Full Length Research Paper
ABSTRACT
This experiment was carried out to study the effects of dietary supplementation of Satureja hortensis essential oil on growth, carcass parts, pH and luminal microbe in broiler chicken. A total of 400 one week old ROS 308 male chicks were used in a completely randomize design model with 5 treatments and 4 replicates, each composing of 20 chicks. Duration of experiment was 35 days until the age of 42 days. Treatments were a basal diet supplemented with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of S. hortensis essential oil with a negative (no supplementation) and a positive control (containing 300 g/1000 kg) of Orego-Stim (a commercial compound). Feed intake and body weight gain were measured weekly and feed conversion ratio was calculated accordingly. Chicks were reared on litter and were fed ad libitum with antibiotic and coccidiostat free diet. At 35th day, litter samples was collected and sent to laboratory for determining its moisture and bacterial total count. At the 42nd day, two chicks per cage were slaughtered for determining carcass parts ratio, ileum digesta pH and bacterial count by dilution method. Results showed that S. hortensis essential oil and Orego-Stim compound had no effects on broiler growth. Liver relative weight increased by 50 and 150 ppm S. hortensis essential oil as compared to the control group. No change of pH was observed due to treatments. Chicks that received 150 ppm S. hortensis essential oil showed higher litter bacterial count as compared to the control and other treatments.
Key words: Broiler chicken, Satureja hortensis essential oil, growth performance, bacterial count.
INTRODUCTION
The wide use of antibiotics and other chemical compounds have been experienced throughout the last 50 years in which research have been directed back to natural antimicrobial products as indispensable resources. Different additives such as enzymes, organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics and phytogenics are used to improve performance (Jamroz et al., 2005).
Herbs and plant extracts represent a new class of additives in poultry feed. Their uses are still limited in relation to their mode of action and aspects of application. In addition, complications may be encountered due to various changes in botanical origins, transformations and compositions of plants and their extracts. Most of the investigations have studied the interactions of various active compounds and their physiological impacts and effects on production performance (Figueiredo et al., 2008).
The hypothesis that phytogenic compounds could improve the food palatability has not been demonstrated. Furthermore, it is believed that the phytogenic compounds can improve the digestive enzyme activity and nutrient absorption. Many studies have demonstrated their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in vitro but in vivo, these results are limited. In addition, other effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-infectious and anti-toxigenic have been confirmed in some researches (Giannenas et al., 2003; 2004; Lopez-Bote, 2004; Burt, 2004; Ahmed et al., 2013; Khan, 2014).
At present, the scientists are working to improve feed efficiency and growth rate of livestock using useful herbs (Bunyapraphatsara, 2007). Researches on the use of herbal mixtures in poultry diets have produced inconsistent results (Fritz et al., 1993). In an experiment, broilers fed with 0.5% of peppermint, grow faster and performed better than those fed with 1.5% peppermint.
There was no significant effect with the addition of the peppermint to the diet on blood traits (PCV, RBC, Hb and WBC), but liver weight decreased, whereas the heterophile/lymphocyte ratio significantly increased in treatments when compared with the control (Al-Kassie, 2010). Using 0.5% of Mentha pulegium L. aerial parts powder significantly improved the performance and carcass traits and reduced the blood glucose of broilers. Nobakht et al. (2011) reported that broilers fed plant extracts showed higher body weight gain when compared with the control group (Jamroz et al., 2005). Supplementation of essential oils from medicinal plants improves the immune defense in poultry (Lavina et al., 2009).
Mixture of Mentha, Zizphora and peppermint aerial parts powder did not have any considerable effects on broiler serum biochemical measures such as total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose, but mixture such as 1% Mentha, 0.5% Zizphora and and 0.5% peppermint stimulated immune system (Narimani-Rad et al., 2011).
Satureja hortensis L. is an annual, herbaceous aromatic and medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is known as summer savory, native to southern Europe and naturalized in parts of North America (Sefidkon et al., 2006). It is widely distributed in different parts of Iran as one of the most important of classified 12 Satureja species. It’s essential oil contains considerable amounts of two phenolic ketones, that is, carvacrol and thymol (Ghannadi, 2002).
