International Journal of
Biodiversity and Conservation

  • Abbreviation: Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2141-243X
  • DOI: 10.5897/IJBC
  • Start Year: 2009
  • Published Articles: 680

Full Length Research Paper

Daily activity patterns and relative abundance of medium and large mammals in a communal natural protected area on the central coast of Oaxaca, Mexico

Alejandra Buenrostro Silva
  • Alejandra Buenrostro Silva
  • Instituto de Industrias – Universidad del Mar campus Puerto Escondido, Km. 2.5 Carr. Federal Puerto Escondido – Sola de Vega, 71980, San Pedro Mixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Osciel Sánchez Núñez
  • Osciel Sánchez Núñez
  • Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad del Mar Campus Puerto Escondido, Km. 2.5 Carr. Federal Puerto Escondido – Sola de Vega, 71980, San Pedro Mixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico
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Jesús García-Grajales
  • Jesús García-Grajales
  • Instituto de Recursos – Universidad del Mar campus Puerto Escondido, Km. 2.5 Carr. Federal Puerto Escondido – Sola de Vega, 71980, San Pedro Mixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
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  •  Received: 19 March 2020
  •  Accepted: 19 June 2020
  •  Published: 31 July 2020

 ABSTRACT

Anthropogenic disturbances cause direct and indirect effects on the global decline in biodiversity. For better planning strategies on the conservation of medium and large mammals in Oaxaca, we present an analysis of daily activity patterns of medium and large mammals and their relative abundance in a Communal Natural Protected Area (CNPA) on the central coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. Sampling was carried out between November 2014 and September 2015, during the dry season and the rainy season, using forty camera traps placed within the CNPA El Gavilán and installed along wildlife trails, especially on pathways with clear evidence of use by wildlife. Date records for 10 species of medium and large mammals, obtained with 12,160 day/camera traps. Leopardus pardalis was active during the night but exhibited diurnal and nocturnal tendencies. Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Nasua narica, Dicotyles angulatus and O. virginianus were defined as cathemeral species. The most abundant medium mammals were Dasypus novemcinctus (RAI= 1.23), Didelphis virginiana (RAI= 1.15) and Nasua narica (RAI= 1.05). Our results can provide insights for the conservation of species in the CNPA El Gavilan. We recommend the continuance of studies on the temporal and seasonal variations of the activity patterns in order to maintain mammalian species conservation.

 

Key words: Conservation, relative abundance, mammals, Oaxaca, patterns.


 INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity is recognized as a living heritage common to all humanity (Manfo, 2013). In the past 30 years remarkable    progress     has been    made    towards understanding how the loss of biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems and thus affects society (Bradley  et  al.,  2012; Baboo  et  al., 2017). Biodiversity loss might affect the dynamics and functioning of ecosystems (Bargali et al., 1992a, b), and the supply of goods and services migh grow dramatically (Gosain et al., 2015; Mourya et al., 2019).
 
Anthropogenic disturbances cause direct and indirect effects on the global decline in biodiversity (Cardinale et al., 2012). The direct effects manifest in obvious ways as habitat loss and declines in wildlife population, while the indirect effects present themselves as disruptions in species’ behaviours and interspecific interactions (Frey et al., 2017). In this sense, a better understanding of these indirect impacts is needed, especially in those highly threatened ecosystems such as the tropical dry forests (TDF), which are threatened by high deforestation, forest fires, overhunting, wildlife trade, human population growth and tourism development (Ortiz-Pérez et al., 2004).
 
Camera trapping (CT) has been suggested as an emerging methodology for understanding the indirect impacts described above (Frey et al., 2017); however, this technique has been widely used in ecology and conservation for species’ distribution, estimating population densities and inventorying biodiversity (O´Connell et al., 2011; Long et al., 2013). Tipically, CT has focused on the spatial and numerical aspects of species and population ecology (Karanth and Nichols, 1998; Tobler et al., 2008; Linkie and Ridout, 2011) and has less often been used to examine species' behaviours and interactions (Frey et al., 2017).
 
