. It is argued that except Africa does something to tackle the problems and achieve UPE, it shall remain a passive observer instead of being an active participant in the new world order. Key words: Africa, achievement, millennium development goals (MDGs), universal primary education (UPE). Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/CCB6CEC41280 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.066 en Copyright © 2011 Williams P. Akpochafo and J. O. Ireyefoju

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:49D9DD05862 2011-03-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

The role of education in boosting development: Thinking systemically A. S. Norman Review This paper presents a discussion on the role of education in boosting development in Africa thinking systemically. The paper reveals some challenges that face education systems and educators in various colleges and universities in Africa. Purposely, the paper expounds the role of educators, specifically universities, in providing relevant grades which conform to the ability of the students in attaining the same, and it further proposes areas of consideration (challenges) for ensuring quality education. The paper utilized a philosophical experiential approach and envisages some areas of research that would facilitate preciseness of information regarding education. The first part is the introduction which narrates the meaning of education in ever-changing environment. It also covers education and development as related concepts. The second part provides challenges facing education in Africa -thinking systemically. In addition the second part also provides some steps that are felt important in providing premises to education system and hence achieving the objectives of education. Finally is the conclusion, which asserts that education is a key to development if only it is designed to curb the challenges facing mankind in ever-changing environment. Moreover, educators should realize the difference among trainees (students) and that time pegged to accomplish programs are the key for boosting development. Key words: Education, development, thinking systemically. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/49D9DD05862 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.051 en Copyright © 2011 A. S. Norman

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:C11A07F5887 2011-03-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Teacher and the student practice teaching programme in Nigerian educational system E. D. Nakpodia Review The science of pedagogy involves many specific skills which prospective and serving teachers must understand, practice and habituate. The much talked about fall in the standard of education demands that a more positive attentive attention be given to the teacher education programme in our institutions of learning with a view to improving the professional preparation of teachers in the 21st century. It has, therefore, become imperative that educationists should evaluate and appraise various aspects of ldquo;teacher education programmerdquo; and suggest ways that will better teachers performance and bring about qualitative education. This paper appraises the student practice teaching as an important component of the ldquo;teacher education programmerdquo; and posits that if teacher education must meet the challenges of the 21st century, certain changes must be effected in the area of the duration of the pre-service training generally; the student practice teaching in particular and the method of supervision/evolution. Key words: Teacher, student, practice teaching, Nigeria. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/C11A07F5887 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.005 en Copyright © 2011 E. D. Nakpodia

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:730BF5B5926 2011-04-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

The crisis of student misbehavior in Zimbabwean public schools: Teachers’ perceptions on impact of macro socioeconomic challenges Manguvo Angellar, Whitney Stephen D. and Chareka Ottilia Full Length Research Paper Zimbabwe experienced unprecedented socioeconomic challenges between 2000 and 2008. In this same period, public schools recorded an increase in cases of student misbehavior. Drawing on Bronfenbrenner#39;s (1979) ecological theory of human development, we investigated teachers#39; perceptions of the influence of socioeconomic factors on student misbehavior. Our findings show that most teachers perceived the prevailing macro socioeconomic environment as having a significant impact on student misbehavior. Teachers also perceived socioeconomic factors as negatively affecting their capacity to deal with student misbehavior. We concluded, from this case study, that socioeconomic factors should be taken into consideration when formulating strategies to deal with student misbehavior. Key words: Student misbehavior, indiscipline, socioeconomic challenges. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/730BF5B5926 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000008 en Copyright © 2011 Manguvo Angellar, Whitney Stephen D. and Chareka Ottilia

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:11FDB3D5939 2011-04-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Emotional intelligence and faculties' academic performance: The social competencies approach Mahmood Nooraei and Iraj Saie Arasi Full Length Research Paper In the last decades of 20th century and at the beginning of 3rd millennium, different researches suggested that, IQ is not the only factor of managers ldquo;success and performance improvement, but also there is another factor called emotional intelligence that results in outstanding performance at work. Emotional intelligence (EI), at the most general level, refers to the capability to recognize and regulate emotions in ourselves and in others. The aims of this study are to determine possible relationship between facultyrsquo;s social competencies and their academic performance, and also to identify the role of the universities quality working life as a mediating variable. The research sample involves 896 respondents that were selected by a stratified random sampling. This study is a field study of real organizations rather than an artificial setting. The results of regression analysis indicate that the social competencies elements are significantly associated with the level of faculties#39; academic performance. The results of hierarchical regression analysis indicate that the extent of universities #39;quality working life is able to significantly change the total variations in the academic performance explained by social competencies elements. Key words: Emotional intelligence, social-awareness, relationship management, academic performance, quality working life. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/11FDB3D5939 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000005 en Copyright © 2011 Mahmood Nooraei and Iraj Saie Arasi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:43CA9AF5976 2011-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Criminal intent and educational aspiration of disadvantaged school-age hawkers in two selected North central cities of Nigeria Samuel Ayorinde Agbonna, Alice Arinlade Jekayinfa, AbdulRaheem Yusuf and Mustapha Jarimi Full Length Research Paper One of the international agenda is to utilize all available human and non-human resources towards enhancing youthrsquo;s educational and moral development. However, evidences abound that a good number of Nigerian youths are drawn by negative socio-economic experiences to a life of full time or part time hawking. The consequences of this life-style on the educational aspiration and moral development of the youths were studied in this research. The research comparatively surveyed the levels of criminal intent and educational aspiration of school-age hawkers and non-hawkers in North-Central Cities of Nigeria. Thus, it employed purposive sampling technique to draw a sample of 246 school age hawkers from Lokoja and Ilorin in Northern Nigeria. Data were obtained using two researcher-made questionnaires; Criminal Intent Questionnaire (CIQ) and Educational Aspiration Questionnaire (EAQ). To answer the raised research questions, data were analyzed using frequency count and percentages while t-test statistic was used to test the postulated hypotheses. Findings showed that school-age hawkers have higher criminal intent (73.98%) and low educational aspiration than school-age non-hawkers (14.63%). It was also found that the criminal intent and educational aspiration of the two categories of sampled respondents varied on the basis of gender. While criminal intent was higher on the side of male hawkers, educational aspiration was higher on the side of female non-hawkers. Based on these, it was concluded that on the basis of gender, hawking can develop criminal intent and discourage educational aspiration in school-age children. Thus, it was recommended that parents and Nigeria government should intensify efforts at reducing hawking among school-age children, if the country wants to avert raising youth with criminal orientation and if it wants to be among nations around the world to achieve the goals of Education for All (EFA) come 2015. Key words: Intent, aspiration, school-age, level, criminal, high, low. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/43CA9AF5976 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000004 en Copyright © 2011 Samuel Ayorinde Agbonna, Alice Arinlade Jekayinfa, AbdulRaheem Yusuf and Mustapha Jarimi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:A525B335991 2011-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Career development among young people in Britain today: Poverty of aspiration or poverty of opportunity? Ken Roberts and Graeme Atherton Full Length Research Paper This paper compares two explanations of the persistent relationship in the UK between young peoplersquo;s social class backgrounds and their rates of participation in higher education: poverty of aspiration and rational action. It is argued that, rather than widening opportunities, successive reforms in education and training have created a series of blind alleys for the (mostly working class) young people who are not high achievers, and that these experiences are the most likely reason for the subsequent strengthening of the weak relationship that exists at age 11/12 between, on one hand, social class backgrounds, then, on the other, pupilsrsquo; educational and vocational aims. The paper then proceeds to argue that at age 16 to 18 high achievers from working class homes are likely to face equally attractive opportunities to the kinds of higher education that they might otherwise enter. Key words: Education, labour markets, occupational choice, poverty of aspiration, rational action, youth. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/A525B335991 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000003 en Copyright © 2011 Ken Roberts and Graeme Atherton

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:2A101F86011 2011-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Attrition rates in primary schools in Delta State of Nigeria Duze C. O. Full Length Research Paper This study investigated attrition rates in selected primary schools in Delta State, Nigeria, involving 5,545 pupils comprising 3,014 boys and 2,531 girls using the 2003 cohort. A checklist collected data on the flow of pupils from all available school records from the start of cohort to graduation. Percentage and mean were used for data analysis. Average attrition rate found was 19.24%, highest was 36.60% for a public/rural/small school, lowest was 7.24% for a private/urban/large school, 15.60% for boys and 23.59% for girls. Generally, attrition rates were higher in girls than in boys, and in public than private, rural than urban, and small than large schools. These rates were all lower than the fifty percent and above found in earlier studies in Nigeria, indicating improvement in school attendance, reduction in wastages, and improvement in girl-child education. Although these rates did not meet the UNESCOrsquo;s one percent minimum, they did not exceed its fifty percent maximum, and were not as alarming as older studies indicated. The index of wastage provided by these rates would help government in strategizing and projecting targets for achieving the EFA and MDG goals by 2015. There is however room for greater improvement if public primary schools were better equipped and greater campaign pursued for formal girl-child education. Key words: Primary school, attrition rates, Delta State, Nigeria. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/2A101F86011 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.006 en Copyright © 2011 Duze C. O.