This experiment was carried out to study the effects of dietary supplementation of S. hortensis essential oil on growth, carcass parts, pH and luminal microbe in broiler chicken.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals and dietary treatments
After reducing the moisture content of S. hortensis, its essential oil was extracted from the steam distillation or steam method which was used.
S. hortensis essential oil was obtained from the Kashan Golkaran Company. The essence used in current experiment was analysed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Ten compounds were detected among Monotherpens which were the most and the others were y-terpinene (39.5%), carvacrol (38.5%), p-cymene (3.97%), α-terpinene (3.54%) and thymol (2.34%).
Four hundred, seven-day-old broiler chickens of male sex (Ross 308) at the Research Station Shahid Khorakian Qum (Qum - Iran), were used in a completely randomized design model with 5 treatments and 4 replicates, each composing of 20 chicks. Duration of experiment was 35 days until the age of 42 days. Treatments were a basal diet supplemented with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of S. hortensis essential oil with a negative (no supplementation) and a positive control (containing 300 g/1000 kg) of Orego-Stim (a commercial compound).
The diets were formulated (Table 1) to meet the nutrient requirements according to Ross 308 rearing guideline. Because the S. hortensis essential oil are very well soluble in vegetable oil, S. hortensis essential oil was dissolved in total vegetable oil of diets, then it was mixed with other feed ingredients.
Performance parameters
Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion were determined weekly on bird bases. Mortality was also recorded. Then the feed conversion ratio was calculated for all experimental units.
Carcass components
At 42 days of age, two birds per replicate were randomly chosen, slaughtered and carcass percentage and carcass components percentage including a thigh, breast, liver, heart and intestine were determined for live weight.
Acidity and microbial population of ileum
To determine the pH and microbial population of the ileum of broiler chickens, the whole lower ileum which was from Meckel's tag to the branching point of the blind gut, and its contents were removed with scissors into sterile cans, were unloaded and transported to the laboratory and homogenized. To determine the pH, the sample container was taken to the pH meter device and the recorded number was registered as an intestinal pH.
For counting of bacteria in ileal digesta, one gram of sample digestion contents available in this area was added to a test tube containing 9 ml of physiologic serum and was thoroughly mixed and homogenized. Afterwards, the sample was plated on 2 different media: blue agar (for total bacteria) and Levine eosin methylene blue agar (used to determine the number of bacteria gram-1Vitamin premix per kg of diet: vitamin A (retinol), 2.7 mg; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 0.05 mg; vitamin E (tocopheryl acetate), 18 mg; vitamin k3, 2 mg; thiamine 1.8 mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg; panthothenic acid, 10 mg; pyridoxine, 3 mg; cyanocobalamin, 0.015 mg; niacin, 30 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; choline chloride, 250 mg; antioxidant 100 mg. Mineral premix per kg of diet: Fe (FeSO4.7H2O, 20.09% Fe), 50 mg; Mn (MnSO4.H2O, 32.49% Mn), 100 mg; Zn (ZnO, 80.35% Zn), 100 mg; Cu (CuSO4.5H2O), 10 mg; I (KI, 58% I), 1mg; Se (NaSeO3, 45.56% Se), 0.2 mg. The diets and water was provided with ad libitum. The lighting program during the experimental period consisted of a period of 23 h light and 1 h of darkness. Environmental temperature was gradually decreased from 33 to 25°C on day 21 and was then kept constant.
After counting the number of colonies per plate, the obtained number was multiplied by contrast dilution factor and the result was recorded as the number of colony forming units per gram of sample.
Litter moisture content
Individual litter samples were separated and weighed (15 g) before drying each sample for 24 h at 105°C (Barker et al., 2011). To determine the dry weight of each sample, samples were weighed again after drying. Moisture content (MC) was determined using the wet and dry weights (W) (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007):
Litter microbial population
To check microbial population of broiler litter under test, in the thirty-fifth day of rearing, using clean and sterile containers, an approximately 10-g sample (one gram of litter sample was mixed by 9 ml of physiologic serum) was taken and transported to the laboratory in sterile conditions and was quite homogenized. The process was carried out similarly with the process of determining microbial population of ileum.
