African Journal of
Biotechnology

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Biotechnol.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1684-5315
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJB
  • Start Year: 2002
  • Published Articles: 12488

Full Length Research Paper

A two-stage decentralised system combining high rate activated sludge (HRAS) with alternating charcoal filters (ACF) for treating small community sewage to reusable standards for agriculture

Irene Nansubuga
  • Irene Nansubuga
  • LabMET, Faculty of Biosciences engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; National Water and Sewerage corporation, Plot 39, Jinja Road, P.O. Box 7053, Kampala, Uganda.
  • Google Scholar
Francis Meerburg
  • Francis Meerburg
  • LabMET, Faculty of Biosciences engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
  • Google Scholar
Noble Banadda
  • Noble Banadda
  • Department of Agricultural and Bio-Systems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
  • Google Scholar
Korneel Rabaey
  • Korneel Rabaey
  • LabMET, Faculty of Biosciences engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
  • Google Scholar
Willy Verstraete*
  • Willy Verstraete*
  • LabMET, Faculty of Biosciences engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 14 October 2014
  •  Accepted: 10 February 2015
  •  Published: 18 February 2015

References

 

Abe K, Ozaki Y, Kihou N (1993). Use of higher plants and bed filter materials for domestic wastewater treatment in relation to resource recycling. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 39(2):257.
Crossref

 

Ahamad KU, Jawed M (2011). Breakthrough column studies for Iron(II) removal from Water by Wooden Charcoal and Sand: A low cost approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. 5(1): 127-138.

 
 

APHA-AWWA-WEF (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st ed. APHA, AWWA and WEF. Washington DC.

 
 

Bohnke B (1977). The adsorption-bio-oxidation treatment (Das Adsorptions-Belebungsverfahren). Korrespondenz Abwasser 24:2.

 
 

Bohnke B, Dieringb, Zukut S W (1997). Cost-effective waste-water treatment process for removal of organics and nutrients. Water Eng. Manage. 144: 30-35.

 
 

Bohnke B, Schulze-Reitimemr R, Zuckut S W (1998). Cost-effective reduction of high strength wastewater by adsorption-based activated sludge technology. J. Wat. Eng. Manage. 145 (3): 1-34.

 
 

Bunch B, Griffin D M (1987). Rapid removal of colloidal substrate from domestic wastewater. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 59: 957-963.

 
 

Darmstadt H, Pantea D, Sümmchen L, Roland U, Kaliaguine S, Roy, C (2000). Surface and bulk chemistry of charcoal obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of bark: influence of feedstock moisture content. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 53(1):1-17.
Crossref

 
 

De Vrieze J, De Lathouwer L, Verstraete W, Boon N (2013). High-rate iron-rich activated sludge as stabilizing agent for the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste. J. Water Res. 47(11):3732-3741.
Crossref

 
 

Farrell JB, Salotto BV, Venosa AD (1990). Reduction in bacterial densities of wastewater solids by three secondary treatment processes. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 62:177-184.

 
 

Hernandez Leal L, Temmink H, Zeeman G, Buisman C J N (2010). Bio flocculation of grey water for improved energy recovery within decentralized sanitation concepts. J. Bioresour. Technol. 101(23):9065-9070.
Crossref

 
 

Idexx Laboratories Inc. (2012) Water Microbiology – Products and Services. Colilert®-18. 

 
 

Kamal UA, Mohammad J (2012). Breakthrough studies with mono- and binary-metal ion systems comprising of Fe (II) and As (III) using community prepared wooden charcoal packed columns. J. Desalination 285:345-351.
Crossref

 
 

Katukiza AY, Temanu H, Chung JW, Foppen JWA, Lens PNL (2013). Genomic copy concentrations of selected waterborne viruses in a slum environment in Kampala, Uganda. J. Water Health 11(2):358-369.
Crossref

 
 

Khalfaoui B, Meniai AH, Borja R (1995). Removal of copper from industrial wastewater by raw charcoal obtained from reeds. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 64(2):153-156.
Crossref

 
 

Larrea L, Irizar I, Hidalgo ME (2002). Improving the predictions of Makinia J, Rosenwinkel KH, Phan LC (2006). Modification of ASM3 for the determination of biomass adsorption/storage capacity in bulking sludge control. Water Sci. Technol. 53(3):91-99.

 
 

Mburu N, Tebitendwa SM, Van Bruggen JA, Rousseau DPL, Lens PNL (2013). Performance comparison and economics analysis of waste stabilization ponds and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater: A case study of the Juja sewage treatment works. J. Environ. Manage. 128:220-225
Crossref

 
 

Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. (1991). Wastewater Engineering—Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, New York. (DCN 00213)

 
 

Netter R, Stübner E, Wilderer P A, Sekoulov I (1993). Treatment of Septic –Tank effluent in a subsurface biofilter. J. Water Sci. Technol. 28(10): 117-124.

 
 

Nikiema J, Figoli A, Weissenbacher N, Langergraber G, Marrot B, Moulin P (2013). Wastewater treatment practices in Africa - Experiences from seven countries. J. Sustain. Sanit. Pract. 14:16-24.

 
 

Nkwonta O, Olufayo O, Ochieng G, Adeyemo JA, Otieno FAO (2010) Turbidity removal: Gravel and charcoal as roughing filtration media. S. Afr. J. Sci. 106 (11/12).
Crossref

 
 

Nyenje PM, Foppen JW, Kulabako R, Muwanga A, Uhlenbrook S (2013). Nutrient pollution in shallow aquifers underlying pit latrines and domestic solid waste dumps in urban slums. J. Environ. Manage. 122:15-24.
Crossref

 
 

Ochieng GM, Otieno FAO (2006). Verification of wegelin design criteria for horizontal flow roughing filters with alternative filter materials. Water SA 32:1.

 
 

Ochieng GMM,Otieno FAO, Ogada TPM, Shitote SM, Menzwa DM (2004). Performance of multistage filtration using different filter media against conventional water treatment system. Water SA 30(3): 361.
Crossref

 
 

Samkutty PJ, Gough RH (2002). Filtration treatment of diary processing wastewater. J. Environ. Sci. Health A37(2):195-199.
Crossref

 
 

Scholz M, Xu J (2002). Performance comparison of experimental constructed wetlands with different filter media and macrophytes treating industrial wastewater contaminated with lead and copper. Bioresour. Technol. 83:71-79.
Crossref

 
 

Sirianuntapiboon S, Chandanasotthi T, Sohsalam P, Rarunroeng M, Sansak J (2007). Application of para-wood charcoal as the media of the vertical-flow constructed wetland for treatment ofdomestic wastewater. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2(4):191-199.

 
 

Stevik KT, Aa K, Ausland G, Hanssen JF (2004). Retention and removal of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater percolating through porous media: a review. Water Res. 38(6):1355-1367.
Crossref

 
 

Verstraete W, Vlaeminck S, (2011). Zero Waste Water: short-cycling of waste wate resources for sustainable cities of the future. Int. J. Sustain Dev. World Ecol. 18(3):253-264.
Crossref

 
 

World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Grey water, Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture. WHO, Geneva.

 
 

Zamalloa C, Boon N, Verstraete W (2013) Decentralized two-stage sewage treatment by chemical-biological flocculation combined with microalgae biofilm for nutrient immobilization in a roof installed parallel plate reactor. Bioresour. Technol. 130:152-160.
Crossref

 
 

Zessner M, Lampert C, Kroiss H, Lindtner S (2010). Cost comparison of wastewater in Danubian countries. Water Sci. Technol. 62:223-230.
Crossref