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:5AF3F226029 2011-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Teachers participation in decision making process in secondary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria E. O. Olorunsola and Abiodun Oyebaji Olayemi Full Length Research Paper This study examined teachers#39; involvement in decision making process in secondary schools in Ekiti state, and also investigated whether teachers#39; involvement in decision making process is related to their personal characteristics. An instrument titled teachers decision making questionnaire (TDMQ) was used to collect the data. The instrument was administered in five local government areas of the state out of the sixteen local government areas in the state. The schools were randomly selected through multistage technique. The descriptive analysis of the data was done using frequencies, percentage; t-test ANOVA, Scheffe post hoc were used for data analysis. It was found that secondary school teachers in Ekiti State are significantly involved in decision making processes. Some recommendations were given among which is the inclusion of continuous seminars, talk and workshops for school principals on management of human resources in schools for effective and quality management of the schools. Key words: Decision making, analysis, secondary schools, Ekiti State. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/5AF3F226029 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.028 en Copyright © 2011 E. O. Olorunsola and Abiodun Oyebaji Olayemi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:1AFF40E6039 2011-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Graduate students’ perceptions on business ethics and capitalism: A study in Malaysian universities K. Khalizani, S. A. Syed Omar and K. Khalisanni Full Length Research Paper The landmark cases of Enron and WorldCom have been seen as a wake up call for businesses in Malaysia to augment their ethical practices and roots of good governance in todayrsquo;s dynamic business environment. Business ethics has been perceived to be influenced by gender, age, academic exposure, ethnicity, culture and other demographic factors. This study examines the relationship between the perception on gender, age and academic exposure with business ethics and capitalism among graduate students in Malaysian universities. Although previous studies indicated that there is a significant relationship between gender, age and business exposure, however, the present study reveals that there is no significant relationship between these independent variables and business ethics respectively. The result also shows that business ethics is negatively related to capitalism. This finding indicates that current issues related to unethical practices impinge on studentsrsquo; perception of business ethics and capitalism. Key words: Graduate students, ethics, capitalism, education, business. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/1AFF40E6039 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.037 en Copyright © 2011 K. Khalizani, S. A. Syed Omar and K. Khalisanni

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:6D37DC46058 2011-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

The effects of educational attainment on employment outcomes in Kenya Anthony Wambugu Full Length Research Paper Employment outcomes in developing countries are likely to have significant distributional implications. This paper investigates the extent to which education influences the structure of employment and earnings in rural and urban Kenya for men and women, using data from a nationally representative household survey. Kenya is an interesting case to take given persistent policy focus on rapid expansion of education since independence in 1963. We estimate multinomial logit models with a broader range of employment types, and earnings functions with correction for sample-selectivity bias. It is observed that men and women access to informal and agricultural employment requires relatively low levels of education. In contrast, higher levels of education are the avenue to formal employment and higher annual earnings. Existing education policies seem to mainly focus on improving access to primary education. However, for individuals to access employment opportunities with higher earnings requires more than primary education. Key words: Earnings, employment, selection models, Kenya. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/6D37DC46058 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000009 en Copyright © 2011 Anthony Wambugu

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:D55DD2239941 2011-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Upgrading the standard of higher education in developing countries through international cooperation Pervez Zamurrad Janjua Full Length Research Paper Education, being a formal means of acquiring knowledge, is a universal heritage of mankind. It is a basic factor for the accumulation of human capital and societal development. Institutions of higher learning not only reflect, but also create and augment the stock of knowledge through research and innovation. Higher education in developing countries is facing diverse structural problems to pace with developed countries. This study is carried out to identify the nature of these problems and to assess the possibilities to overcome these problems through the process of reformation and international cooperation. Key words: Education, developing countries, knowledge. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/D55DD2239941 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000010 en Copyright © 2011 Pervez Zamurrad Janjua

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:046652039943 2011-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

An empirical analysis that forecast a high likelihood of emergency loan need between ages 27-41 among graduate students for policy decisions Efosa C. Idemudia and Ralph Ferguson Full Length Research Paper The increase in graduate schoolsrsquo; enrollments due to the global recession poses a complex challenge for graduate school deans and policy decisions. The data indicate that between the ages 27 to 41 emergency loan need is high among graduate students. As more non-traditional students seek admission into graduate school, there may be a prescribed role for the emergency loan in order to reduce the level of borrowing necessary among traditional as well as non-traditional graduate students for effective policy decision making. Analysis of emergency loan recipients provides insight for future researchers to investigate other critical factors that influence emergency loan need not addressed in this assessment. In any case, however, emergency loans will clearly improve policy decisions relating to retention and completion rates among graduate students in a post recession world. Key words: Emergency loan, graduate students, graduate schools. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/046652039943 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000002 en Copyright © 2011 Efosa C. Idemudia and Ralph Ferguson

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:203D20639969 2011-08-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Adults helping adults: Teacher-initiated supervisory option for professional development Wasonga C. O, Wanzare Z, and Rari B. O. Review This paper discusses peer supervision among teachers. It considers the foci, practices, problem and potential importance of peer supervision in facilitating professional growth teachers. Peer supervision or peer coaching is a vital part for professional development that enables teachers to make changes in their instructional practices and procedures for the purposes of improving student performance. According to James et al. (1992), ldquo;peer supervision breathes life into a school system. It makes professionals. It is exciting. It worksrdquo;. Other terms that have been used to refer to peer supervision include collegial supervision (Daresh and Playko, 1995); and co-operative professional development (Harris and Ovando, 1992). The term supervision, as used in this paper, refers to ldquo;a process by which teachers work together for the purpose of mutual professional developmentrdquo; (Heller, 1989). Key words: Adults, helping, teacher, initiated, peer supervision, professional development. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/203D20639969 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000001 en Copyright © 2011 Wasonga C. O, Wanzare Z, and Rari B. O.

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:0426CCB39971 2011-08-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

At the roots of the pedagogy of Finnish teacher training: Practicum as a core of teacher training in Teacher College of Tornio in the 1920s Kaarina Mauml;auml;ttauml; and Merja Paksuniemi Full Length Research Paper Good teacher training guarantees the functioning of good schools. Finnish schooling is world-widely known for its international success, which lead us to ask, what kind of roots does the teacher training pedagogy has and how it was brought out in teaching practicum. The purpose of this research is to clarify what kind of pedagogical currents influenced teacher training and especially teaching practicum at the teacher training college of Tornio in northern Finland in 1920s. The research data is based on archive sources, especially the text books of didactics used between 1921 and 1930. The results show, how Herbart-Zillerism was adopted as the model for teacher training philosophy. The moral-religious rearing and tradition, where teacherrsquo;s role is to guarantee discipline, order, and security has reflections in todayrsquo;s school as well. Key words: Teacher training, Herbart-Zillerism, Finland, Teacher Training College of Tornio, teaching practicum. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/0426CCB39971 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.031 en Copyright © 2011 Kaarina Mauml;auml;ttauml; and Merja Paksuniemi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:7D187E839973 2011-08-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

School empowerment discourse and the politics of the Federation of Secondary School Teachers in Greece Amalia A. Ifanti Full Length Research Paper This paper explores the position of the Federation of Secondary School Teachers in Greece about school empowerment in the period 1975-2009, in an attempt to examine its politics on specific issues related to teachersrsquo; training, school administration and management and parental involvement in the school work. The research material was collected from fifty one (51) issues of the official Bulletin of the Union published in the period under consideration. A qualitative content analysis was then carried out on the basis of three categories concerned with the aforementioned issues about school empowerment; each category was classified into three chronological periods. Research data revealed that, over the last three decades, the Federation highlighted the professional development of teachers through their lifelong training, their active participation in the school administration system and their cooperation with parents at school as important aspects of school empowerment. Despite these advocacies, the Federation is still expected to formulate specific suggestions for the achievement of this goal. Key words: Empowerment, politics, secondary school teachers, Federation, Greece. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/7D187E839973 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.048 en Copyright © 2011 Amalia A. Ifanti

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:8F236A240448 2011-09-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Teacher-status and commitment to duty: leadership implication for Nigerian education A.C Njoku Review Over the years, the status ascribed to the teacher is tenaciously associated with the nature of the teaching profession which can be said to have been warbling when compared with the earlier and more settled professions such as medicine, law and engineering. The picture of the status of the teacher can be figured out from the following questions: How do people feel generally when the term teaching is mentioned and how do they feel when the three other professions namely medicine, law and engineering are mentioned? To what extent would parents wish their children become teachers and to what extent would they wish them study other professions? To what extent are teachers accorded recognition in the midst of member s of the other professions. However, prospects of the teaching profession lie ahead with the graduation of the profession from a voluntary work to that of a pensionable one. The Nigerian Teachers Registration Council (NTRC) is on the match towards professionalization and the Teachersrsquo; Salary Structure (TSS) has been proposed and is receiving government attention. It is recommended that teachers should be more involved in curriculum programmes, and entry into the profession should be controlled. Key words: Teacher, status, curriculum, education. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/8F236A240448 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.048 en Copyright © 2011 A.C Njoku

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:B31C6E640454 2011-09-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Professional preparation for school leaders in developing context: The case of Solomon Islands Govinda Ishwar Lingam Full Length Research Paper The aim of the present study was to explore the perceptions of the Solomon Island school leaders on the value of the leadership training and development programme which they completed. A qualitative research design was employed for the study. Interviews were conducted with the participants who attended the leadership training and development programme to gather data needed for the study. Analysis of the data showed that prior to the leadership training and development programme the school leaders faced a lot of challenges in leading their schools because they possessed limited knowledge and skills on leadership. On the other hand, the analysis of the data showed that the leadership training and development programme has contributed positively in meeting the myriad demands of work expected of them. The findings of the study have implications to the performances, in turn, productivity of those school leaders who have not gone through the leadership training and development programme. Added to that the findings have implications for the much needed support for school leaders especially the need to mount leadership training and development programmes for them to improve their knowledge, skills, attitude, beliefs and values in order to enhance schoolrsquo;s overall performance. Key words: Leadership training, school leaders, school improvement, Solomon Islands. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/B31C6E640454 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000007 en Copyright © 2011 Govinda Ishwar Lingam

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:D4FBB9040461 2011-09-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Relation between organizational image and organizational trust in educational organizations Soner Polat and Tuba Hezer Short Communication The aim of the research is to determine the relation between organizational image and organizational trust in public primary schools depending on views of teachers, students and parents. The universe of this relational screening model descriptive research consists of teachers, students and parents in Izmit District of Kocaeli. The participants consist of 232 teachers and 247 8th class students and their parents in 8 different schools, which were selected randomly. The data of the research was collected by organizational image scale and organizational trust scale. The research has revealed that organisational image and its sub-dimensions are associated with organisational trust. It has been found out that organizational image and its sub dimensions quality image and relational image significantly explains organizational trust. Key words: Primary education, organizational image, organizational trust. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/D4FBB9040461 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.023 en Copyright © 2011 Soner Polat and Tuba Hezer

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:71AE50640477 2011-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Towards an informed choice in the world market: Higher education in the Sub-Saharan Africa area Mercy Mpinganjira Full Length Research Paper International trade in education services has become a multi-billion dollar industry. Trade liberalisation talks aimed at encouraging even more trade in the sector through removal of trade barriers are slowly gaining momentum under the watchful eye of the World Trade Organisation. This paper looks at policy implications of growth in international trade in education for developing nations with more focus on the Sub-Saharan Africa region. In order to do this, the paper first analyses supply and demand conditions of higher education services in different regions of the world. The results of the analysis show that Sub-Saharan Africa is lagging behind most other regions in the provision of higher education services. Growth in international trade has thus the potential benefit of helping improve on student access to higher education. There is however also potential problems associated with opening up of the higher education market to international traders and these have been highlighted in the paper. Key words: Higher education, international trade; developing countries, Sub Saharan Africa. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/71AE50640477 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.060 en Copyright © 2011 Mercy Mpinganjira