Statistical analysis
The data were subjected to analysis of variance using General Linear Model Procedures of SPSS 16 (2007) in the computer for a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. Duncan multiple range test was used to test significant differences in treatments. Statements of statistical significance are based on P<0.05.
Yijk = µ + Aj + Bk + ABjk+ Eijk
Where Yijk is the dependent variable; µ is the overall mean; Aj is the treatment effect; Bk is the period effect; A × Bjk is the interaction effect of treatment and period; and Eijk is the residual error.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion and mortality
In comparison with the Duncan's test, there was also no significant difference in the amount of feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and mortality which were observed between the control and experimental treatments (Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5).
The addition of S. hortensis essence and Orego-Stim commercial combination (in amounts determined in this experiment) to the male broiler diets did not improve the productive performance of the broilers and had no deleterious effect on productive broilers (p<0.05).
The results of this study were in line with the findings of Samadian et al. (2013), Kirkpinar et al. (2011), Khaligh et al. (2011), Amad et al. (2013), Erdogan et al. (2010), Botsoglou et al. (2002), Ghalamkari et al. (2011), Zamanimoghaddam et al. (2007), Jang et al. (2007), Hernandez et al. (2004), Tekeli et al. (2006) and Lee et al. (2003) who observed no positive effects and significant improvements in productivity. On the other hand, findings of the present study disagreed with the studies conducted by Ocak et al. (2008), Peric et al. (2010), Jafari et al. (2011), Giannenas et al. (2003), Ciftci et al. (2005), Al-Kassie (2009) and Cross et al. (2007), Ertas et al. (2005), Hashemi et al. (2009 a, b), Jia-Chi et al. (2012), Hosseini (2011), Khodaei (2011b), Pish Jang (2011), Pooryousef and Hosseini (2011), Jamroz et al. (2003) and Tiihonen et al. (2010) which maintained that in the case of growth performance of broiler chickens, there were significant improvements in body weight, weight gain, feed conversion and reduced fatalities due to addition of various compounds of plant origin.
Carcass composition
Comparison of the mean for the separation of components from the carcass into pieces is presented in Table 6. The findings revealed that the addition of S. hortensis essential oil and commercial drug Orego-Stim did not cause any improvements on the carcass traits of broilers. The only significant difference between the experimental and control group was the higher liver weight in broilers receiving diets containing 50 and 150 ppm of the S. hortensis essential oil which is in line with the study conducted by Khodaei (2011a). On the contrary, some studies including Pish Jang (2011), Kirkpinar et al. (2011), Nobakht et al. (2011), Jang et al. (2007) and Hernandez et al. (2004) concluded that the liver of broilers’ fed with herbal additives were not affected.
Considering other carcass traits, according to the data given in Table 6, the results of this study (maintaining the inefficacy of added S. hortensis essential oil and commercial drug Orego-Stim in male broiler diet regarding the yielded carcass and relative weights of the heart, bowel, breast and thigh as compared to the weight of the live tested chickens), were in conformity with the results reported by Pish Jang (2011) reporting no impacts on the relative weights of gizzard and heart, Kirkpinar et al. (2011) showing no improvements in carcass and relative weight of gizzard, small intestine and heart, Vukic-Vranjes et al. (2013) maintaining no positive effects in breast and thigh, Scheuermann et al. (2009) showing no significant difference in carcass composition, Nobakht et al. (2011) revealing insignificant effects on thigh, gizzard and intestine weight, Ghalamkari et al. (2011) stating no influences on the weight of internal organs and carcass characteristics, Jang et al. (2007) indicating lowers firm-level which did not affect the weight of the intestine, Hernandez et al. (2004) mentioning no relevant effects on the weight of the gizzard and intestines, Khaligh et al. (2011) declaring no significant improvements in the characteristics of carcass and even loss of yielded carcass, and finally Lee et al. (2003) who concluded that lower firm-level had no effect on carcass composition of broiler chickens fed with herbal additives. However, the findings of the present study were not in agreement with the studies carried out by Pooryousef and Hosseini (2011) who showed an increase in the relative weight of the breasts and improved indicators of carcass traits, Jamroz et al. (2005) reporting 1.2% weight increase when comparing the breast muscle weight to body weight, Khodaei (2011a) showing increases in relative weight of the breast muscle, and Hosseini (2011) concluding improved breast weight and carcass traits in broilers fed with herbal additives.
