International Journal of
Biodiversity and Conservation

  • Abbreviation: Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2141-243X
  • DOI: 10.5897/IJBC
  • Start Year: 2009
  • Published Articles: 680

Full Length Research Paper

Elephant damage to Sclerocarya birrea on different landscapes

M. Q. Seloana
  • M. Q. Seloana
  • Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, P. O. Box 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar
J. W. Kruger
  • J. W. Kruger
  • Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism, Private Bag X 9484, Polokwane, 0700, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar
M. J. Potgieter
  • M. J. Potgieter
  • Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, P. O. Box 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar
J. J. Jordaan
  • J. J. Jordaan
  • Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, P. O. Box 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 21 November 2016
  •  Accepted: 28 February 2017
  •  Published: 30 April 2017

References

Acocks JPH (1954). Veld Types of South Africa. First edition. Pretoria. South Africa. Mem. Bot. Survey South Afr. 7:1-129.

 

Asner GP, Levick SR (2012). Landscape–scale effects of herbivores on treefall in African savannas. Ecol. Lett. 15:1211-1217.
Crossref

 
 

Balfour D, Dublin HT, Fennessy J, Gibson D, Niskanen L, Whyte IJ (eds) (2007). Review of Options for Managing the Impacts of Locally Overabundant African Elephants. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, P 80.

 
 

Ben–Shahar R (1993). Patterns of elephant damage to vegetation in northern Botswana. Biol. Conserv. 65:249-256.
Crossref

 
 

Bertschinger H, Delsink A, Van Altena JJ, Kirkpatrick J, Killian H, Ganswindt A, Slotow A, Castley G (2008). Reproductive control of elephants. In: Elephant Management: A Scientific Assessment of South Africa. Scholes, R.J. and Mennell, K.G. (eds). Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 357-428.

 
 

Bothma J, Du P, Van Rooyen N (2002). Ecological Monitoring. In: Bothma, J. Du P. (ed.). Game Ranch Management. Van Schaik, Pretoria, pp. 30-33.

 
 

Clegg BW (2010). Habitat and Diet Selection by African Elephant at the Landscape Level: A Functional Integration of Multi–scale Foraging Processes. PhD Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

 
 

De Boer WF, Van Oort JWA, Grover M, Peel MJS (2015). Elephant–mediated habitat modifications and changes in herbivore species assemblages in Sabi Sands, South Africa. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 61:491-503.
Crossref

 
 

De Klerk JN (2004). Bush Encroachment: in Namibia. Report on Phase 1 of the Bush Encroachment Research, Monitoring and Management Project. Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government of the Republic of Namibia.

 
 

Delsink AK (2009). Elephant Management Plan – Atherstone Nature Reserve. Hoedspruit: Wildlife Management Solutions.

 
 

Ferguson AJ (2014). High Elephant Impact is Capable of Converting Tall Mopane Woodland to Shrubland in the South East Lowveld of Zimbabwe. Honours Degree. University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

 
 

Fritz H, Duncan P, Gordon IJ, Illius AW (2002). Mega–herbivores influence trophic guilds structure in African ungulate communities. Oecologia, 131:620-625.
Crossref

 
 

Gadd ME, Young TP, Palmer TM (2001). Effects of simulated shoot and leaf herbivory on vegetative growth and plant defense in Acacia drepanolobium. Oikos 92:515-521.
Crossref

 
 

Harris GM, Russel GJ, Van Aarde RI, Pimm SL (2008). Rules of habitat use by elephants Loxodonta africana in southern Africa: Insights for regional management. Oryx 42:66-75.
Crossref

 
 

Jacobs OS, Biggs R (2001). The effect of different fire treatments on the population structure and density of the Marula, Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) subsp. caffra (Sond.) kokwaro (Kokwaro and Gillet 1980) in the Kruger National Park. Afr. J. Range Forage Sci. 18:13-23.
Crossref

 
 

Jacobs OS, Biggs R (2002). The impact of the African elephant on Marula trees in the Kruger National Park. South Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 32:13-22.

