African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1996-0786
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJEST
  • Start Year: 2007
  • Published Articles: 1122

Full Length Research Paper

Ecohydrological characterization of the Nyando wetland, Lake Victoria, Kenya: A State of System (SoS) analysis

  P. S. Khisa1,2,3, S. Uhlenbrook2,3, A. A. van Dam2, J. Wenninger2,3, A. van Griensven2 and M. Abira1
  1Water Resources Management Authority, Lake Victoria South Catchment Area, P.O Box 666-40100 Kisumu, Kenya. 2UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, Delft, The Netherlands. 3Delft University of Technology, Water Resources Section, P.O. Box 5048, Delft, The Netherlands
Email: [email protected]

  •  Accepted: 12 May 2013
  •  Published: 30 June 2013

Abstract

 

Lake Victoria floodplain wetlands have a complex hydrological setting characterized by transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic environment. A state-of-system (SoS) analysis wascarried out in a papyrus dominated wetland in the Nyando River Delta, on the easternshores of Lake Victoria, Kenya, to characterize and provide data for detailed ecohydrologicalstudies. The objectives of the study were to: (1) determine the spatio- temporal changes inthe wetland evolution and (2) analyze the main hydrological factors that have influenced wetlandevolution. Multi-temporal dry-season Landsat MSS, Landsat TM and Landsat ETM+ imagerycovering Nyando Wetland and its surrounding area were processed and analyzed to generatetime series polygon and polyline maps of the wetland and river. Results show that thewetland increased in size from 5,925 ha in 1950 to 9,925 ha in 1973, and declined to 4,527ha in 2008. In the last 6years, Nyando River has migrated in a general eastward direction.Time series hydrological data (1950-2009) were statistically tested for homogeneity using the Spearman’s rank test for linear trends, Pettit test and Standard Normal Homogeneity test (SNHT) for change point analysis, and split-record tests performed for variance (F-test) andmean (t-test). In addition, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and frequencyanalyses. Statistical test results show that the hydrological data series were homogeneous.Results of change point analyses indicate that total annual rainfall in Nyando declined in1979, while the mean annual discharge for Nyando River and Lake Victoria levels hadsignificant upward shifts in 1961. The decadal mean discharges varied significantly overtime and increased by 80% from 11.4m3/s observed in the 1950-1961 subset, reducingby 11.4 and 21.9% in the next two decadal sub-sets, before rising by 35.0% in 1990s anddropping by 24.0% in the last decade. The decadal mean annual lake levels increased from1134.0 to 1135.43 m in the 1951-1961 and 1962-1972 and remained above the long-termmean of 1135.0 m for 43 years since 1962 before dropping drastically by 1.4 m to an averageof 1134 m/year in 2005-2009. The highest recorded lake level at Kisumu Station was 1136.2 min 1964 after increasing by 2.5 m from 1961. Discharge data exhibit trimodal seasonalpatterns, while the lake levels had two peaks. The lake levels are more sensitive to direct lake rainfall. Changes in the Nyando wetland area are linked to the seasonal and episodic flood and drought events coupled with anthropogenic activities (regulation of lake levels, modification of river including cut-off meanders, river training and construction of dykes, drainage of wetland forcultivation, settlement and livestock grazing, abstraction of water for irrigation). A combinationof these hydrological and human factors is the main cause of the Nyando Wetland evolution. Ifthe land use trend continues unabated, then the increase in papyrus losses will pose a big challenge to the ecological functioning of the wetland and its support to sustaining community livelihoods.

 

Key words: Nyando Wetland, River, ecohydrology, Lake Victoria.