.png)
pH and microbial population of the gut contents
pH comparison of ileal digesta and microbial population of the lower small intestine of broiler chickens is presented in Table 7. Comparing the means of these traits via Duncan's test, there was also no significant difference between the experimental diets with each other and with control groups.
Our results agreed with the findings reported by Jia-Chi et al. (2012) revealing the ineffectiveness of herbal additives on acidity of the intestinal flora. Moreover, the effect of experimental diets on microbial populations in the ileum contents of the lower small intestine of broilers under test was not significant. This finding was in line with Kirkpinar et al. (2011), Corduk et al. (2008), Cross et al. (2007) and Cao et al. (2010) stating the insignificant effect of herbal additives on the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, it was unlike the results reported by Vukic-Vranjes et al. (2013), Jia-Chi et al. (2012) and Roofchaee et al. (2011) who showed a significant reduction in the total population of gut flora by adding some additives to the diet of broiler chickens.
Litter moisture content and microbial population
Comparing the means for these traits using Duncan's test, no significant difference was observed between the experimental diets with each other and with the control ones (Table 8). Considering the litter characteristics of the broilers, the only significant difference was the higher bacterial population in the context of broilers receiving diets containing 150 ppm of oils which was considerably greater than the control and experimental groups. Investigating the results of the previous studies, no study has been found to examine the microbial load in broiler litter.
In this study, the reason that no positive effects were observed due to addition of oils to broiler chickens’ diet may be related to the appropriate conditions of the chickens, environmental conditions, and the composition of the diet of the broiler chickens. According to some researchers, the effectiveness of herbal dietary additives might be affected by internal and external factors such as infections and environmental conditions (Giannenas et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2004a, b, c). Furthermore, the effects of medicinal plants depends largely on the health status of animals (Acamovic and Brooker, 2005) and it is generally expected that the growth-stimulating effects of additives are most evident in situations where chickens are kept in a less clean environment (Samadian et al., 2013). Chick quality, health conditions and environmental management also play important roles in the effectiveness of herbal additives (Hashemi and Davoodi, 2012). Inasmuch as this experiment benefited the proper quality of chicks, favorable environmental conditions, and appropriate diet, the chickens’ performance was at its peak, therefore, it is likely that no room was left for further improvement.
CONCLUSION
Since our knowledge is still limited in practical usages of herbal additives, and since there is a great disparity in herbal compounds, the process and geographical origin of the plants in additives, the complexity of the issue expands. Therefore, before the widespread use of herbal additives in poultry nutrition, thorough investigations should be carried out on mechanisms, compatibility with other components of the diet, toxicity and safety evaluation.
