The efficacy of micro and nanobubbles (MNBs) in membrane processes, particularly in the realms of cleaning and foul control, has been previously established. However, a comprehensive review of the distinctive attributes and mechanisms that render MNBs effective in these tasks remains unclear, hindering their optimization for enhanced performance and widespread application across membrane types. This critical review seeks to bridge this gap by presenting a meticulous analysis of the traits and effects induced by micro and nanobubbles on membranes by synthesizing the latest research advancements in membrane processes during water treatment. Firstly, we systematically outline the characteristics of MNBs relevant to water treatment. Secondly, we analyze the mechanisms that micro and nanobubbles exert during fouling control and cleaning. Finally, we propose future research needs and opportunities. This review anticipates that the fundamental insights provided will contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of MNBs in membrane processes. Additionally, it aims to offer critical guidance for the development of MNBs-based technologies for water treatment.

Keywords: Keywords Filtration techniques, Micro and Nanobubbles, Membrane Cleaning, fouling control,