Daily activity patterns (DAP) of animals in the wild are the product of animals´ adaptations to periodic environmental change and involve anatomic, physiological and behavioral changes (Morgan, 2004). In addition, circadian rhythms allow animals to anticipate environmental changes, making use of the best time of day for certain activities (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003). So, DAP can be subdivided in four chrono-ecotypes: diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular and cathemeral (active behavior occurs equally at night and during the day). These types are not rigid among mammal species but can vary depending on need, as determined by environmental conditions (Erkert et al., 1976).
 
In Oaxaca State, Mexico, the TDF occupies 16% of its territory and exists as two types of forest: deciduous tropical forest and semi-deciduous tropical forest (Torres-Colín, 2004; Trejo, 2010). In this ecosystem, the animal diversity is high, and particularly in the Planicie Costera del Pacífico (central coast), the overall species’ richness is the highest in the state (González-Pérez et al., 2004), and mammal species’ richness represents 63.6 and 25.4% of the total species recorded in Oaxaca and Mexico respectively (Briones-Salas and Sánchez-Cordero, 2004). The species richness of mammals, excluding the species of the Chiroptera order, on the central coast of Oaxaca comprises a total of 49 species belonging to 10 families and eight orders (Briones-Salas et al., 2016). They represent one  of  the  most  important biological groups because they are involved in a large number of ecological processes within the ecosystems they inhabit (Gonzalez-Christen, 2010). Additionally, one of the strategies for biodiversity conservation is the creation of the Areas Destinadas Voluntariamente a la Conservación (Communal Natural Protected Areas), which operates as a mechanism for the conservation of biodiversity and local natural resources through the participation of local human communities (Rodríguez-Luna et al., 2011).
 
With the aim of contributing to better planning strategies for the conservation of medium and large mammals in Oaxaca, we present an analysis of daily activity patterns of medium and large mammals and their relative abundance in a Communal Natural Protected Area on the central coast of Oaxaca, Mexico.


 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area
 
Fieldwork was conducted in the Communal Natural Protected Area (CNPA) El Gavilán, located in the municipality of Santa María Tonameca on the Central Coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. This CNPA is located in the transition area between the coastal plain and Sierra Madre del Sur physiographic province (Figure 1). The climate is warm and sub-humid, with an annual mean temperature of 26.8°C, anual mean precipitation of 2245 mm (García, 1973)  and a long period of drought from November to May (Trejo, 2010). Some tree species in this region are Ceiba parvifolia Rose, Lysiloma divaricata (Jacq.) JF Macbr, and Plumeria rubra L. (Torres-Colín, 2004). The basic forms in these forests are schrubs, vines and cacti (Trejo, 1998), with the predominant species being Acacia cochliacantha Willd., A. farnesiana (L.) Willd., A. cornigera (L) Willd., A. Ziziphus amole (Sessé and Moc.) MC Johnst, Guaiacum coulteri A. Gray., Opuntia decumbens Salm-Dyck, among others (Salas-Morales et al., 2003).
 
Data collection in the field
 
Sampling was carried out between November 2014 and September 2015, during the dry season (November-May) and the rainy season (June-September). Forty camera traps (20 Moultrie cameras, 10 Stealth cameras, and 10 Bushnell Trophy cameras) were used to record the activities of medium and large mammals with body mass greater than 1 kg (Chiarello, 2000; Marques and Fabián, 2018). The camera traps were placed in four groups (10 cameras per group) within the CNPA El Gavilán and installed in one-camera stations along wildlife trails, sidewalks and especially on pathways with clear evidence of use by wildlife (Gonthier and Castañeda, 2013). Each station was treated as an independent sampling location, and the distance between each station was 500 m. We set all cameras to a height of approximately 0.5 m above the ground (Botello et al., 2008; Buenrostro Silva et al., 2015). Camera traps were operational 24 h per day, and batteries were frequently replaced to guarantee the camera traps would continue working (Marques and Fabián, 2018).
 
 
Classification of chrono-ecotypes
 
Independent  photographic  records  were  classified  and quantified  according to activity periods defined by Gódinez (2014). The crepuscular morning was considered between 06:00 to 08:00, and crepuscular evening was considered between 18:00 to 20:00. The intervals between these were considered to be diurnal and nocturnal.
 