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:71DC87040519 2011-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Indicators of subjective and psychological wellbeing as correlates of teacher burnout in the Eastern Cape public schools, South Africa Malik L. Mansoor Vazisup;, Robert A. C. Ruiter, Bart Van den Borne, Kitty Dumont, Glynnis M. Martin and Priscilla Reddy Full Length Research Paper This study aims to assess subjective and psychological wellbeing correlates of teacher burnout. To achieve this, a cross-sectional randomised survey that targeted teachers in public schools in the Eastern Cape, South Africa was used. The main outcome variable was teacher burnout as indexed in measures of depersonalisation and emotional exhaustion. Correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to identify significant predictors of teacher depersonalisation and emotional exhaustion. Results reveal measures of subjective and psychological wellbeing added significantly to the explained variance in teachersrsquo; feelings of depersonalisation and emotional exhaustion. The current study suggests that indicators of subjective and psychological wellbeing can be evaluated for inclusion in burnout prevention interventions in teachers. Key words: Teacher stress and burnout, psychological wellbeing, subjective wellbeing, wellness, work and health. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/71DC87040519 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS.9000006 en Copyright © 2011 Malik L. Mansoor Vazisup;, Robert A. C. Ruiter, Bart Van den Borne, Kitty Dumont, Glynnis M. Martin and Priscilla Reddy

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:39A71DE40534 2011-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Conceptualizing the postgraduate research (service) experience Krishna K. Govender Review Since service employees are one of the key elements in the operation of successful service organizations, this article is an attempt to improve the postgraduate studentsrsquo; service experience through an improved understanding of the role of the postgraduate research supervisor (service employee) as it is influenced by or impacted upon by the postgraduate research (organizational) climate and, the process of organizational socialization. By drawing on and distilling the organizational behavior and services marketing literature, more specifically literature pertaining to organizational socialization, organizational culture and climate, role, and service experience and service quality, relationships are explored among the aforementioned variables in the context of the postgraduate research service encounter since these are postulated to impact on the post graduate studentsrsquo; service experience. Theoretical support is provided for a proposed relationship among the following: organizational socialization, role perception and organizational climate as it pertains to the postgraduate research supervisor and this is theorized to mediate the postgraduate studentsrsquo; service experience. If the conceptual model can be validated thorough empirical studies, then higher education institutions could use it to improve the postgraduate studentsrsquo; research experience and by implication increase the number of postgraduate students and throughput. Key words: Organizational climate, postgraduate service quality, organizational socialization, role clarity and ambiguity. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/39A71DE40534 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.050 en Copyright © 2011 Krishna K. Govender

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:275CF9E40547 2011-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Expression of classroom management principles by secondary schools’ teachers Jolly D. Kukuru Full Length Research Paper Expression of classroom management principles by secondary schoolsrsquo; teachers is the submission in this article. Six (6) secondary schools were randomly selected from western section of Owo, in Ondo State of Nigeria. Twelve (12) teachers selected using non- probability quota sampling technique, from the population, participated under observation in classrooms. Subjects that the teachers taught in Junior Secondary School (JSS) were Social Studies and English Language while Economics/Accounts/Commerce as a group and Geography/Government as another group, were taught in Senior Secondary School (SSS). A Summary of classroom management principles (SCMP) was used to record observation of each teacher. Also used was a form to obtain demographic data of each teacher after observation and a tape recorder which was put on from beginning to the end of a class. Analysis of data collected showed that only two and a half out of seven principles which centered on physical arrangement were adequately expressed; one teacher only demonstrated with-it-ness once, another teacher expressed pacing skill, while 11/12 of the teachers exhibited self- presentation; three teachers out of the twelve passed classroom management principles which directly hinged on teacher-learnersrsquo; inter-actions. Curriculum specialists especially those that are focused on effective teaching, have much work to do with respect to students as well as serving teachers to improve this situation so that effective teaching may be realizable. Key words: Classroom management, classroom organization, classroom discipline, classroom control, effective teaching. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/275CF9E40547 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.041 en Copyright © 2011 Jolly D. Kukuru

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:DE23C5040558 2011-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Developing distance learning method for health practitioner in Jakarta and its surroundings, Indonesia Rr.Tutik Sri Hariyati, Elly Nurachmah and Sigit Mulyono Full Length Research Paper Indonesia is a developing country which needs to increase its health practitionerrsquo;s knowledge and skill. This study aimed to identify the readiness of infrastructure and human resources in implementing a learning method based on information technology, specifically distance learning model. Distance learning model was chosen since its flexibility and ability to increase active learning and the exposure toward information technology. The research operation was carried out in two years, started with identifying the problem, searching for problem solution, and evaluating the implementation. The sample was taken with purposive sampling with Questionnaire tools and web visitorrsquo;s tool. The result was analyzed using descriptive analysis; beside that, it was also analyzed by the number of web visitor and active level on the webrsquo;s analysis. Infrastructure assessmentrsquo;s result showed that 98.7% health services had used computer, however is only 50.9% of it provide internet access. The number of web visitors after distance learning training were 1, 215 people, or 40 people a day. The result of this research has not shown an optimal result. However, as a developing country like Indonesia which still need improvement in its infrastructure and the exposure toward the information technology for health practitioners, this situation proved that distance learning model has a good chance to develop. Key words: Active learning, distance learning, informatics technology, internet, public health practitioner. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/DE23C5040558 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.049 en Copyright © 2011 Rr.Tutik Sri Hariyati, Elly Nurachmah and Sigit Mulyono

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:9339C5D40569 2011-12-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Stretch of knowledge on classroom management principles of teachers in secondary schools Jolly D. Kukuru Full Length Research Paper The content of this paper is on stretch of knowledge on classroom management principles of teachers in secondary schools. Twelve secondary schools were randomly selected in Owo, Ondo State of Nigeria. Seventy five teachers selected using non-probability quota sampling technique participated from the identified population. A questionnaire, having structured and free responses sections on knowledge of classroom management principles was administered to the teachers. The pass levels at (40, 60 and 70%) of the teachers on the free responses section of the questionnaire were analyzed by comparing them to the failure levels using Chi-Square (c2) statistics. The findings were then compared to the performances of the teachers on the structured section of the questionnaire. The conclusive analysis showed that stretch of knowledge on classroom management principles of teachers in the secondary schools was inadequate. The teachers required better training and improved self-esteem to be able to manage classroom sufficiently and realize effective teaching so that learners may learn profitably to develop society. Key words: Classroom management/organization/discipline/control, effective teaching, curriculum methodology, curriculum and instruction. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/9339C5D40569 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.052 en Copyright © 2011 Jolly D. Kukuru

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:2800EE740576 2011-12-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

Selected factors in predisposition to HIV and AIDS: Implications for educational policy and practice Wapula Nelly Raditloaneng Full Length Research Paper The purpose of this paper is to illuminate a gendered view of the importance of biological age and gender inequality in predisposition to the Human Immune Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and implications for requisite educational policies and best practice. Cognizant of the increasing age-based and gender inequality as factors in vulnerability women and girls face in Botswana. This paper is based on a critical review of deliberations and expressed opinions of workshop participants of a qualitative methodological workshop in a series of four sensitization workshops conducted in four areas in Botswana, namely the capital city of Gaborone, Lobatse town and two villages of Tsabong and Serowe between November 2007 and February 2008. Using Botswana as a point of contact, and informed by a combined epistemological base of age and gender inequality, and the PEN 3 model as analytical tools, and the author argues that age and gender inequality are some of the global factors that predispose women, and to a lessor extent, men, to the adverse prevalence, incidence and effects of HIV and AIDS. A conclusion drawn from the workshop series is that educators and policy makers need to periodically revisit administration practices and policies and ensure that they promote best practice in the global multi-sectoral responses to HIV and AIDS. Context specific formal and non-formal educational administration, formulation and enforcement of policies that promote best practice are very important in the global management of HIV and AIDS. Key words: Selected factors, predisposition to HIV/AIDS in Botswana. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/2800EE740576 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.079 en Copyright © 2011 Wapula Nelly Raditloaneng

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:158C4FC40580 2011-12-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2011

The effect of the technology supported science education on achievement and attitudes of students Esra Benli and Ilbilge Douml;kme Short Communication The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the technology supported science education on the academic achievement and attitudes toward science of students. It was an experimental study with pre-test and post-test control group. The participants for this study consisted of 44 (Experimental, n=25 and Control, n=19) middle 6th grade students in Turkey. The data of the research was collected by the science academic achievement test (SAAT) and the attitude toward science test (ATST). The data was analyzed by statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) program. ldquo;Technology Supported Learning Methodrdquo; was applied to the experimental group and ldquo;Traditional Teaching Methodrdquo; was used for control group. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental and control group. SAAT and ATST levels of average in experimental and control groups provided better results for the experimental group. As a result of applying both methods, not only experimental groups of students but also the ones in control group could learn the science knowledge.However technology supported learning had a positive impact on studentsrsquo; attitudes toward science and increased science academic achievement. Key words: Technology supported science education, academic achievement, attitudes toward science. Academic Journals 2011 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/158C4FC40580 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.042 en Copyright © 2011 Esra Benli and Ilbilge Douml;kme

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:4083C4940592 2012-01-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

The free education policy in Kenya: A critique Kaberia E. Limukii and Ndiku J. Mualuko Review Educational reforms are crucial in a country if the reforms benefit the intended target group. One of the educational reforms in Kenya was the introduction of Free Primary Education. This was informed by the need to improve access and equity in provision of education. Informed by the need to eradicate ignorance, poverty and disease, the independent Kenya government took to finance education soon after independence with Free Primary Education being fully realized in 1978. Later following the introduction of structural adjustment programme in 1990s and the World Bank recommendations, cost sharing in education was instituted. This saw a big number of children drop out of school due to poverty and other pressures from the education managers who were charging school levies. The national rainbow coalition government which came to power in 2003 instituted Free Primary Education to actualize one of the campaign pledges. This article critically discusses the Free Primary Education policy in Kenya articulating the benefits and the challenges thereof within the policy formulation framework. Suggestions are made on the best way to develop and implement policies to tackle challenges which emanate from implementing policies in haste. Key words: Policy, primary education. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/4083C4940592 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.031 en Copyright © 2012 Kaberia E. Limukii and Ndiku J. Mualuko