In conditions similar to this study, the addition of S. hortensis essence and Orego-Stim commercial combination (in amounts determined in this experiment) to the male broiler diets did not improve their productivity, nor did it cause harmful effects on their productivity. Thus, unreasonable use of herbal additives may just be a waste of money for aviculturists.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
REFERENCES
|
Acamovic T, Brooker JD (2005). Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 64:403-412. |
|
|
Ahmed A, Mangaiyarkarasi RN, Shahid Umar Shahina Rahmanullah S, Zahra Y (2013). Effect of black tea extract (polyphenols) on performance of broilers. Int. J. Adv. Res. 1(7):563-566. |
|
|
Al-Kassie GAM (2009). Influence of two plant extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon on broiler performance. Pak. Vet. J. 29:69-173. |
|
|
Al-Kassie GAM (2010).The effect of thyme and cinnamon on the microbial balance in gastro intestinal tract on broiler chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 9:495-498. |
|
|
Amad AA, Wendler KR, Zentek J (2013). Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance, selected blood criteria and jejunal morphology in broiler chickens. Emir. J. Food Agric. 25(7):549-554. |
|
|
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (2007). Moisture relationships of plant-based agricultural products.In: ASABE Standards. 54th ed. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. pp. 596-612. |
|
|
Barker KJ, Coufal CD, Purswell Jl, Davis JD, Parker HM, Kidd MT, McDaniel CD, Kiess AS (2011). In-house windrowing of a commercial broiler farm during the summer months and its effect on litter composition. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 20:168-180. |
|
|
Botsoglou NA, Florou-Paneri PE, Christaki Fletouris DJ, Spais AB (2002). Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Br. Poult. Sci. 43(2):223-230. |
|
|
Bunyapraphatsara N (2007). Utilization of medicinal plants in animal production. 11th International Congress, Leiden, The Netherlands, Phytopharmcology. Chickens. Ann. Anim. Sci. 10:157-165. |
|
|
Burt S (2004). Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in food- A review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94(3):223-253. |
|
|
Cao PH, Li FD, Li YF, Ru YJ, Peron A, Schulze H, Bento H (2010). Effect of essential oils and feed enzymes on performance and nutrient utilization in broilers fed a corn/soy-based diet. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 9(8):749-755. |
|
|
Ciftci M, Guler T, Dalkıkıc B, Ertas ON (2005). The effects of anise oil (Pimpinella anisum L.) on broiler performance. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 11:851-855. |
|
|
Corduk M, Ceylan N, Dede N, Tel OY (2008). Effects of novel feed additives on performance, carcass traits and E. coli, aerobic bacteria and yeast counts in broilers. Arch. Geflügelk. 72(2):61-67. |
|
|
Cross DE, Mcdevitt RM, Hillman K, Acamovic T (2007). The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. Br. Poult. Sci. 48:496-506. |
|
|
Erdogan ZS, Erdogan S, Aslantas O, Elik SC (2010). Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics and phytobiotics on performance, caecal coliform population and some oxidant/antioxidant parameters of broilers. J. Anim. Phys. Anim. Nutr. 94:40-48. |
|
|
Ertas ON, Guler T, Ciftci M, Dalkilic B, Simsek UG (2005). The effect of an essential oil mix derived from oregano, clove and anise on broiler performance. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4:879-884. |
|
|
Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Scheffer JJC (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants. Flavour Fragr. J. 23:213-226. |
|
|
Fritz Z, Schleicher A, Kinal S (1993). Effect of substituting milfoil, St. Johnswort and lovage for antibiotics on chicken performance and meat quality. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 2:189-195. |
|
|
Ghalamkari G, Toghyani M, Tavalaeian E, Landy N, Ghalamkari Z, Radnezhad H (2011). Efficiency of different levels of Satureja hortensis L. (Savory) in comparison with an antibiotic growth promoter on performance, carcass traits, immune responses and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10(61):13318-13323. |
|
|
