Journal of
Neuroscience and Behavioral Health

  • Abbreviation: J. Neurosci. Behav. Health
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2141-2286
  • DOI: 10.5897/JNBH
  • Start Year: 2009
  • Published Articles: 67

Review

The role of electroacupuncture in stroke treatment: A systematic review of the literature

Panagiotis Zogopoulos*
  • Panagiotis Zogopoulos*
  • Department of Neurosurgery, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece.
  • Google Scholar
Georgios Vretakos
  • Georgios Vretakos
  • Department of Neurosurgery, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece.
  • Google Scholar
Dimitrios Rologis
  • Dimitrios Rologis
  • Department of Neurosurgery, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 05 August 2015
  •  Accepted: 05 October 2015
  •  Published: 31 October 2015

References

Abe K, Yamashita T, Takizawa S, Kuroda S, Kinouchi H, Kawahara N (2012). Stem cell therapy for cerebral ischemia: from basic science to clinical applications. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 32:1317-1331.
Crossref
 
American Heart Association (2004). Update, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics. Dallas: American Heart Association 2004:13-17.
 
American Heart Association (2009). Update at-a-Glance, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics. Dallas: American Heart Association 2009:14-16.
 
Arai K, Jin G, Navaratna D, Lo EH (2009). Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: neurovascular injury and angiogenic recovery after stroke. FEBS J. 276(17):4644-4652.
Crossref
 
Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O (2002). Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nat. Med. 8:963-970.
Crossref
 
Bernaudin M, Tang Y, Reilly M, Petit E, Sharp FR (2002). Brain genomic response following hypoxia and re-oxygenation in the neonatal rat. Identification of genes that might contribute to hypoxia-induced ischemic tolerance. J. Biol. Chem. 277(42):39728-39738.
Crossref
 
Chen A, Lin Z, Lan L, Xie G, Huang J, Lin J, Peng J, Tao J, Chen L (2012). Electroacupuncture at the Quchi and Zusanli acupoints exerts neuroprotective role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Int. J. Mol. Med.30(4):791-796.
Crossref
 
Chen L, Fang J, Ma R, Froym R, Gu X, Li J, Chen L, Xu S, Ji C (2014). Acupuncture for acute stroke: study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Trials 15:214.
Crossref
 
Choi JS, Kim HY, Cha JH, Lee MY (2006). Ischemic preconditioning-induced activation of ERK1/2 in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 409:187-191.
Crossref
 
Chuang CM., Hsieh CL, Li TC, Lin JG (2007). Acupuncture stimulation at Baihui acupoint reduced cerebral infarct and increased dopamine levels in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and ischemia–reperfusion injured Sprague-Dawley rats. Am. J. Chin. Med. 35:779-791.
Crossref
 
Desmond DW, Moroney JT, Paik MC, Sano M, Mohr JP, Aboumatar S, Tseng CL, Chan S, Williams JB, Remien RH, Hauser WA, Stern Y (2000). Frequency and clinical determinants of dementia after ischemic stroke. Neurology 54:1124-1131.
Crossref
 
Dong H, Fan YH, Zhang W, Wang Q, Yang QZ, Xiong LZ (2009). Repeated electroacupuncture preconditioning attenuates matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and activity after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurol. Res. 31:853-858.
Crossref
 
Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macieod M, Davis SM (2008). Stroke. Lancet 371:1612-1623.
Crossref
 
Doyle KP, Simon RP, Stenzel-Poore MP (2008). Mechanisms of ischemic brain damage. Neuropharmacology 55:310-318.
Crossref
 
Du J, Wang Q, Hu B, Peng Z, Zhao Y, Ma L, Xiong L, Lu Y, Zhu X, Chen S (2010). Involvement of ERK 1/2 activation in electroacupuncture pretreatment via cannabinoid CB1 receptor in rats. Brain Res. 1360:1-7.
Crossref
 
Du Y, Shi L, Li J, Xiong J, Li B, Fan X (2011). Angiogenesis and improved cerebral blood flow in the ischemic boundary area were detected after electroacupuncture treatment to rats with ischemic stroke. Neurol. Res. 33(1):101-107.
Crossref
 
Fang Z, Ning J, Xiong C, Shulin Y (2012). Effects of Electroacupuncture at Head Points on the Function of CerebralMotor Areas in Stroke Patients: A PET Study. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 902413.
 