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:744F2A340601 2012-01-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

An overview of online education in India Mohammad Ibrar Full Length Research Paper For over the past years, online education has been quite an option for several learners who have a hard time in going to school campuses due to several reasons such as financial resources or having a hectic schedule. There are several individuals who prefer to continue their higher educational learning through online system. Since, online education offers flexibility of time which allows the learners to be flexible with their schedules and can still manage to perform several obligations in life such as having a full time work. Having an online degree will also add weight to resume of job seekers. Online educational system is a great support for individuals who have some disabilities in their body which hinders them upon going to a school or college campus. Since, online system is very much accessible to use upon, it only requires the presence of internet connection and computer in order to access the career education courses that are being offered by the different virtual schools in the net. Key words: Online education, career, online system, internet. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/744F2A340601 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.038 en Copyright © 2012 Mohammad Ibrar

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:373DF7B40605 2012-01-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Rationale for students’ participation in university governance and organizational effectiveness in Ekiti and Ondo States, Nigeria Akomolafe C. O. and Ibijola E.Y. Full Length Research Paper The study investigated the rationale for studentsrsquo; participation in university governance and organizational effectiveness. A descriptive research of survey design was adopted. The population consisted of all staff and students of Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State and Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State. 700 subjects were selected through stratified and simple random sampling techniques. A validated questionnaire titled ldquo;Questionnaire on the Rationale for Studentsrsquo; Participation in University Governance and Organizational Effectiveness (RSPUG) with a reliability coefficient of 0.93 was administered on the subjects. The data collected were analyzed descriptively. Simple percentage was employed to answer the research question, while the research hypothesis was tested using Pearson product moment correlation technique. Rationale for studentsrsquo; participation in university governance was identified. A significant relationship was established between organizational effectiveness and the rationale for studentsrsquo; participation in university governance. The study recommended studentsrsquo; representation on all university statutory committees, senate and council committees inclusive. Key words: Studentsrsquo; participation, university governance, organizational effectiveness, rationale for participation, student union government, relationship. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/373DF7B40605 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.047 en Copyright © 2012 Akomolafe C. O. and Ibijola E.Y.

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:35FB7D740613 2012-01-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Trainers attitudes towards the teaching of AIDS education in a Kenyan teachers’ college Nzau K. A., Ondimu K. A. and Gikuhi C. W. Full Length Research Paper The purpose of this study was to examine the teaching of AIDS education. The study was mainly concerned with the implementation of the AIDS education curriculum. In particular the study sought to investigate the attitudes held by trainers and trainees towards the subject and make suggestions to improve its teaching. The study was conducted in a public primary teacher training college in Kenya. Three hundred and sixty five respondents participated in the study. They included; the principal, 30 lecturers and 334 second year students. The data was collected through questionnaire. The study established that the concepts of integration and infusion in the teaching of AIDS education were not clearly understood; lecturers lacked adequate training in the subject. The respondentsrsquo; attitudes towards teaching of AIDS education were found to be positive. Thus they wished the subject be taught to trainers and trainees. It was also found that there was need for improved support to the teaching of AIDS education by the government and the college management. From the findings and conclusions it was recommended that the college develops a HIV and AIDS policy, trainers get more training on teaching AIDS education and more resources be availed to support teaching of AIDS education. Lastly, it was recommended that more management support by the Ministry of Education and the Kenya Institute of Education be accorded to trainers and trainees in the implementation of AIDS education syllabus. Key words: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) education, AIDS education syllabus developed by the Kenya institute of education (KIE), trainers -lecturers/tutors in the college, trainees - student teachers, training - acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes and values required to the teaching of AIDS education. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/35FB7D740613 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.079 en Copyright © 2012 Nzau K. A., Ondimu K. A. and Gikuhi C. W.

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:6714C0240620 2012-01-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

University lecturers’ and students’ views on mass education: A case study of Great Zimbabwe University Felix Mapako, Rugare Mareva, Jairos Gonye and Daniel Gamira Full Length Research Paper The study focused on university lecturersrsquo; and studentsrsquo; views on mass education at university level. The inquiry employed both a qualitative and quantitative research design in which twenty lecturers were purposively sampled and interviewed using semi-structured interview guides. A semi-structured questionnaire was also administered to fifty students. The investigation found that while some students and lecturers view mass education as a noble venture which augurs well for the countryrsquo;s socio-economic development, others view it as a negative venture which, among other demerits, lowers educational standards and is unsustainable due to failure to match such expansion with the requisite learning resources and space. The paper recommends that, in light of the fact that mass education per se is not a bad idea because it opens up opportunities for higher education to a large population, the Government should prioritise infrastructural development and resource provision at universities, so that quality is not compromised by quantity. Key words: Mass education, education for all (EFA), infrastructural development, sustainability. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/6714C0240620 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.083 en Copyright © 2012 Felix Mapako, Rugare Mareva, Jairos Gonye and Daniel Gamira

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:A36C62740628 2012-02-28T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Educational policies/programmes’ effect on attrition rates in primary schools in Nigeria Chinelo O. Duze Review This paper examined attrition in primary schools in Nigeria with specific reference and focus on some policies and programmes of Nigeriarsquo;s educational system with a view to highlighting its possible effect on the attainment of the Education for All (EFA) goals by 2015. It reviewed equal educational opportunity in relation to school environments that may be responsible for high pupil attrition or dropout, reasons for dropout, as well as the erstwhile Universal Primary Education (UPE) and how the sad experiences at implementation may recur in the current Universal Basic Education (UBE) without proper estimates of wastage indices like attrition rates among various cohorts. A major recommendation was that a data bank which captures the continuous flow of children from start to graduation be created for easy analyses of dropout or attrition rates in primary schools at any point in time. These estimates would be useful tools for educators in more effective and efficient management of the school system at this all important foundation level. Key words: Educational policies/programmes, Nigeria, attrition, primary schools. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/A36C62740628 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.040 en Copyright © 2012 Chinelo O. Duze

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:BEB064D40674 2012-02-28T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Composite classes: The Murezi school experience Tsitsi Nyoni and Mika Nyoni Full Length Research Paper The research looks at the phenomenon of composite classes as experienced by the Murezi community. To gather the required data and to have an in-depth understanding of the Murezi school experience, the case study was employed and the questionnaire, interview and on-site observations were employed as data gathering instruments. The three were used in order to complement each other to achieve triangulation. The study notes that there are constraints in the implementation of such classes which are almost always in underprivileged environments. Teachers in such schools are overwhelmed with work and often #39;short-circuit#39; their teaching to achieve pleasing academic paper results. The extramural activities which help in achieving a holistic school product are largely sacrificed because of want of time and resources, be they material or human. The researchers feel that the schools affected need to get first priority in computerization and other programs aimed at making teaching and learning pleasurable not laborious. Key words: Composite classes, resources, educational attainment. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/BEB064D40674 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.036 en Copyright © 2012 Tsitsi Nyoni and Mika Nyoni

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:48F589140670 2012-02-28T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Minimizing teacher transfer requests: A study of Suba district secondary schools, Kenya Collins Oliver Ariko and Lucas O. A. Othuon Full Length Research Paper Teacher transfer requests interfere with the stability and continuity of teaching thereby causing low student performance. The purpose of the study was to investigate how teacher transfer requests can be minimized. The study employed a descriptive survey design. The population of the study included 16 head teachers, 126 teachers and the provincial staffing officer. The sample had 13 head teachers, 98 teachers and the provincial staffing officer after 30% of the stratified population were involved in the pilot. The 3 strata were rural location, urban location and the school located within the Islands, which had diverse working conditions. However, 29 (30%) of the teachers were randomly sampled for interviews. The data were collected using questionnaires as well as interview schedules. The study revealed that teacher transfer requests could be reduced if transport and communication to schools was improved; electricity and houses were made available to teachers; teachers employed from the locality and posted next to their families, class sizes were reduced, teacher induction and mentoring programs encouraged, retention bonuses instituted and teachers involved in decision making at school level. The study recommended that the government should provide electricity and improve accessibility in Suba district by improving roads; school boards should facilitate the availability of housing facilities to teachers. More teachers should be employed through decentralized system to reduce student teacher ratio. The head teachers and school managements should adopt induction programs to support new teachers and provide retention bonuses for teachers to make them want to stay longer. Key words: Teacher transfer, mobility, retention. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/48F589140670 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.045 en Copyright © 2012 Collins Oliver Ariko and Lucas O. A. Othuon

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:C2502E940635 2012-02-28T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

The Nigerian state and global economic crises: Socio-political implications and policy challenges Olaopa O. R. Ogundari I. O., Akindele S. T. and Hassan O. M. Review This article discusses how economic reforms, as a reaction to the effects of the global financial crises, have intensified popular unrests and redefined the composition, interests, and socio-economic and political attitudes of Nigeriarsquo;s increasingly complex social strata. We relied basically on secondary data to analyze some of the fundamental domestic and international issues facing the country in the course of implementing reforms and their accompanying social, economic and political problems. It was discovered that the past and present economic reform policies failed to guarantee the dividends of democracy and worsened the socio-economic situation of the citizenry. The people, as a result of the untold hardship and unfulfilled expectation meted out by the reform became apathetic with loss of confidence in government and resolved to avoid the state and now found solace in socio-economic and political menace for their survival. Successive governments, through various policies, though with little success, have responded to these challenges and been forced to undertake more active socio-economic and political reforms or face an even greater loss of its authority. The paper then suggested the need for concrete transformative empowerment policy agenda to really meet these challenges. Key words: Nigerian state, global financial crises, reform, social strata, democracy, empowerment, policy agenda. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/C2502E940635 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.021 en Copyright © 2012 Olaopa O. R. Ogundari I. O., Akindele S. T. and Hassan O. M.