Data were analyzed with Oriana software version 4 (Kovach, 2011) for circular statistics using the Raleigh test of uniformity and Rao’s spacing test, with the objective of examining data that are distributed in a circular manner, such as time (Lehner, 1996). Circular statistical analyses of 10 species were carried out following Marques and Fabián (2018) procedures; there was a minimun of 11 photo-captures, with the objective of determining the mean vectors of hours in activity, the circular standard deviation and variance and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The mean vector has two properties: mean angle (µ) and length (r). The first is expressed as the time of day angle that represents the mean time of each species’ activities. The second property can vary from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating that observations are grouped around the mean, while smaller values indicate that observations are not concentrated (Marques and Fabián, 2018).
 
A Raleigh test of uniformity (Z) was performance to determine whether simple times were significantly different from what would be expected by chance. Higher values of Z indicate greater concentration of the data around the mean (lower probability that data are uniformly distributed). Probabilities below  the  significance level of 0.5 indicate that data are not distributed uniformly and are evidence of a trend. Rao's spacing test (U) assesses spacing between adjacent points around a circle. Small p values mean that spacing is not uniform (Marques and Fabián, 2018). The Mardia-Watson-Wheeler test (Zar 2010) was used separately for each of the 10 species recorded to investigate if there were significant differences in time of activity between both seasons (Vera and Fábian, 2018). The Kruskal-Wallis test (Zar, 2010) was used to verify whether there were differences in activity over the 24-h period for the medium and large mammals as a whole. The relative abundance index (RAI) was calculated based on the number of independent photographic records per 100 camera-trap days (sampling effort) with the formula RAI= n/days * 100, where n = number of photocaptures o independant photographic records, days = sampling effort and 100 = standard correction factor. The RAI was calculated for each species in both seasons (dry and rainy) and compared through a t test (Zar, 2010). Independent photographic records were considered when there were (1) consecutive photographs of individuals of different species, (2) consecutive photographs of individuals of the same species separated by more than 24 h or (3) non-consecutive photographs of individuals of the same species. In the case of photographs of gregarious species where more than one individual was observed, the number of independent records considered was the same as the  number  of individuals observed in the image (Monroy-Vilchis et al., 2011; Buenrostro-Silva et al., 2015). The time for the first detection of each species was calculated as the number of days used between setting up the camera-traps and the first registration of each species captured (Monroy-Vilchis et al., 2011; Buenrostro-Silva et al., 2015). All statistical analyses were made with the XLStat ecology version (Addinsoft Co.).


 RESULTS

The sampling effort expended in CNPA El Gavilan returned 1,018 independent photographic records with full time and date records for 10 species of medium and large mammals, obtained with 12,160 day/camera traps. The only species with diurnal tendency was Sciurus aureogaster. The nocturnal species was Procyon lotor, while Leopardus wiedii, Didelphis virginiana, and Dasypus novemcinctus exhibited nocturnal and crepuscular tendencies, but were also active during the night. Leopardus pardalis was active during the night but exhibited diurnal and nocturnal tendencies. Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Nasua narica, Dicotyles angulatus and O. virginianus were defined as cathemeral because they did not exhibit any particular tendency, with activities evenly distributed across all periods (Table 1 and Figure 2).
 
The majority of photocaptured species had activity concentrated in certain periods, principally nocturnal periods. Four species (H. yagouaroundi, N. narica, D. angulatus and O. virginianus) showed times of activity uniformly distributed across 24 h (Table 2). However, these four cathemeral species did not exhibit significant differences in activity between both seasons. Among the ten species photocaptured in both seasons, there were no significant differences in activity times (Table 3).
 
The most abundant medium mammals were D. novemcinctus (RAI= 1.23), D.virginiana (RAI= 1.15) and Nasua narica (RAI= 1.05). Procyon lotor (RAI= 0.47) and Herpailurus yagouaroundi (RAI= 0.378) were less abundant (Table 4). The time of the first detection of each species ocurred between three and 43 days (Figure 3).
 
 
 
 
 


 DISCUSSION

The relationship between the movement activity of animals and the time they spend at rest is one of the most important characteristics it shares with other members of its own species (Marques, 2004), and all this depends on a number of factors. For example, daily activity is determined both by external environmental factor (light, temperature, weather, precipitation, etc.) and the endogenous factors (physiological state) of the animals themselves (Ogurtsov et al., 2018). The types of activities are determined by a combination of conditions that generally ensure a relatively safe existence for the species (safety of obtaining food, survival of young animals, etc.) (Ogurtsov et al., 2018).
 