Feng X, Yang S, Liu J, Huang J, Peng J, Lin J, Tao J, Chen L (2013). Electroacupuncture ameliorates cognitive impairment through inhibition of NF-κB-mediated neuronal cell apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. Mol. Med. Rep. 7:1516-1522.
 
Fukuda AM, Badaut J (2012). Aquaporin 4: a player in cerebral edema and neuroinflammation. J. Neuroinflammation 9:279.
Crossref
 
Gaiano N, Fishell G (2002). The role of notch in promoting glial and neural stem cell fates. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25:471-490.
Crossref
 
Gao H, Guo J, Zhao P, Cheng J (2002). The neuroprotective effects of electroacupuncture on focal cerebral ischemia in monkey. Acupunct. Electrother. Res. 27:45-57.
 
Gao H, Guo J, Zhao P, Cheng J (2006). Influences of electroacupuncture on the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 following, focal cerebral ischemia in monkeys. Acupunct. Electrother. Res. 31(3-4):259-272.
Crossref
 
Gao X, Zhang H, Steinberg G, Zhao H (2010). The Akt pathway is involved in rapid ischemic tolerance in focal ischemia in rats. Transl. Stroke Res. 1:202-209.
Crossref
 
Genovese T, Mazzon E, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S (2011). Neuroprotective effects of olprinone after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 503:93-99.
Crossref
 
He YZ, Han B, Zheng SF, Wang LN, Chen ZM, Hu J, Li JM, Peng JX (2007). Effect of different acupuncture needle-retaining time on hemorheology in ischemic stroke patients. Zhen. Ci. Yan. Jiu. 32(5):338-341.
 
Hopwood V, Lewith GT (2005). Does acupuncture help stroke patients become more independent? J. Alternat. Complement. Med. 11(1):175-177.
Crossref
 
Hsieh CL, Chang QY, Lin IH, Lin JG, Liu CH, Tang NY, Lane HY (2006). The study of electroacupuncture on cerebral blood flow in rats with and without cerebral ischemia. Am. J. Chin. Med. 34(2):351-361.
Crossref
 
Huang J, Upadhyay U, Tamargo RJ (2006). Inflammation in stroke and focal cerebral ischemia. Surgl. Neurol. 66:232-245.
Crossref
 
Huang Y, Chen J, Htut WM, Lai X, Wik G (2007). Acupuncture increases cerebral glucose metabolism in human vascular dementia. Int. J. Neurosci. 117:1029-1037.
Crossref
 
Iso T, Kedes L, Hamamori Y (2003). Hes and herp families: multiple effectors of the notch signaling pathway. J. Cell Physiol. 194:237-255.
Crossref
 
Iwai M, Sato K, Omori N, Nagano I, Manabe Y, Shoji M, Abe K (2002). Three steps of neural stem cells development in gerbil dentate gyrus after transient ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 22:411-419.
Crossref
 
Jin K, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Mao XO, Xie L, Greenberg DA (2002). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:11946-11950.
Crossref
 
Jin Z, Liang J, Wang J, Kolattukudy PE (2013). Delayed brain ischemia tolerance induced by electroacupuncture pretreatment is mediated via MCP-induced protein 1. J. Neuroinflammation 10:63.
Crossref
 
Kim DD, Pica AM, Duran RG, Duran WN (2006). Acupuncture reduces experimental renovascular hypertension through mechanisms involving nitric oxide synthases. Microcirculation 13:577-585.
Crossref
 