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:6477A2740658 2012-02-28T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Appropriate management in an African culture: Implications for education Chinelo O. Duze Full Length Research Paper Following continued search for reasons on the inability of African nations to realize appreciable economic development through education, the researcher investigated the influence of cultural environment on management in industry. Because input/output measures of productivity are not easily measured in education, the industry was used, hoping that the results would safely apply to education since education has appreciable similarities to the profit-oriented industry. The researcher therefore studied employee/management values in two steel production companies in Nigeria. For comparison, a similar study was simultaneously done in a steel company in Italy. Because confidentiality was promised at data collection, the three companies were referred to in this study as P, Q, and R respectively. Italy, besides having the same steel production process like Nigeria, was chosen to eliminate influences on culture by British colonialism. A major aim was whether the results can help explain the disappointing economic development of African countries, with particular focus on Nigeria. Eight research questions guided the investigation. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using percentages. Results revealed almost same performance in X and Y (Nigeria) but comparison with Z (Italy) showed profound differences due to differences in cultural values especially with regard to motivation, satisfaction, and employee-management communication. Conclusion was that Western individualist and participative management models are unsuitable for African nations, and therefore, time for Africans to evolve suitable African management models which encompass African culture for use in Africa. The same can, by implication, apply to practices in education. Key words: Management culture, Africa, Nigeria, industry, education, development. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/6477A2740658 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.039 en Copyright © 2012 Chinelo O. Duze

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:02A7C8740687 2012-03-05T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

How knowledge management adds critical value to e-learning media Khalid Alrawi, Ahmed Alrawi and Waleed Alrawi Review Media is the combination of text, images, animations, digital library, which is now a standard part of most computer applications. Education media can be a great tool to improve teaching and learning. A growing number of educational institutions (EI) are developing a new learning culture, as they realize that getting an institution#39;s learning capacity to gain momentum is not that easy. It is not just a question of installing a new learning instruments or knowledge management (KM) technologies; it requires overcoming the difficulties in the selection and evaluation of e-learning process media. The model presented in this paper combines e-learning and KM into adaptable framework that provides integrated support end effect on various medias involved in the education systems. The model is a suggestion to improve teaching and learning process and how KM adds a successful help for educational consumers in selecting and evaluating e-learning media. This paper is also concerned with three key ideas: the growing importance of e-learning as knowledge scaffoldering, the emerging significance of KM practice in informing strategic directions, and the effects of KM on e-learning media development. Key words: Knowledge management, media, e-learning, educational multimedia. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/02A7C8740687 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.097 en Copyright © 2012 Khalid Alrawi, Ahmed Alrawi and Waleed Alrawi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:C8CE82040692 2012-03-05T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Research on the learning effects of multimedia assisted instruction using information technology model Chen-Yuan Chen Full Length Research Paper As technology advances, whether from the previous multi-media teaching, online teaching, or now interactive whiteboard, the various changes in both hardware and software resources as well as information are very huge. The information is quickly circulating under the changes in the old and new technology, and the new knowledge has been created. Therefore, the teachersrsquo; teaching patterns and teaching methods are bound to be adjusted. Many teachers and scholars also believe that information technology can contribute to education reform and bring innovation into the traditional teaching. The study aims to develop information technology model with multimedia computer-assisted teaching. The information literacy will be raised after the execution of the model. Key words: Information technology model, multi-media, software resources, interactive whiteboard, teaching methods, computer-assisted teaching. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/C8CE82040692 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.086 en Copyright © 2012 Chen-Yuan Chen

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:632159340695 2012-03-05T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Evaluation of library utilization by students enrolled in external degree programme in University of Nairobi, Kenya Peter Ochieng Gor Full Length Research Paper With the increasing popularity of distance education, focus has turned to the role of libraries in distance learning process. It is widely agreed that like their campus ndash; based counterparts, distance education learners need adequate library services if they are to gain quality education. This study sought to examine library utilization by students enrolled in the external degree programme of the University of Nairobi. The unit of analysis consisted of students from the school continuing education and distance studies enrolled in Bachelor of Education Arts (B. Ed Arts) Bachelor of Education (Bed - Science) and Bachelor of Commerce (B. com) which is basically offered through distance learning. The sample population comprised of 278 students out of 1000 that formed the target population of students and all the 14 librarians spread across the university branch libraries. Self-administered questionnaires and structured interview schedule were used as the main tools of data collection. The finding of the study indicated that effective utilization of library service is influenced by a number of factors. These include enhanced usage of the library facility like making good use of book loan service, frequent access to the library facility, adequate support from the library staff and proper induction by librarians. As a result of the research finding, some conclusions were drawn. The majority of the students were not satisfied with most of the library services offered by the central library. This was attributed to factors such as restrictive library hours, distance, lack of services at the regional centers and inadequate reading materials. The study also revealed that the University of Nairobi was still at the infancy stage of establishing internet-based service thus a hindrance to effective utilization of the library service. The library staff-recruitment and training in distance education was still wanting. Finally this study had the following recommendations: Firstly there is need to promote access to library services to distance learning student population by strengthening computer based and information service delivery, instituting library user instruction to instill effective information literacy skills and ensuring reliable, rapid access to institutional networks and the internet. There is also the need to come up with special collection targeting the distance learning community. Effective learning in the University is a collaborate effort between curriculum planners, implementers, administrators and thus in order to provide library support services to distance learners, there is need for policy guidelines to identify types and availability of the library services as well as funding service providers and targeted users. Key words: Evaluation, external degree programme, utilization, library, library services, library users, userrsquo;s needs. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/632159340695 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.091 en Copyright © 2012 Peter Ochieng Gor

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:2CA9B3240702 2012-03-25T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

The Nigerian State and politics of State and local governments creation: A critical appraisal Oluwatobi O. Adeyemi Review State and local governments are instruments of development aimed at bringing government closer to the people so as to ensure their greater and equitable participation in the process of governance. However, in Nigeria, the pattern of infrastructural development is concentrated in the State and local government headquarters, rather than adopting holistic developmental process, which has engender stiff competition and scramble for local government creation among various groups in the polity. Against this background, this paper examines the process of State and local government creation in Nigeria from 1960 till date. The study found that State and local government have and become an avenue for obtaining more allocations from the federal government coffer, as well as political representations at the national assembly. The study presumably hopes to provide useful solution to frequent agitation for creation of more State and local government by recommending that government at all levels (federal, State and local) should be responsive to the aspirations of the people at grassroot so as to reduce further agitation and ensure political stability and development. Key words: Politics, ethnicity, favouritism, policy lesson, federation, State, local government, State creation, military, democracy. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/2CA9B3240702 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.098 en Copyright © 2012 Oluwatobi O. Adeyemi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:CAAF02E40719 2012-03-25T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Curriculum innovation for office education programme in view of the growing information technology (IT): A case study of the Nigeria certificate in education (NCE) programme Adeshina Tunde Joel and Aliyu Muyibeedeen Review Every information technology (IT) driven society is expected to experience some dynamism in the way things are done and in the quality of the goods and services available unto them for use. It is against this backdrop that, a curriculum innovation would help to fashion learning experiences to be given under a close supervision, which would reflect changes in the aspirations and needs of the society. With the advent of IT, the secretarial world of work has experienced several changes from the use of manual machines to perform her operations to the new electronic ways of doing things. In order to make secretarial education relevant in producing vibrant workforce that would fit into todayrsquo;s world of work, there must be a conscious effort to review any existing curriculum to take into consideration new innovations, and see how to accommodate any possible change in societal needs/aspirations. The paper threw light into why curriculum innovation in the secretarial program is of paramount importance; specific areas that would need to be revisited, and recommendations were made, which if employed would go a long way to ensuring curriculum relevance of the secretarial programme, as it would be producing men and women who can compete favorably with their foreign counterparts and also a liberation from curriculum obsolescence. Key words: Information technology, Nigeria certificate in education, national commission for colleges of education, national policy on education. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/CAAF02E40719 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.096 en Copyright © 2012 Adeshina Tunde Joel and Aliyu Muyibeedeen

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:B0B1D1340724 2012-03-25T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Perceptions of academic staff on research and publishing in Kenyan universities Joash Migosi, James Muola and Redempta Maithya Full Length Research Paper Academic research represents the backbone of human activity in improving the quality of life through expanding frontiers of academic knowledge, and making further research possible throughout the world. Academic research aims at providing solutions for many current problems. Research is a vital and necessary part of modern university education, where universities are perceived to be producers of new knowledge. The Kenya government is restructuring tertiary education with a view to re align it to the countryrsquo;s economic blue print, the vision 2030, and the new constitution. This calls for universities to be more innovative and research focused. Universities that do not build and strengthen their research capacity will be severely restricted hence; academics must carry out more research and publish. This study was designed to assess the perceptions of academic staff in Kenyan universities towards research and publishing, and to find out if the expressed perceptions were influenced by academic staffrsquo;s characteristics such as gender, type of university, age group, rank, highest degree obtained, years since last highest degree was obtained and associated university. Survey research design was employed in this study. The questionnaire was used to collect information from university academic staff drawn from 11 public and private universities. Seven hypotheses were tested. The information was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. Scientific package for social sciences (SPSS, Version 15) was used to analyse descriptive statistics while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in hypothesis testing. The results obtained from this study indicate that there was a lower perception towards research and publishing by younger generation lecturers compared to the older academics. The main recommendation made by this study is for each individual university to be encouraged to foster a deliberate positive research and publishing culture in their institutions. Key words: Research productivity, publication productivity, universities, perception. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/B0B1D1340724 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.078 en Copyright © 2012 Joash Migosi, James Muola and Redempta Maithya

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:DF0F78140737 2012-04-05T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Have libraries in private institutions of higher learning in Malaysia lost their original purposes? What else does the evidence say about gender issues? Keng Lin Soh, K. Jayaraman, Ni Ni Lim and Chu Le Chong Review The original purposes of a library as a place for knowledge fulfillment alongside other social responsibilities are perceived to have eroded over the years. This could be due to the emergence and dominance of the ever progressive digital media and has likely changed the availability and mode of access to knowledge thereby affecting library patronage. This paper attempts to validate the above perception of the utilization patterns of library in private institutions of higher learning. It has been observed that students still visit libraries. However, the intentions of their visits are more for general or self utilization purposes rather than for intellectual pursuits. The study has revealed that more than 65% of the students surveyed spent their time doing personal work in the library without utilizing other library services and facilities. This has raised a real concern that libraries are now made places for social gathering and self utilization. Gender has turned out to be non-significant factor in this research. Key words: Library, self utilization, general utilization, specific utilization. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/DF0F78140737 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.094 en Copyright © 2012 Keng Lin Soh, K. Jayaraman, Ni Ni Lim and Chu Le Chong

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:D63383F40750 2012-04-05T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