Ghannadi A (2002). Composition of the essential oil of Satureja hortensis L. seeds from Iran. J. Essen. Oil Res. 14:35-36. |
|
|
Giannenas I, Florou-Paneri P, Papazahariadou M, Christaki E, Botsoglou NA, Spais AB (2003). Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 57:99-106. |
|
|
Giannenas I, Florou-Paneri P, Papazahariadou M, Christaki E, Botsoglou NA, Spais AB (2004). Effect of diet suplementation with ground oregano on performance of broiler chickens challenged with Emeria tenella. Arch. Geflugelkd. 68:247-252. |
|
|
Hashemi SR, Davoodi H (2012). Herbal plants as new immuno-stimulator in poultry industry: A Review. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 7:105-116. |
|
|
Hashemi SR, Zulkifli I, Hair-Bejo M, Karami M, Soleimani AF (2009a). The effects of Euphorbia hirta and acidifier supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant activity in broiler chickens. Proceedings of the 21st Veterinary Association Malaysia (VAM) Congress, August 7-9, 2009, Port Dickson, Malaysia, pp. 215-217. |
|
|
Hashemi SR, Zulkifli I, Zunita Z, Hair-Bejo M, Lohetal TC (2009b). Effects of dietary supplementation with Euphorbia hirta and acidifier on performance and Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens. Proceedings of the 30th Malaysia Society of Animal Production Annual Conference, June 2-5, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, pp. 69-70. |
|
|
Hernandez F, Madrid J, Garcia V, Orengo J, Megıas MD (2004). Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poult. Sci. 83(2):169-174. |
|
|
Hosseini MH (2011). Performance, carcass quality, blood parameters and immune system of broilers fed diets supplemented with Oregano oil (Origanum sp.). Ann. Biol. Res. 2(6):652-656. |
|
|
Jafari B, Rezaie A, Ebadi A, Ghiamirad M, Ahmadizadeh C (2011). Evaluation of medicinal plant oil (Teucrium polium) in diets of broilers. J. Appl. Biol. Sci. 1(12):583-586. |
|
|
Jamroz D, Orda I, Kamel C, Wiliczkiewicz A, Wertelecki T, Skorupinska I (2003). The influence of phytogenic extracts on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbial status in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 12:583-596. |
|
|
Jamroz D, Williczkiewicz A, Wertelecki T, Orda J, Skorupinska J (2005). Use of active substances of plant origin in chicken diets based on maize and locally grown cereals. Br. Poult. Sci. 46(4):485-493. |
|
|
Jang IS, Ko YH, Kang SY, Lee CY (2007). Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chicks. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 134:304-315. |
|
|
Jia-Chi H, Steiner T, Aufy A, Tu-fa L (2012). Effects of supplemental essential oil in growth performance, lipid metabolites and immunity, intestinal characteristics, microbiota and carcass traits in broilers. Livest. Sci. 144(3):253-262. |
|
|
Khaligh F, Sadeghi G, Karimi A, Vaziry A (2011). Evaluation of different medicinal plants blends in diets for broiler chickens. J. Med. Plants Res. 5:1971-1977. |
|
|
Khan SH (2014). The use of green tea (Camellia sinensis) as a phytogenic substance in poultry diets. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 81(1):1-8. |
|
|
Khodaei AS (2011a). Influence of two herbal extracts on performance, carcass quality and blood parameters in broiler chicken. Ann. Biol. Res. 2(5):584-588. |
|
|
Khodaei AS (2011b). Effect of herbal oil on performance, carcass quality, blood parameters and immune system in female broiler chicken. Ann. Biol. Res. 2(5):589-592. |
|
|
Kirkpinar F, Unlu HB, Ozdemir G (2011). Effects of Oregano and Garlic essential oils on performance, carcass, organ and blood characteristics and intestinal microflora of broilers. Livest. Sci. 137:219-225. |
|
|
Lavina S, Dumitrescu G, Drinceanu D, Stef D (2009). The effect of medicinal plants and plant extracted oils on broiler duodenum morphology and immunological profile of broiler. Rom. Biotechnol. Lett. 9:1906-1914. |
|
|
Lee K, Everts W, Beyen AC (2003). Dietary carvacrol lowers body gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:394-399. |
|
|
Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, Beynen AC (2004a). Growth performance of broiler chickens fed a carboxymethyl cellulose containing diet with supplemental carvacrol and/or cinnamaldehyde. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3:619-622. |
