International Journal of
Medicine and Medical Sciences

  • Abbreviation: Int. J. Med. Med. Sci.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2006-9723
  • DOI: 10.5897/IJMMS
  • Start Year: 2009
  • Published Articles: 535

Full Length Research Paper

Expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 in monocytes following stimulations by genital secretions of HIV infected and uninfected women with symptomatic vulvo-vaginal candidiasis

Teke Apalata*
  • Teke Apalata*
  • Department of Infection Prevention and Control and Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory-Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar
Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
  • Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
  • Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South
  • Google Scholar
A. Willem Sturm
  • A. Willem Sturm
  • Department of Infection Prevention and Control and Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory-Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar
William H. Carr
  • William H. Carr
  • HIV Pathogenesis Programme (HPP), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar
Prashini Moodley
  • Prashini Moodley
  • Department of Infection Prevention and Control and Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory-Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 20 January 2014
  •  Accepted: 04 April 2014
  •  Published: 31 May 2014

References

Apalata T, Zimba, TF, Sturm WA, Moodley, P (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from patients attending a std facility in maputo, mozambique. Sex Transm. Dis. 36:341-3.
Crossref
 
Bellocchio S, Montagnoli C, Bozza S, Gaziano R, Rossi G, Mambula SS, Vecchi A, Mantovani A, Levitz SM, Romani l (2004). The contribution of the toll-like/il-1 receptor superfamily to innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens in vivo. J. Immunol. 172:3059-69.
Crossref
 
Brown GD, Gordon S (2001). Immune recognition. A new receptor for beta-glucans. Nature 413:36-7.
Crossref
 
Jouault T, Ibata-Ombetta S, Takeuchi O, Trinel PA, Sacchetti P, Lefebvre P, Akira S, Poulain D (2003). Candida albicans phospholipomannan is sensed through toll-like receptors. J. Infect. Dis.188:165-72.
Crossref
 
Mcgreal EP, Rosas M, brown GD, Zamze S, Wong SY, Gordon S, Martinez-Pomares L, Taylor PR (2006). The carbohydrate-recognition domain of dectin-2 is a c-type lectin with specificity for high mannose. Glycobiology 16:422-30.
Crossref
 
Miyazato A, Nakamura K, Yamamoto N, Mora-Montes HM, Tanaka M, Abe Y, Tanno D, Inden K, Gang X, Ishii K, Takeda K, Akira S, Saijo S, Iwakura Y, Adachi Y, Ohno N, Mitsutake K, Gow NA, Kaku M, Kawakami K (2009). Toll-like receptor 9-dependent activation of myeloid dendritic cells by deoxynucleic acids from Candida albicans. Infect. Immunol. 77:3056-64.
Crossref
 
Netea MG, Gijzen K, Coolen N, Verschueren I, Figdor C, Van Der Meer JW, Torensma R, Kullberg BJ (2004). Human dendritic cells are less potent at killing Candida albicans than both monocytes and macrophages. Microbes infect. 6:985-9.
Crossref
 
Roeder A, Kirschning CJ, Schaller M, Weindl G, Wagner H, Korting HC, Rupec RA (2004). Induction of nuclear factor- kappa b and c-jun/activator protein-1 via toll-like receptor 2 in macrophages by antimycotic-treated Candida albicans. J. Infect. Dis. 190:1318-26.
Crossref
 
Romani L, Cenci E, Menacci A, Bistoni F, Puccetti P (1995). T helper cell dichotomy to candida albicans: implications for pathology, therapy, and vaccine design. Immunol. Res. 14:148-62.
Crossref
 
Rubin-Bejerano I, Fraser I, Grisafi P, Fink GR (2003). Phagocytosis by neutrophils induces an amino acid deprivation response in saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100:11007-12.
Crossref
 
Sherrard J, Donders G, white D, Jensen JS (2011). European (iusti/who) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge. Int. J. STD AIDS 22:421-9.
Crossref
 
Sobel JD (2007). Vulvovaginal candidosis. Lancet 369:1961-71.
Crossref
 
Tonnetti L, Spaccapelo R, Cenci E, Mencacci A, Puccetti P, Coffman RL, Bistoni F, Romani L (1995). Interleukin-4 and -10 exacerbate candidiasis in mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 25:1559-65.
Crossref
 
Van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Jansen TJ, Jacobs L, Verschueren I, van der Meer JW, Kullberg BJ (2008). Redundant role of tlr9 for anti-candida host defense. Immunobiology 213:613-20.
Crossref
 
Weindl G, Naglik JR, Kaesler S, Biedermann T, Hube B, Korting HC, Schaller M (2007). Human epithelial cells establish direct antifungal defense through tlr4-mediated signaling. J. Clin. Invest. 117:3664-72.
Pubmed
 
Weis WI, Taylor ME, Drickamer K (1998). The c-type lectin superfamily in the immune system. Immunol. Rev. 163:19-34.
Crossref
 

Zimba TF, Apalata T, Sturm WA, Moodley P (2011). Aetiology of sexually transmitted infections in maputo, Mozambique. J. infect. Dev. Ctries 5:41-7.

Pubmed