The learning needs of secondary school principals: An investigation in Nakuru district, Kenya Gladys N. Asuga and Scott Eacott Full Length Research Paper School leaders have long been recognised as crucial to the quality of schooling. As a result, the preparation and development of school leaders has attracted substantial attention from practitioners, systemic authorities, academics and policy makers. While this discourse has a long history in the US and to a lesser extent other parts of the world such as Britain and Australia, in recent times there has been an emerging voice from Africa. This paper contributes to this emerging literature by reporting on a project conducted in the Nakuru district of Kenya. We argue that for the meaningful construction of school leadership preparation and development programs, there is a need for greater acknowledgement and engagement with the learning needs of practitioners. Key words: School leadership preparation, professional development, Kenya, secondary schools, Africa. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/D63383F40750 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.073 en Copyright © 2012 Gladys N. Asuga and Scott Eacott

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:692C82A40753 2012-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Utilizing drama in the teaching of environment issues to primary School Pupils Ubong S. Nda Review As the problem of environmental irresponsibility gains greater focus in international discourses, the need has arisen to take its message to the young. This is predicted on the fact that if children are inculcated with environmental consciousness early enough, the possibility of environmental awareness and the urge to maintain environmental responsibility could be higher than it is. But the method of impartation becomes an issue, especially when the fact remains that young minds need something spectacular and eventful, to create lasting impressions. This essay proposes the utilization of drama as the methodology in imparting lasting lessons on the environment on the young persons, especially at primary levels of formal education Key words: Environment, children, drama, play, role-playing. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/692C82A40753 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.040 en Copyright © 2012 Ubong S. Nda

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:247A2DB40772 2012-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

The impact of principals’ instructional leadership behaviors on teachers’ attitudes toward work: Some evidence from Turkey Murat Ouml;zdemir Full Length Research Paper Present study investigated the relationship between principalsrsquo; instructional leadership behaviors and teachersrsquo; attitudes toward work. 225 teachers who work in the provinces of Istanbul, Ankara and Van in Turkey voluntarily participated in the study. Data were gathered through lsquo;instructional leadership scale (ILS)rsquo;, which was developed by Guuml;muuml;eli (1996), and lsquo;scale for attitude toward work (SFATW)rsquo;, which was developed by Balci et al. (2012) and analyzed with Pearson r and multiple regression analyzing techniques. Findings indicated that principalsrsquo; instructional leadership behaviors were significantly correlated with teachersrsquo; attitudes toward work and principalsrsquo; instructional leadership behaviors predicted teachersrsquo; attitudes toward work. Findings also showed that principalsrsquo; instructional leadership behaviors explained 27% of the variance in teachersrsquo; attitudes toward work. Key words: Principal, instructional leadership, teacher, attitude toward work. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/247A2DB40772 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS12.008 en Copyright © 2012 Murat Ouml;zdemir

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:083744740779 2012-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Extending the analysis of organizational learning from the communities of practice Luciano Mendes and Ligia Maria Soto Urbina Review The objective of this paper was to expand contributions of studies on organizational learning from the discussions on communities of practice. This is because the occurrence of analysis and studies on communities of practice requires a significant change in the way of observing the processes of learning and knowledge management. For that reason, initially, it was necessary to extend the considerations of communities of practice, in ways of understanding the meanders and the concepts spread on this topic. Soon after, the intention was to analyze the contributions that the discussions have on communities of practice for learning and knowledge processes in organizations to focus on attributes related to situated learning and social practices. In a third moment, the intention was to compare the discussions of communities of practice, and organizational learning and knowledge as a way to achieve the objective proposed in this paper. Finally, some conclusions elucidated the contributions which highlighted the intended purpose of this paper. Key words: Organizational learning, communities of practice, situated learning, informal learning. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/083744740779 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS12.002 en Copyright © 2012 Luciano Mendes and Ligia Maria Soto Urbina

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:732AC4040782 2012-06-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Exploring the leadership practice of school leaders: A pilot study Scott Eacott Full Length Research Paper This paper shares preliminary findings from a multi-method study, investigating the leadership practices of educational managers. Early findings show that school leaders do not critically engage with the issues of the larger discourse of education as much as they believe they do. Building from this, two things are argued: first, school leaders would benefit from having an explicit tool that enables them to monitor their leadership practice; and secondly, there is considerable work to be done to unpack what taking on an administrative role does to educators. Key words: Leadership, practice, Australia. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/732AC4040782 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS12.005 en Copyright © 2012 Scott Eacott

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:334464E40792 2012-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

The importance of defining the hypothesis in scientific research Aleksandar Bulajic, Milan Stamatovic and Slobodan Cvetanovic Review Among hypotheses supporters exists a belief that the hypothesis creates the research process framework, implying that the other elements of the research are not as important for reaching the goal. This opinion directly promotes a methodology built solely on a system of hypotheses with its variables and indicators as a sufficient road to project realization. Correctly constructing a hypothesis and its system of variables and indicators is never a trivial process. The conceptual definition of the hypothesis, its functionality, classification and structure requires additional research work and in most cases can be considered a separate research project. In this paper, special importance is assigned to the hypothesis and its conceptual definition; how it originates and is discovered along with its functionality, classification and structure and the derivation of the hypothesis and its variables and indicators with all their necessary scientific attributes. Key words: Hypothesis, scientific research, scientific research method, subject of research, variables, indicators. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/334464E40792 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS12.009 en Copyright © 2012 Aleksandar Bulajic, Milan Stamatovic and Slobodan Cvetanovic

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:7CCAA7B40796 2012-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Parent’s socio economic background, mathematics anxiety and academic achievement Mahigir F., Venkatesh Kumar G. and Ayat Karimi Full Length Research Paper The objective of the study is to determine the effect of parentrsquo;s socio economic background on Mathematics anxiety and academic achievement in high school students. The sample comprised 540 (268 boys and 272 girls) 8th, 9th and 10th grade high school students from Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu states. The answers of students were evaluated using a Mathematics anxiety scale (MAS) and parentrsquo;s socio economic background estimated by a socio economic background questionnaire. The results have revealed that among the parentrsquo;s socio economic background variables, only parentrsquo;s education has a negative correlation with Mathematics anxiety and multivariate regression for this model revealed that combination of age, income and education can be a good predictor for Mathematics anxiety. The second part of results also exposed that parentrsquo;s income and parentrsquo;s education has a significant positive correlation with mathematics anxiety and multivariate regression for this model also revealed that combination of parentrsquo;s socio economic background can be a good predictor for Mathematics anxiety. On the basis of these findings, it was recommended that special classes should be provided for training of parents and they should be prepared in counseling and pedagogical classes. Key words: Academic achievement, parentrsquo;s socio economic background, mathematics anxiety. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/7CCAA7B40796 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.077 en Copyright © 2012 Mahigir F., Venkatesh Kumar G. and Ayat Karimi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:2E5D8B940797 2012-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Gender destereotyping in early childhood development or shrewd opportunism? A case of male students at Masvingo Teachers' College, Zimbabwe Tsitsi Nyoni and Mika Nyoni Full Length Research Paper This research aimed at unraveling the mystery behind motivation of male student teachers in joining Early Childhood Development (ECD) in the face of negative societal attitudes. The interview, the questionnaire and document analysis were used in the process of data gathering. The researchers found that most students are motivated by external or extrinsic factors, such as deployment advantages, employment in better paying non-governmental organizations and professional advancement opportunities as lsquo;minoritiesrsquo; in the area. This is a worrying phenomenon since the presence of the male ECD teacher from a distance looks like remarkable achievement in terms of deconstructing gender stereotyping in the area. It is recommended that to change negative societal attitudes towards male ECD teachers, more concerted efforts must be made to #39;sell#39; the programme so that stakeholders are well informed. There should be mechanisms in place at college level to counsel students and therefore, forearm students who are forced to #39;cross the floor#39; under pressure from traditional societal attitudes to remain steadfast. Key words: Early childhood development, male teachers, motivation, sex, gender. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/2E5D8B940797 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.037 en Copyright © 2012 Tsitsi Nyoni and Mika Nyoni

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:393858D40801 2012-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

The waste-bin: Not the last place to encounter technological knowledge and experience Thabo Israel Pudi Full Length Research Paper Often there is complaint about the lack of resources for the practice of technology education. Resources in this case refer to materials that are used in a technology education classroom or workshop. The stipulation from the South African education policy document (DoE, 2002:1) that learners should ldquo;identify and solve problems and make decisions using critical and creative thinkingrdquo; can be exploited to create a solution to the shortage of resources through the use of waste-bin materials. Identifying or relooking at the waste-bin to find resources is a creative way of solving some of the resource problems in a technology education classroom or workshop. In this article, the waste-bin is seen as a niche area for technological material resources. While there are different waste-bins, there are also all sorts of different materials that can be found in a waste bin. An argument is made in this paper that ldquo;waste materialsrdquo; should not of necessity be construed as wasted materials as these can still be reused. Three technological projects are undertaken using waste materials. The purpose is to prove that materials from the waste bin can be used for a technological encounter, knowledge and experience. A workshop was organized with 30 student teachers taking an advanced certificate in technology education course. Evaluation was conducted at the end of the workshop to establish whether the purpose of this study was achieved or not. Key words: Technology, technology education, waste-bin, waste material., scavenging, resources, critical and creative thinking. Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/393858D40801 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.075 en Copyright © 2012 Thabo Israel Pudi

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:C31236040807 2012-11-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Innovations in higher education: Rethinking the Musoma Resolution Policy. Bureau of Research and evaluation (BERE) (pp. ii + 57) price Tsh. 5000/=. ISBN 9976 911 39 4 by Justine J. C. Galabawa and George A. Malekela (1998) Bryson Daudi Kinyaduka Book Review Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/C31236040807 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.100 en Copyright © 2012 Bryson Daudi Kinyaduka

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:B341BE840811 2012-11-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2012

Factors that motivate business faculty in Kenya to conduct research Joash Abere Migosi, Stephen O. Migiro and Paul Ogulaa Full Length Research Paper This study sought to examine the factors that influence research productivity among business academic staff in selected universities in Kenya. Survey research design was employed in this study. Questionnaire was used to collect information from 277 (70.2% male and 29.8% female) university business academic staff. The information was analysed by SPSS (Version 15) which generated descriptive statistics. Factor analysis was used for data reduction, identification and description of the major factors influencing research productivity as noted by respondents. The results from this study indicate that personal career development factors form the main factor influencing research productivity among business academic staff in Kenya. The conclusion made from this study is that the business academic staffrsquo;s research productivity is heavily dependent on appropriate skills in research methodology. The main recommendation is for the development and enhancement of national and institutional research policies to guide and manage research in Kenya with clear provisions for improvement of research methodology skills for the business faculty. Key words: Research productivity, publication productivity, research output, professional development Academic Journals 2012 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/B341BE840811 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.061 en Copyright © 2012 Joash Abere Migosi, Stephen O. Migiro and Paul Ogulaa