Kim JH, Choi KH, Jang YJ, Bae SS, Shin BC, Choi BT, Shin HK (2013). Electroacupuncture acutely improves cerebral blood flow and attenuates moderate ischemic injury via an endothelial mechanism in mice. PLoS ONE 8(2):e56736.
Crossref
 
Kim JH, Choi KH, Jang YJ, Kim HN, Bae SS, Choi BT, Shin HK (2013). Electroacupuncture preconditioning reduces cerebral ischemic injury via BDNF and SDF-1α in mice. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.13:22.
Crossref
 
Kim YR, Kim HN, Ahn SM, Choi YH, Shin HK, Choi BT (2014). Electroacupuncture Promotes Post-Stroke Functional Recovery via Enhancing Endogenous Neurogenesis in Mouse Focal Cerebral Ischemia. PLoS ONE 9(2):e90000.
Crossref
 
Kim YR, Kim HN, Jang JY, Park C, Lee JH, Shin HK, Choi YH, Choi BT (2013). Effects of electroacupuncture on apoptotic pathways in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Int. J. Mol. Med. 32:1303-1310.
Crossref
 
Kokaia Z, Nawa H, Uchino H, Elmer E, Kokaia M, Carnahan J, Smith ML, Siesjo BK, Lindvall O (1996). Regional brain-derive neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein levels following transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 38(1):139-144.
Crossref
 
Lan L, Tao J, Chen A, Xie G, Huang J, Lin J, Peng J, Chen L (2013). Electroacupuncture exerts anti-inflammatory effects in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats via suppression of the TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway. Int. J. Mol. Med. 31(1):75-80.
 
Lavoie JN, Rivard N, L'Allemain G, Pouysségur J (1996). A temporal and biochemical link between growth factor-activated MAP kinases, cyclin D1 induction and cell cycle entry. Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 2:49-58.
Crossref
 
Lee JD, Chon JS, Jeong HK, Kim HJ, Yun M, Kim DY, Kim DI, Park CI, Yoo HS (2003). The cerebrovascular response to traditional acupuncture after stroke. Neuroradiology 45:780-784.
Crossref
 
Li Q, Michaud M, Stewart W, Schwartz M, Madri JA (2008). Modeling the neurovascular niche: murine strain differences mimic the range of responses to chronic hypoxia in the premature newborn. J. Neurosci. Res. 86(6):1227-1242.
Crossref
 
Liang J, Saad Y, Lei T, Wang J, Qi D, Yang Q, Kolattukudy PE, Fu M (2010). MCP-induced protein 1 deubiquitinates TRAF proteins and negatively regulates JNK and NF-kappaB signaling. J. Exp. Med. 207:2959-2973.
Crossref
 
Limbourg FP, Huang Z, Plumier JC, Simoncini T, Fujioka M, Tuckermann J, Schutz G, Moskowitz MA, Liao JK (2002). Rapid nontranscriptional activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediates increased cerebral blood flow and stroke protection by corticosteroids. J. Clin. Invest. 110:1729-1738.
Crossref
 
Liu L, Cheung RTF (2013). Effects of Pretreatment with a Combination of Melatonin and Electroacupuncture in a Rat Model of Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 953162.
Crossref
 
Love S (2003). Apoptosis and brain ischaemia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27:267-282.
Crossref
 
Lu Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Han B, Wang T, Zhao H, Cui K, Wang S (2015). Electro-acupuncture up-regulates astrocytic MCT1 expression to improve neurological deficit in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Life Sci. 134:68-72.
Crossref
 
Luo JK, Zhou HJ, Wu J, Tang T, Liang QH (2013). Electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) accelerates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced angiogenesis in rats. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 19(5):367-373.
Crossref
 
Ma L, Zhu Z, Zhao Y, Hou L, Wang Q, Xiong L, Zhu X, Jia J, Chen S (2011). Cannabinoid receptor type 2 activation yields delayed tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia. Curr. Neurovasc. Res. 8:145-152.
Crossref
 