 
 

Kerley GIH, Landman M (2006). The impacts of elephants on biodiversity in the Eastern Cape Subtropical Thickets. South Afr. J. Sci.102:9-10.

 
 

Kerley GIH, Landman M, Kruger L, Owen-Smith N, Balfour D, De Boer WF, Gaylard A, Lindsay K, Slotow R (2008). Effects of elephants on ecosystems and biodiversity In: Scholes, R.J. and Mennell, K.G. (eds). Elephant Management – A Scientific Assessment for South Africa. Wits University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa. pp. 1462-1467.

 
 

Kohi EM, De Boer WF, Peel MJS, Slotow R, Van der Waal C, Heitkoenig IMA, Skidmore A, Prins HHT (2011). African elephants Loxodonta africana browse heterogeneity in African savanna. Biotropica 43:711-721.
Crossref

 
 

Kruger JW (2013). Elephant Management Plan for Atherstone Nature Reserve (ANR) 2014-2018. Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (LEDET), Internal Report.

 
 

Landman M, Kerley GIH, Schoeman DS (2007). Relevance of elephant herbivory as a threat to important plants in the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. J. Zool. 274:51-58.
Crossref

 
 

Loarie SR, Van Aarde RJ, Pimm SL (2009). Elephant seasonal vegetations preferences across dry and wet savannas. Biol. Conserv. 142:3099-3107.
Crossref

 
 

Lombard AT, Johnson CF, Cowling RM, Pressey RL (2001). Protecting plants from elephants: Botanical reserve scenarios within the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Biol. Conserv. 102:191-203.
Crossref

 
 

Marnewick K, Funston PJ, Karanth KU (2008). Evaluating camera trapping as a method for estimating cheetah abundance in ranching areas. South Afr. J. Wildlife Res.38:59-65.
Crossref

 
 

Mucina L, Rutherford MC (2006). The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

 
 

Okello MM, Njumbi SJ, Kiringe JW, Isiiche J (2015). Habitat use and preference by the African elephant outside of the protected area, and management implications in the Amboseli Landscape, Kenya. Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv. 7:211-236.
Crossref

 
 

Pauw JC (1988). Guidelines for Wildlife Management in the Bushveld Communities of the Atherstone Nature Reserve in the Northwest Transvaal. MSc. Dissertation. University of Pretoria. Pretoria.

 
 

Pretorius Y, De Boer WF, Van Der Waal C, De Knegt HJ, Grant RC, Knox NM, Kohi EM, Mwakiwa E, Page BR, Peel MJS, Skidmore AK, Slotow R, Van Wieren SE, Prins HHT (2011). Soil nutrient status determines how elephant utilize trees and shape environments. Afr. J. Ecol. 80:875-883.
Crossref

 
 

Schindler D (2005). Determining Woodland Caribou frequently used sites and habitat use in Eastern Manitoba. Preliminary Analysis and Interim Report. University of Winnipeg, Canada, P 72.

 
 

Shannon G, Druce DJ, Page BR, Eckhardt HC, Grant R, Slotow R (2008). The utilization of large savanna trees by elephant in southern Kruger National Park. J. Trop. Ecol. 24:281-289.
Crossref

 
 

Teren G, Owen–Smith N (2010). Elephants and riparian woodland changes in the Linyanti. Pachyderm, 47:18-25.

 
 

Van Aarde RJ, Grainger M, Whyte I (2005). Landscape heterogeneity and the use of space by elephants in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Afr. J. Ecol. 43:369-375.
Crossref

 
 

Vogel SM, Henley MD, Rode SC, Van De Vyver D, Meares KF, Simmons G, De Boer WF (2014). Elephant (Loxodonta africana) impact on trees used by nesting vultures and raptors in South Africa. Afr. J. Ecol. 52:458-465.
Crossref