In this study, the majority of these species had predominantly nocturnal activities with a tendency to use the first half of the night most intensely in both seasons, whereas the diurnal species (Sciurus auregaster) tended to use the beginning of the day. The behaviour of nocturnal species may reflect a quest for thermal comfort during the earlier hours of the night when the temperature has not yet reached its lowest point (Marques and Fabián, 2018), or it could be a strategy to minimize predation (Van Schaik and Griffiths, 1996; Heurich et al., 2014). On the other hand, the activity of the diurnal species intensifies at the beggining of the day as they search for food when the temperature has not yet reached its highest point. Valdéz and Téllez (2005) mention that S. aureogaster has two peaks of activity during the day, in the morning (07:00 to 09:00) and in the afternoon (15:00 to 17:00), and it matches one of the peaks of activity with our records.
 
 
D. virginiana, D. novemcinctus and L. wiedii were species  with  nocturnal   and   twilight   activity   patterns, possibly due to the predatory-prey relationship. In the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, similar results were found for these species (Cortés-Marcial and Briones-Salas, 2014). The assemblage of felids in the NPA El Gavilan includes three medium-sized species (L. pardalis, L. wiedii and H. yagouaroundi). L. pardalis and L. wiedii are primarily nocturnal species (de Oliveira, 1998; Sunquist and Sunquist, 2002; Pérez-Irineo and Santos-Moreno, 2016), but in this study L. wiedii exhibited twilight and nocturnal activity while L. pardalis had diurnal and nocturnal activity. Our results are in part to the point of Los Chimalapas region, where Pérez-Irineo and Santos-Moreno (2016) found diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns in L. pardalis and L. wiedii. Our study provides similar evidence that L. wiedii coexists with L. pardalis. Altought H. yagouaroundi is a poorly studied species, there are records of it in all the neotropics region (Carvajal-Villarreal et al., 2012; Valenzuela-Galván et al., 2013; Cortés-Marcial and Briones-Salas,   2014;   Buenrostro-Silva   et    al.,    2015; Briones-Salas et al., 2016; Pérez-Irineo and Santos-Moreno, 2016). Aranda (2005) mentions that this species has daytime habits, but here we documented it as exhibiting cathemeral activity with a major nocturnal tendency.
 
The rest of the cathemeral species recorded in this study shows similarities with those reported by Cortés-Marcial and Briones-Salas (2014). Nasua narica, Dicotyles angulatus and Odocoileus virginianus showed broad activity patterns, probably related to their feeding habits, and their body size allows them to forage them both day and night (Van Schaik and Griffiths, 1996). O. virginianus has been recorded with cathemeral patterns in arid environments in the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Biosphere Reserve, Oaxaca, with a tendency of use between 06:00 and 12:00 (Mandujano and Hernández, 2019); however, in the northeast of Mexico, it was found to have nocturnal tendencies (Gallina and Bello, 2014).
 
The most abundant medium mammals in our study were D. novemcinctus, D. virginiana and N. narica, and it is  possible   that  their  abundances are related to their  alimentary habits (Pina et al., 2004; Mesa-Zavala et al., 2012). Our results match with reported by Monroy-Vilchis et al. (2011), Pérez-Irineo and Santos Moreno (2012), and Cortés-Marcial and Briones-Salas (2014). The absence of arboreal species may be related to the sampling design used, due to this one is being searched to the records of terrestrial mammals, and not for species with arboreal habits (Aranda, 2012). Although there were records of other mammals, it was not possible to analyse their acitivity patterns due to low registration rate. For example, Puma concolor is a territorial species and requires large field extensions to be able to realize its activities (Bustamante, 2008; Monroy-Vilchis et al., 2011). In our study there was only one record of this species.


 CONCLUSIONS

This study documents the daily activity patterns of  some medium and large mammals in the tropical dry forest on the central coast of Oaxaca, but very few similar studies in the Mexican neotropics exist to make comparisons. Additionally, our results on relative abundance show the more abundants    species    and    its   importance   for monitoring and maintaining mammalian biodiversity. Our results can provide insights into the conservation of species in the CNPA El Gavilan.
 
We recommend the continuance of studies on the temporal and seasonal variations of the activity patterns in order to maintain mammalian species conservation.


 CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.



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