Matsushita K, Takeuchi O, Standley DM, Kumagai Y, Kawagoe T, Miyake T, Satoh T, Kato H, Tsujimura T, Nakamura H, Akira S (2009). Zc3h12a is an Rnase essential for controlling immune responses by regulating mRNA decay. Nature 458:1185-1190.
Crossref
 
NIH consensus conference (1998). Acupuncture. JAMA 280(17):1518-1524.
Crossref
 
Ohab JJ, Fleming S, Blesch A, Carmichael ST (2006). A neurovascular niche for neurogenesis after stroke. J. Neurosci. 26(50):13007-13016.
Crossref
 
Orio M, Kunz A, Kawano T, Anrather J, Zhou P, Iadecola C (2007). Lipopolysaccharide induces early tolerance to excitotoxicity via nitric oxide and cGMP. Stroke 38:2812-2817.
Crossref
 
Pantano P, Formisano R, Ricci M, Di Piero V, Sabatini U, Di Pofi B, Rossi R, Bozzao L, Lenzi GL (1996). Motor recovery after stroke: Morphological and functional brain alterations. Brain 119(6):1849-1857.
Crossref
 
Ren L, Wang YK, Fang YN, Zhang AW, Li XL (2010). Effect of electroacupuncture therapy on the expression of Na(v)1.1 and Na(v)1.6 in rat after acute cerebral ischemia. Neurol. Res. 32(10):1110-1116.
Crossref
 
Ren L, Zhang WA, Fang NY, Wang JX (2008). The influence of electroacupuncture on neural plasticity in acute cerebral infarction. Neurol. Res. 30(9):985-989.
Crossref
 
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Adams RJ, Berry JD, Brown TM, Carnethon MR, Dai S, de Simone G, Ford ES, Fox CS, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Greenlund KJ, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Ho PM, Howard VJ, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Makuc DM, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McDermott MM, Meigs JB, Moy CS, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Rosamond WD, Sorlie PD, Stafford RS, Turan TN, Turner MB, Wong ND and Wylie-Rosett J (2011). Heart disease and stroke statistics-2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123:e18-e209.
Crossref
 
Schabitz WR, Steigleder T, Cooper-Kuhn CM, Schwab S, Sommer C, Schneider A, Kuhn HG (2007). Intravenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances poststroke sensorimotor recovery and stimulates neurogenesis. Stroke 38:2165-2172.
Crossref
 
Seger R, Krebs EG (1995). The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 9:726-735.
 
Shamloo M, Rytter A, Wieloch T (1999). Activation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascade in the hippocampal CA1 region in a rat model of global cerebral ischemic preconditioning. Neuroscience 93:81-88.
Crossref
 
Shin BC, Lim HJ, Lee MS (2007). Effectiveness of combined acupuncture therapy and conventional treatment on shoulder range of motion and motor power in stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder subluxation: a pilot study. Int. J. Neurosci. 117:519-523.
Crossref
 
Shyu WC, Lin SZ, Yen PS, Su CY, Chen DC, Wang HJ, Li H (2008). Stromal cellderived factor-1 alpha promotes neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and mobilization/homing of bone marrow-derived cells in stroke rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 324(2):834-849.
Crossref
 
Si QM, Wu GC, Cao XD (1998). Effects of electroacupuncture on acute cerebral infarction. Acupunct. Electrother. Res. 23(2):117-124.
 
Stinear C (2010). Prediction of recovery of motor function after stroke. Lancet Neurol. 9(12):1228-1232.
Crossref
 

Stumm RK, Rummel J, Junker V, Culmsee C, Pfeiffer M, Krieglstein J, Hollt V, Schulz S (2002). A dual role for the SDF-1/CXCR4 chemokine receptor system in adult brain: isoform-selective regulation of SDF-1 expression modulates CXCR4-dependent neuronal plasticity and cerebral leukocyte recruitment after focal ischemia. J. Neurosci. 22(14):5865-5878.