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:841D09440829 2013-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Access and quality in education in resettlement schools: The case study of Zvivingwi Secondary School in Gutu District, Masvingo Province in Zimbabwe Vincent Jenjekwa Full Length Research Paper In Zimbabwe, the discourse on access and quality in education has been a raging one since the colonial days of bottlenecks and outright discrimination against black Zimbabweans in education. The doors to education were declared open to all at independence in 1980 with the new Zimbabwe governmentrsquo;s enunciated policy of education for all. It is an uncontested fact that strides were made soon after independence to address issues of quality and access in education. However, with the prosecution of the fast track land reform programme the dream for access and quality in education became a nightmare. Whilst trust schools, boarding schools, urban and some rural day schools have a comparative advantage in terms of resources like infrastructure and qualified and relatively motivated human resource, emerging resettlement schools bear the brunt of hastened and impromptu establishment. It is the contention of this paper that resettlement schools like Zvivingwi, established in the last decade, are a facade of the schools envisioned by many Zimbabweans at independence. These schools reel from abject shortage of everything except pupils. It would be recommended that government should show creativity in mobilising resources to intervene, failing which, most of the resettlement schools like Zvivingwi, risk closure as public confidence in them wanes. The researcher made use of a questionnaire and interviewed critical stakeholders at the school like headmaster, teachers, parents, pupils and education officers. School records and other critical documents were also made use of. Key words: Access, quality, resettlement/fast-track land reform programme. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/841D09440829 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2012.0298 en Copyright © 2013 Vincent Jenjekwa

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:7B3CA1A40830 2013-05-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Assessment of corporate management practices in public universities in Kenya Fuchaka Waswa, Charles Ombuki, Joash Migosi and Joseph Metet Full Length Research Paper In order to continue attracting and retaining high-class intellectual power and hence guarantee quality service delivery, public university management will need to change and adjust in line with increasing local democratisation and globalisation pressures. Scenarios that depict participatory decision-making and respect of divergent viewpoints will have to characterize the relationships among all stakeholders in the routine operations of universities. The purpose of this study was to assess the Corporate Management Practices in Public Universities in Kenya from the academic staffrsquo;s perspective. A likert-scale approach based on 19 selected items in total quality management (TQM) was used for data collection from a random sample of 45 academic staff drawn from public Universities from August to September 2011. Findings show that university academic staff are generally marginalised when it comes to decision-making even on issues that directly affect them. Subtle top-down management approach is still rife and impacts negatively on service delivery. Deliberate efforts are needed to adopt a people-centred management system built on the tenets of mutual trust, respect and intellectual cum professional symbiosis in pursuit of sustainable quality assurance. Key words: Academic staff, assessment, corporate management, public universities, TQM, Kenya. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/7B3CA1A40830 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS12.034 en Copyright © 2013 Fuchaka Waswa, Charles Ombuki, Joash Migosi and Joseph Metet

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:EBBB7CE40836 2013-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Determinants of girls’ performance in science, mathematics and technology subjects in public secondary schools in Kenya Lydia Mbaki Musau Joash Migosi and James Matee Muola Full Length Research Paper There has been incessant low academic performance in Science, Mathematics and Technology (SMT) subjects especially among girls at form four level in Kitui Central District over the years. The aim of this study was to investigate the determinants of girlsrsquo; performance in SMT subjects in public secondary schools. Using ex-post-facto survey research design, the study population covered all the six girlsrsquo; secondary schools in the district which also represented sample schools from which data was collected. Semi-structured questionnaires and document analysis sheets were used as instruments of data collection. The primary data collected was analysed by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. Descriptive and inferential statistics were derived viz mean scores, percentages, correlation and regression coefficients. The Chi-square and one way ANOVA test statistics was used in hypothesis testing. Correlation and regression analysis were generated at 0.05 (2-tailed) and 0.001(2-tailed) significance levels. The findings from the study explained why form four girls in Kitui County were not doing well in SMT subjects. The outcome of the study is expected to influence policy and decision-making on girlsrsquo; better performance in the subjects. Different approaches were recommended based on the findings to improve girlsrsquo; performance in SMT subjects. Key words: determinants, girlsrsquo; performance, science, mathematics, technology, public secondary schools, Kenya. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/EBBB7CE40836 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2012.035 en Copyright © 2013 Lydia Mbaki Musau Joash Migosi and James Matee Muola

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:3FD043A40837 2013-07-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Factors contributing to under representation of female teachers in headship positions in primary schools in Eldoret Municipality, Kenya Catherine Barmao Full Length Research Paper This paper analyses factors contributing to under representation of female teachers in headship positions in Eldoret Municipality Kenya. The study was guided by socialization theory to hierarchical gender prescriptions which gave three distinct theoretical traditions that help, understand sex and gender. Descriptive survey was adopted for the study and the study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The study employed stratified sampling, simple random and purposive sampling. A sample of 105 respondents from 10% of the target population were used where 2 Municipal Education Officials (TAC tutors), 8 head teachers, 80 teachers and 15 committee members were purposely selected for the study from 15 public primary schools randomly selected in the Municipality. Data were collected using questionnaire and interview schedule. The questionnaire was administered to teachers and committee members, whereas interview schedule was administered to head teachers and TAC (tutors). Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Frequencies, percentage and Chi-square (xsup2;) were employed in the analysis. It was established that women were not discriminated against in headship position but other obstacles, like unfair promotion procedures, gender stereotyping and rigid career path ways hinder women most. The author recommends that the educational policy should provide equal opportunity for male and female and that the conditions required in the appointments and recruitment should ensure that they eliminate discrimination. The study is significant to female teachers in headship positions as it calls for the need to improve on their roles as mentors to other young female teachers in the profession. It also contributes to the ongoing studies on the place of women in leadership and development. Key words: Under representation, female teachers, headship, positions, primary schools. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/3FD043A40837 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2013.0304 en Copyright © 2013 Catherine Barmao

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:DE7DB2D40979 2013-09-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Murphy’s Law: Is it right or is it wrong? Atty. Edmund S. J. Lopez Essay It was in the early lsquo;80s and I could still vividly recall when I eagerly picked up and bought a book entitled ldquo;Murphyrsquo;s Lawrdquo;. Holding the pocket book securely in my hand, I then asked myself, ldquo;What is in this book that made it an international best seller? Actually, I heard about this book from my friends who were praising to high heavens the truth that was being spread around by the author. I didnrsquo;t know who Murphy was and what I read from the book was that Murphy was a keen observer of life and he came out with a set of practical rules that governed his life. His famous dictum was: ldquo;If Anything Can Go Wrong, It Will.rdquo; Like a siren call in the book ldquo;Odysseyrdquo;, I was mesmerized by the message that Murphy was conveying and I just accepted it, hook, line and sinker. Who would not be swayed with the convincing examples that Murphy gave? In fact, I could even experience the truth of the message and they were happening around me in my daily life. That message was even supported by an oft mentioned adage: ldquo;Expect the best but be prepared for the worst.rdquo; Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/DE7DB2D40979 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.008 en Copyright © 2013 Atty. Edmund S. J. Lopez

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:A90054A40983 2013-09-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Factors influencing academic failure of university students Yousaf Ali Khan, Zahoor Ahamad and Sadia Kousar Full Length Research Paper There was a close link between education and development. Education played a vital role in human capital formation. Academic failure from university was a problem that had became a serious concern for higher education institutions. This study presented the result of a recent investigation at the University of Gujrat that attempted to identify the post enrollment factors that students perceived as having important influences on students failures in their university studies. Data was collected by using questionnaire. The Independent-Samples t-test procedure was used to compares means for two groups of cases. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was also performing to test the relationship among latent factor represented by the actual data from 100 drop out students of university. Finding indicates that male and female groups were significantly different in their perception of causes of academic failure, but perception of students from different programs Bachelors in science, Master in Arts and Science (BS, M.A/M.Sc) was not significantly different. In our estimated model class participation and lack of family support was directly affected on students drop out from university, but wrong choice of subject and change of system which was basically link with class participation and indirectly effect on students drop out. Key words: Identify, lack of commitment, appropriate, Gujrat. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/A90054A40983 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.043 en Copyright © 2013 Yousaf Ali Khan, Zahoor Ahamad and Sadia Kousar

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:B61A1CE40818 2013-10-15T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

The right to basic education for all: Addressing the educational needs and barriers of immigrant learners in South Africa Nylon Marishane Full Length Research Paper The South African Constitution guarantees the right to basic education for all learners, including children of immigrants from across the countryrsquo;s borders. In view of this constitutional imperative, the Department of Basic Education is mandated to provide quality education to all learners, irrespective of their socio-economic and other backgrounds. The delivery of such education requires a child-friendly school environment where the safety of vulnerable learners and their right to quality education are assured. Enablers for this type of environment include relevant legislative framework and policies that seek to address the educational needs of learners. School leadership is responsible for the implementation of these policies and ensuring compliance with legislation. Given the importance of a child-friendly school to quality education delivery, a qualitative research was conducted in Limpopo Province to determine the extent to which schools address educational needs and barriers of immigrant learners. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with three principals of selected schools in the Vhembe District of the province. The study points out challenges that immigrant learners experience and how school principals address them to ensure learnerrsquo;s right to basic quality education and comes out with recommendations for improvement in this area. Key words: Quality education, immigrant learners, child-friendly school, the right to education, educational barriers. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/B61A1CE40818 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS12.023 en Copyright © 2013 Nylon Marishane

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:AB6A00040820 2013-10-15T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Teaching-learning quality assurance benchmarks and characteristics that promote learner outcomes among Public Administration students at Uganda Management Institute: An exploratory study Benon C. Basheka, James L. Nkataand and Maria B. Barifaijo Full Length Research Paper In todayrsquo;s academic environment, leaders at higher educational institutions face increasing demands as stakeholdersrsquo; expectations rise and resources diminish (Randall and Coakley, 2007). This paper examines studentrsquo;s perspectives on the measures of teaching ndash;learning quality assurance benchmarks and study environment conditions, which are likely to promote attainment of the learnersrsquo; outcomes. Of the 294 students who were sampled for the study, 279 returned the completed survey instrument suggesting a response rate of 94.5%. The paper identifies critical learning and teaching quality assurance benchmarks and a number of facilitator-student behaviors considered by students as pertinent for the realization of their learning outcomes. The results are original and compare well to the existing body of local and international literature. Key words: Learnersrsquo; outcomes, quality assurance benchmarks. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/AB6A00040820 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS09.092 en Copyright © 2013 Benon C. Basheka, James L. Nkataand and Maria B. Barifaijo

