Full Length Research Paper
References
Barnes RFW (1999). Is there a future for elephants in West Africa? Mamm. Rev. 29:175-200. |
|
Barnes RFW (1996). The conflict between humans and elephants in the central African forests. Mammal Rev. 26(2â€3), 67-80. |
|
Barnes RFW, Boafo Y, Nandjui A, Dubiure UF, Hema EM, Danquah E, Manford M (2003). An overview of crop raiding by elephants around the Kakum Conservation Area.. Elephant Biology and Management Project, Africa Program, Conservation International. Unpublished Parts 1 and 2. |
|
Barnes RFW (2002). Treating crop raiding elephants with aspirin. Pachyderm 33:94-99. |
|
Barnes RFW, Hema EM, Nandjui A, Manford M, Dubiure UF, Danquah E, Boafo Y (2005). Risk of crop raiding elephants around the Kakum Conservation Area, Ghana. Pachyderm 39:19-25. |
|
Barnes RFW, Azika S, Asamoah-Boateng B (1995). Timber, cocoa and crop-raiding elephants: a preliminary study from southern Ghana. Pachyderm 19:33-38. |
|
Beaune D, Fruth B, Bollache L, Hohmann G, Bretagnolle F (2013). Doom of the elephant-dependent trees in a Congo tropical forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 295:109-117. |
|
Blanc JJ, Barnes RFW, Craig HT, Thouless CR, Douglas-Hamilton I, Hart JA (2007). African Elephant Database. Occasional Paper Series, IUCN Species Survival Commission No.33. IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland vi + 276 pp. |
|
Boafo Y, Dubiure UF, Danquah, EKA, Manford M, Nandjui A, Hema EM, Barnes RFW, Bailey B (2004). Long-term management of crop raiding by elephants around Kakum Conservation Area in southern Ghana. Pachyderm 37:68-72. |
|
Breininger DRM, Provancha J, Smith RB (1991). Mapping Florida shrub jay habitat for purposes of land-use management. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing 57:1467-1474. |
|
Campfire (2007). PAC Statistics 2002-2006. Campfire Association, Harare, Zimbabwe. |
|
Campos-Arceiz A, Blake S (2011). Megagardeners of the forest–the role of elephants in seed dispersal. Acta Oecol. 37(6):542-553. |
|
Chiyo PI, Cochrane EP (2005). Population structure and behavior of crop raiding elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol. 43:233-241. |
|
Conover M (2002). Resolving human-wildlife conflicts: The science of wildlife damage management. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. |
|
Dublin HT, Hoare RE (2004). Searching for solutions: The evolution of an integrated approach to understanding human-elephant conflict in Africa. Hum. Dimens. Wildl. 9:271-278. |
|
Dudley JP, Mensahâ€Ntiamoah AY, Kpelle DG (1992) Forest elephants in a rainforest fragment: preliminary findings from a wildlife conservation project in southern Ghana. Afr. J. Ecol. 30:116-126. |
|
Duncan BW, Boyle SY, Breininger DR, Schmalzer PA, Larson VL (1995). Validating a florida scrub jay habitat suitability modal using demographic data on Kennedy space center. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing 56:1361-1370. |
|
Hall, JB, Swaine MD (1976). Classification and ecology of closed canopy forest in Ghana. Afr. J. Ecol. 64:913-951 |
|
Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001). PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis (Version 2.13). Palaeontologia Electronica 4(1):1- 9. |
|
Hoare RE (1999). Determinants of human–elephant conflict in a landâ€use mosaic. J. Appl. Ecol. 36(5):689-700. |
|
IUCN (2004) – Elephant Database. Kakum Conservation Area. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature. |
|
Karidozo M, Osborn, FV (2005). Can bees deter elephants from raiding crops? An experiment in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Pachyderm 39:26-31. |
|
Kiiru W (1995). The current status of human elephant conflict in Kenya. Pachyderm 19:15-19. |
|
Kioko J, Muruthi P, Omondi P, Chiyo PI (2008). The performance of electric fences as elephant barriers in Amboseli, Kenya. South Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 38(1):52-58. |
|
Lahm S (1994). The impact of elephants on Agriculture in Gabon. AECCG. |
|
Le Bel S, Mapuvire G, Czudek R (2010). Human-wildlife conflict toolkit: Comprehensive solutions for farmers and communities. Unasylva 236(61):12-13. |
|
Malima C, Hoare R, Blanc JJ (2005). Systematic recording of human-elephant conflicts: A case study in the south-eastern Tanzania. Pachyderm 38:29-38. |
|
Monney KA, Dakwa KB, Wiafe ED (2010). Assessment of crop raiding situation by elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in farms around Kakum Conservation Area, Ghana. Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv. 2(9):243-249. |
|
Mubalama L (2000). Population and distribution of elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) in the central sector of the Virunga National Park, eastern DRC. Pachyderm, 28:44-55. |
|
Naughtonâ€Treves L (1998). Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Conserv. Boil. 12(1):156-168. |
|
Nelson A, Bidell P, Sillero-Zubir C (2003). A review of human-elephant conflict management strategies, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit,Oxford University. |
|
Niskanen L (2006). Human-elephant Conflict: Causes, Effects and Options for Mitigation. In: IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group. Human-Elephant Conflict Working Group, African Elephant Specialist Group, Nairobi, Kenya. |
|
Omondi P, Bitok E, Kagiri J (2004). Managing human elephant conflicts: the Kenyan experience. Pachyderm 36:80-86. |
|
Osborn FV (2002). Capsicium oleoresin as an elephant repellent: field trials in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. J. Wildlife Manag. 66(3):674-677. |
|
Osborn FV, Rasmussen LEL (1995). Evidence for the effectiveness of an oleoresin capsicum aerosol as a repellent against wild elephants in Zimbabwe. Pachyderm 20:55-64. |
|
Parker GE, Osborn FV, Hoare RE, Niskanen LS (eds) (2007). Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation. A training course for Community-based Approaches in Africa. Participant's manual elephant pepper development Trust, Livingstone, Zambia. |
|
Sam MK, Danquah E, Oppong SK, Ashie EA (2005). Nature and extent of human-elephant conflict in Bia Conservation Area, Ghana. Pachyderm 38:49-58. |
|
Seneviratne L, Rossel G (2001). Living next door to a national park. Sri.Lanka Nat. 51-56. |
|
Sitati NW, Walpole MJ, Smith RJ, Leaderâ€Williams N (2003). Predicting spatial aspects of human–elephant conflict. J. Appl. Ecol. 40(4):667-677 |
|
Sukumar R (2003). The living elephants: Evolutionary ecology, behaviour, and conservation. Oxford University Press. |
|
Thouless CR, Sakwa J (1995). Shocking elephants: Fencing and crop raiders in Laikipia District, Kenya. Biol. Conserv. 72:99-107. |
|
Vollrath F, Douglas-Hamilton L (2002). African bees to control African elephants. Naturwiss 89:508-511. |
|
Whyte I, van Aarde, RJ, Primm SI (1998). Managing the elephants of Kruger National Park. Anim. Conserv. 1:77-83. |
|
Wiafe ED, Dakwa KB, Yeboah S (2010). Assemblages of avian communities in forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) range in Ghana. Pachyderm 48:41-47. |
|
Wiafe ED, Sam MK (2014). Evaluation of a low-tech method, pepper–grease, for combatting elephant crop-raiding activities in Kakum Conservation Area, Ghana. Pachyderm 55:38-42. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0