Sun N, Zou X, Shi J, Liu X, Li L, Zhao L (2005). Electroacupuncture regulates NMDA receptor NR1 subunit expression via PI3-K pathway in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Brain Res. 1064(1–2):98-107.
Crossref
 
Sze FKH, Wong E, Or KKH, Lau J, Woo J (2002). Does Acupuncture Improve Motor Recovery After Stroke? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Stroke 33:2604-2619.
Crossref
 
Sze FKH, Wong E, Yi X, Woo J (2002). Does Acupuncture have additional value to standard poststroke motor rehabilitation? Stroke 33:186-194.
Crossref
 
Tan F, Wang XW, Li HQ, Lu L, Li M, Li JH, Fang MF, Meng D, Zheng GQ (2013). A randomized controlled pilot study of the triple stimulation technique in the assessment of electroacupuncture for motor function recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med. 431986.
Crossref
 
Tao J, Xue XH, Chen LD, Yang SL, Jiang M, Gao YL, Wang XB (2010). Electroacupuncture improves neurological deficits and enhances proliferation and differentiation of endogenous nerve stem cells in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. Neurol. Res. 32(2):198-204.
Crossref
 
Tatsumi K, Okuda H, Makinodan M, Yamauchi T, Makinodan E, Matsuyoshi H, Manabe T, Wanaka A (2010). Transient activation of Notch signaling in the injured adult brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 39:15-19.
Crossref
 
Thored P, Arvidsson A, Cacci E, Ahlenius H, Kallur T, Darsalia V, Ekdahl CT, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O (2006). Persistent production of neurons from adult brain stem cells during recovery after stroke. Stem Cells 24:739-747.
Crossref
 
Tsuchiya M, Sato EF, Inoue M, Asada A (2007). Acupuncture enhances generation of nitric oxide and increases local circulation. Anesth. Analg. 104:301-307.
Crossref
 
Wang L, Chopp M, Zhang R, Zhang L, Letourneau Y, Feng YF, Jiang A, Morris DC, Zhang ZG (2009). The Notch pathway mediates expansion of a progenitor pool and neuronal differentiation in adult neural progenitor cells after stroke. Neuroscience 158:1356-1363.
Crossref
 
Wang Q, Peng Y, Chen S, Gou X, Hu B, Du J, Lu Y, Xiong L (2009). Pretreatment with electroacupuncture induces rapid tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia through regulation of endocannabinoid system. Stroke 40:2157-2164.
Crossref
 
Wang Q, Xiong L, Chen S, Liu Y, Zhu X (2005). Rapid tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia in rats is induced by preconditioning with electroacupuncture: window of protection and the role of adenosine. Neurosci. Lett. 381:158-162.
Crossref
 
Wang SJ, Omori N, Li F, Jin G, Zhang WR, Hamakawa Y, Sato K, Nagano I, Shoji M, Abe K (2002). Potentiation of Akt and suppression of caspase-9 activations by electroacupuncture after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 331(2):115-18.
Crossref
 
Wang T, Liu CZ, Yu JC, Jiang W, Han JX (2009). Acupuncture protected cerebral multi-infarction rats from memory impairment by regulating the expression of apoptosis related genes Bcl-2 and Bax in hippocampus. Physiol. Behav. 96(1):155-161.
Crossref
 
Wang TT, Yuan Y, Kang Y, Yuan WL, Zhang HT, Wu LY, Feng ZT (2005). Effects of acupuncture on the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2/bFGF) in the left sixth lumbar dorsal root ganglion following removal of adjacent dorsal root ganglia. Neurosci. Lett. 382(3):236-241.
Crossref
 
Wu H, Tang J, Lin X, Lau J, Leung PC, Woo J, Li Y (2008). Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 39:517-518.
Crossref
 
Wu MT, Shaw LH, Wu YT, Tsai TH (2013). Interaction of acupuncture and electroacupuncture on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin and the effect of brain blood flow in rats. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 670858.
Crossref
 
Wu P, Mills E, Moher D, Seely D (2010). Acupuncture in poststroke rehabilitation. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Stroke 41:e171-e179.
Crossref
 
Xie G, Yang S, Chen A, Lan L, Lin Z, Gao Y, Huang J, Lin J, Peng J, Tao J, Chen L (2013). Electroacupuncture at Quchi and Zusanli treats cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of ERK signaling. Exp. Ther. Med. 5:1593-1597.
 