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:073F57440840 2013-10-15T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Attitude towards pre-marital genetic screening among students of Osun State Polytechnics in Nigeria Odelola, J.O., Adisa, O. and Akintaro, O.A. Full Length Research Paper This study investigated the attitude towards pre-marital genetic screening among students of Osun State Polytechnics. Descriptive survey design was used for the study. The instrument for data collection was self developed and structured questionnaire in four- point likert scale format. Descriptive statistics of frequency count and percentages were used to describe the demographic data, while the parametric statistics of t-test and ANOVA set at 0.05 alpha level were used to test the hypotheses. A total number of one thousand, one hundred and sixty-five (1,165) Higher National Diploma (HND) students served as respondents for the study. Multistage sampling technique was used in three stages to select the respondents, namely: purposive sampling technique was used to select the schools; stratified sampling technique was used to select the Faculties and Departments, while proportionate sample of 25% was selected from each stratum. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The following were the values obtained: Difference in Attitude towards Pre-marital Genetic Screening (Crit-t = 1.96, Cal.t = 1.310, df = 1163, Pgt;.05); Difference in Attitude Due to Religion (F(2,1162) = .689, Pgt;.05) and Difference in Attitude Due to Course of Study (F(5,1159) = .585, Pgt;.05). Conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study. The study recommended, among other things, that religious organizations should serve as useful channels to disseminate health information since people always have respect for places of worship and religious leaders. Also, Health Education should be incorporated into the curriculum of Polytechnics. Key words: Attitude, pre-marital, polytechnics, genetic disorders, screening, blood group. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/073F57440840 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2012.004 en Copyright © 2013 Odelola, J.O., Adisa, O. and Akintaro, O.A.

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:5C0E9E340843 2013-10-15T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

The need for participation of women in local governance: A Nigerian discourse Ihemeje Godwin Full Length Research Paper This paper seeks to examine studies on participation of women in governance as applicable to the local government levels in Nigeria. Again, it sets out to identify what propelled the quest for more women participation in governance. Examination of treatments given to women by both male and female counterparts is critically explored. The paper employed mainly secondary source of data collection. In its finding, it observed that there is high women participation in governance in other parts of the world than Nigeria, as well as having more women participation at both Federal and State governmentrsquo;s level above the local government level. It finds out that there is male domination in local governance over and above the women for low political consciousness. The paper revealed that attitude of women towards local governance is poor because they lack funds to achieving lsquo;30 percent affirmative action declarationrsquo; for women at the grassroots. Key words: Local government, local governance, political participation, affirmative action, women. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/5C0E9E340843 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2012.024 en Copyright © 2013 Ihemeje Godwin

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:681228D41003 2013-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

The Implementation of cooperative learning in English class of favorite School of secondary high school 5 Batusangkar, West Sumatera Muhammad Kristiawan Full Length Research Paper The aim of this research is to explain the implementation of cooperative learning in English class of favorite school of Secondary High School 5 Batusangkar, West Sumatera; to find out the achievement of Cooperative Learning in English class of Favorite School of Secondary High School 5 Batusangkar, West Sumatera; and to know how is the strengths and weaknesses of cooperative learning methods in English class in Secondary High School 5 Batusangkar, West Sumatera. This research belongs to descriptive qualitative research. Instruments applied here were observation, interview and documentation. Grade VIII A and B Secondary High School 5 Batusangkar, West Sumatera as a pilot test to see how the cooperative learning is conducted. The findings explained that the implementation of cooperative learning in Secondary High School 5 Batusangkar, West Sumatera was effective. It helped the students to improve studentsrsquo; achievement in terms of academics up to 9.8. There are strengths such a) Having advantages in terms of delivery material by using a complete infrastructure; b) English teacher create learning that inspires students to be active; c) the students become subject of the study; d) had quite good; and e) teacher becomes a facilitator. While the weaknesses are a) the learning process is still using the conventional model; b) English language usage not maximum; c) the process of learning tends to lead the achievement of curriculum; and d) contextual, teachers are still following the situation and condition of students. Key words: Cooperative Learning, Favorite School, English Class. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/681228D41003 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2013.0316 en Copyright © 2013 Muhammad Kristiawan

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:3CE9EF941020 2013-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Basic education from early childhood: Impacts of free primary education and subsidized secondary education on public ECDE centers in Nyahururu District, Kenya Peter Murage Mwangi and T.D.K Serem Full Length Research Paper Kenya must invest more in education to realize her vision 2030. The government commitment to Education for Allrsquo;s goal has been expressed through provision of basic education in pre-primary, primary and secondary school levels. To this end, the government introduced two kitties; Free Primary Education in 2003 and Subsidized Secondary Education in 2008 (where the government paid tuition fees for the students in secondary schools), but left parents to finance Early Childhood Development and Education. Since public centers were not well equipped, only the poor parents enrolled their children. The study was carried out in Nyahururu District in 2010, to assess the impacts of the two government kitties on public Early Childhood Development and Education centers in Kenya. To evaluate the impact of the kitties on the public Early Childhood Development and Education centers, private centers were also studied together. The study revealed that while the kitties led to rising enrolment in primary, secondary school and private Early Childhood Development and Education centers, enrolment declined in public centers. The two have lowered the quality of education in public Early Childhood Development and Education centers since parents were unwilling to raise finances enough to employ and motivate teachers, buy teaching/learning resources, school facilities and school feeding program. High enrolment after Free Primary Education also took up classrooms meant for Early Childhood Development and Education in public centers. Key words: Free primary education (F.P.E), subsidized secondary education (S.S.E), early childhood education and development (E.C.D.E). Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/3CE9EF941020 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.090 en Copyright © 2013 Peter Murage Mwangi and T.D.K Serem

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:55B8BC741010 2013-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

A model of continuing professional competency development by using ICT (study at senior high school teachers Padangsidimpuan, north sumatera) Sarmadan Hasibuan Full Length Research Paper In order to solve the weakness of current status of high school teachersrsquo; professional competency in Padangsidimpuan the researcher purposed this study to implement A Model of Continuing Professional Competency Development by using Information Communication Technology (ICT). This study was conducted by using a Research and Development (Ramp;D). Two high schools were used as pilot test to determine the effect of ICT on the professional competency development of the teachers. Findings show that: (1) there was no expert in Padangsidimpuan; lack of facilities and teaching equipment and insufficient skill in using ICT; (2) several efforts which had been conducted by the Local Department of Education such doing educational seminars; professional meeting among subject teachers (MGMP) and headmasters (MKKS); training writing scientific papers (KTI); and technical guidance (BIMTEK) were not maximized (3) the teachers were lack of motivation in using ICT; (4) the use of a model of continuing professional competency development by using ICT on the high school teachers can improve their professional competence; and (5) the implementation of a model of continuing professional competency development by using ICT in Padangsidimpuan indicated that they are strongly agreed and considered more effective, because it will be benefit to the advancement of senior high school education in Padangsidimpuan. Key words: Professional Competence, Information Communication Technology (ICT). Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/55B8BC741010 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2013.0317 en Copyright © 2013 Sarmadan Hasibuan

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:AC3072D41015 2013-10-31T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

A comparison of Zimbabwe’s rural and urban primary school pupils’ views about homework: A case of Masvingo District Felix Petros Mapako, Rugare Mareva and Winnet Chindedza Full Length Research Paper The study sought to establish and compare the views of rural and urban primary school pupils on homework in Zimbabwe, using six purposively sampled Masvingo rural and urban primary schools. The inquiry employed a qualitative methodology in which data were gathered through semi-structured personal interviews and document analysis. A sample of thirty rural and thirty urban Grade Five pupils were interviewed. Forty-five homework exercise books were analyzed. The investigation established that while in both rural and urban schools, there are some pupils who like homework while others dislike it for various reasons; there are more pupils in urban areas who view homework in a positive light than those in rural schools. The paper unearthed home and school factors as the causes of rural and urban pupilsrsquo; different views on homework. The paper makes several recommendations. Firstly, the government should endeavour to narrow the gap between the socio-economic statuses of the rural and urban populace in Zimbabwe as it is a major contributor to pupilsrsquo; different views on homework. The paper further recommends that rural schools be improved in terms of the quality of teachers and teaching-learning resources. Also, parents in both settings need to be encouraged to take an interest in their childrenrsquo;s homework. Moreover, teachers from both rural and urban schools need to take homework more seriously as their attitudes to homework influence pupilsrsquo; views on it. Key words: Academic achievement, homework, Zimbabwe, rural, urban, education. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/AC3072D41015 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS11.084 en Copyright © 2013 Felix Petros Mapako, Rugare Mareva and Winnet Chindedza

oai:academicjournals.org:IJEAPS:D1F7E6241039 2013-11-30T00:00:00Z AcademicJournals IJEAPS IJEAPS:2013

Higher education financing in Nigeria: Issues and trends Adewuyi, Jacob Olusayo and Okemakinde, Timothy Full Length Research Paper The potential of the higher education system to act as an agent of growth and development in Nigeria is being challenged by the long-standing problems of limited access, inadequate financing, poor governance, declining quality and relevance. Thus, this paper provides an overview of the trends and nature of public funding of higher education in Nigeria. The arguments in this paper support increased public investment in higher education for many reasons. First, most societies believe that education is a public service; hence, its provision is not and needs not be justified on economic ground alone. More so, schooling, especially at the tertiary level, has a large number of direct beneficial effects beyond raising economic output, such as lowering child mortality, hedging options and non-market returns among others. The paper however recognises the fact that government alone cannot provide all the resources needed to increase access into and promote quality of higher education, thus the need for alternative financial mechanisms to complement public funds in higher education. Key words: Trends, public funding, issues, access and higher education. Academic Journals 2013 TEXT text/html https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJEAPS/article-abstract/D1F7E6241039 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS12.033 en Copyright © 2013 Adewuyi, Jacob Olusayo and Okemakinde, Timothy 2025-04-19T08:16:34Z|100|oai_dc|ijeaps