|
|
Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, van der Kuilen J, Lemmens AG, Frehner M, Beynen AC (2004c). Growth performance, intestinal viscosity, fat digestibility and plasma cholesterol in broiler chickens fed a rye-containing diet without or with essential oil components. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3:613-618. |
|
|
Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, Wouterse H, Frehner M, Beynen AC (2004b). Cinnamaldehyde, but notthymol, counteracts the carboxymethyl cellulose-induced growth depression in female broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3:608-612. |
|
|
Lopez-Bote CJ (2004). Bioflavonoid effects reach beyond productivity. Feed Mix 12:12-15. |
|
|
Narimani-Rad M, Nobakht A, Shahryar HA, Lotfi AR (2011). Influence of dietary supplementation of medicinal plants mixtures Ziziphora, Mentha pulagum and Peppermint) on some serum biochemical and immunological measures of broiler chickens. Middle East. J. Sci. Res. 8:457-459. |
|
|
Nobakht A, Norany J, Safamehr AR (2011). The effects of different amounts of Mentha pulegium L. (pennyroyal) on performance, carcass traits, hematological and blood biochemical parameters of broilers. J. Med. Plant. Res. 5:3763-3768. |
|
|
Ocak N, Erener G, Burakak F, Sungu M, Altop A, Ozmen A (2008). Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with dry peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) or thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves as growth promoter source. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 53:169-175. |
|
|
Peric L, Milosevic N, Zikic D, Bjedov S, Cvetkovic D, Markov S, Mohnl M, Steiner T (2010). Effects of probiotic and phytogenic products on performance, gut morphology and cecal microflora of broiler chickens. Archiv Tierzucht 53(3):350-359. |
|
|
Pish Jang J (2011). Comparison of effect of Cuminum cyminum and probiotic on performance and serum composition of broiler chickens. Ann. Biol. Res. 2(6):630-634. |
|
|
Pooryousef MM, Hosseini MN (2011). Echinacea purpura and Carumcopticum extract improve performance, carcass quality but not effect on blood parameters and immune system in broiler chicken. Ann. Biol. Res. 2(5):610-614. |
|
|
Roofchaee A, Irani M, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Akbari MR (2011). Effect of dietary Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil on growth performance, cecal microflora and serum antioxidant activity of broiler chickens. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10(32):6177-6183. |
|
|
Samadian F, Zeinoaldini S, Towhidi A, Karimi Torshizi MA, Ansari Pirasaraei Z, Gholamzadeh P (2013). A. Evaluation of some phytogenic feed additives in growing chicks diet. Int. J. Agric. 3(1):35-43. |
|
|
Scheuermann GN, Junior AC, Cypriano L, Gabbi AM (2009). Phytogenic additive as an alternative to growth promoters in broiler chickens. Cienc. Rural 39(2):522-527. |
|
|
Sefidkon F, Sadighzadeh L, Taymori M (2006). The study of antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Satureia hortensis. J. Med. Plants 23:174-182. |
|
|
SPSS (2007). Statistical package for social science 16.0 Brief Guide: SPSS Inc. 233 South Wacker Drive, 11th Floor Chicago, IL 60606-6412 16. 2007. |
|
|
Tekeli A, Celik L, Kutlu HR, Gorgulu M (2006). Effect of dietary supplemental plant extracts on performance, carcass characteristics, digestive system development, intestinal microflora and some blood parameters of broiler chicks. XII, EPC, 10-14 September, Verona, Italy. |
|
|
Tiihonen K, Kettunen H, Bento MH, Saarinen M, Lahtinen S, Ouwehand AC, Schulze H, Rautonen N (2010). The effect of feeding essential oils on broiler performance and gut microbiota. Br. Poult. Sci. 51(3):381-392. |
|
|
Vukic-Vranjes M, Tolimir N, Vukmirovic D, Colovic R, Stanacev V, Ikonic P, Pavkov S (2013). Effect of phytogenic additives on performance, morphology and caecal microflora of broiler chickens. Biotechnol. Anim. Husb. 29(2):311-319. |
|
|
Zamanimoghaddam AK, Ghannadi AR, Gafarian A, Shojadoost B (2007). The effect of Satureja hortensis on performance of broiler chickens and NDHI titers. Proceedings of the 16th Eur. Symp. Poult. Nutr., France, 26-30 August 2007, pp. 87-89. |
|
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