Xiong L, Lu Z, Hou L, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Wang Q, Chen S (2003). Pretreatment with repeated electroacupuncture attenuates transient focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 116:108-111.
 
Xiong LZ (2006). Neuroanesthesia and neuroprotection: where are we now? Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 119:883-886.
 
Xiong LZ, Yang J, Wang Q, Lu ZH (2007). Involvement of delta- and mu-opioid receptors in the delayed cerebral ischemic tolerance induced by repeated electroacupuncture preconditioning in rats. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 120:394-399.
 
Xu H, Zhang Y, Sun H, Chen S, Wang F (2014). Effects of Acupuncture at GV20 and ST36 on the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, Aquaporin 4, and Aquaporin 9 in Rats Subjected to Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 9(5):e97488.
Crossref
 
Yue ZH, Li L, Chang XR, Jiang JM, Chen LL, Zhu XS (2012). Comparative study on effects between electroacupuncture and acupuncture for spastic paralysis after stroke. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 32(7):582-586.
 
Zhang RL, Zhang ZG, Chopp M (2005). Neurogenesis in the adult ischemic brain: generation, migration, survival, and restorative therapy. Neuroscientist 11(5):408-416.
Crossref
 
Zhang SH, Liu M, Asplund K, Li L (2005). Acupuncture for acute stroke. Stroke 36:2327-2328.
Crossref
 
Zhang ZG, Zhang L, Tsang W, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Morris D, Zhang R, Goussev A, Powers C, Yeich T, Chopp M (2002). Correlation of VEGF and angiopoietin expression with disruption of blood–brain barrier and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 22(4):379–392.
Crossref
 
Zhao L, Wang Y, Sun N, Liu X, Li L, Shi J (2007). Electroacupuncture regulates TRPM7 expression through the trkA/PI3K pathway after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Life Sci. 81(15):1211-1222.
Crossref
 
Zhao L, Zhang H, Zheng Z, Huang J (2009). Electroacupuncture on the head points for improving gnosia in patients with vascular dementia. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 29:29-34.
Crossref
 
Zhao Y, Chen X, Ma L, Zuo Z, Zhu Z, Zhu X, Wang Q, He E, Xiong L, Pei J, Xu L, Hou L, Chen S (2012). Electroacupuncture pretreatment induces tolerance against focal cerebral ischemia through activation of canonical Notch pathway. BMC Neurosci. 13:111.
Crossref
 
Zhou F, Guo J, Cheng J, Wu G, Xia Y (2011). Electroacupuncture increased cerebral blood flow and reduced ischemic brain injury: dependence on stimulation intensity and frequency. J. Appl. Physiol. 111(6):1877-1887.
Crossref
 
Zhou HJ, Tang T, Zhong JH, Luo JK, Cui HJ, Zhang QM, Zhou JH, Zhang Q (2014). Electroacupuncture improves recovery after hemorrhagic brain injury by inducing the expression of angiopoietin-1 and −2 in rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.14:127.
Crossref
 
Zogopoulos P, Vasileiou I, Patsouris E, Theocharis S (2013). The neuroprotective role of endocannabinoids against chemical-induced injury and other adverse effects. J. Appl. Toxicol. 33:246–264.
Crossref
 
Zuo Z, Wang Y, Huang Y (2006). Isoflurane preconditioning protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against in vitro simulated ischemia–reperfusion through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 542:84-91.
Crossref