ABSTRACT
Given the alarming incidence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of medical importance and multiple side effects associated with the modern day chemotherapeutics, there is a constant need for new and effective therapeutic agents that could be easily extracted from our daily used Nepalese culinary. To study the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of common spices, locally available Clove (Eugenia caryophyllus), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zylancium), Cumin (Cumin cyminum) and Timur (Zanthoxylum alatum) were subjected to cold extraction using ethanol and was assayed through agar well diffusion method and DPPH radical scavenging activity for different concentration gradient(100 to 500 µg). Zanthoxylum and Eugenia have showed potent antimicrobial activity against Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by Cinnamomum and Cumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the extracts showed effective antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, however Escherichia coli remains ineffective towards any of the concentration of spices. DPPH radical scavenging activity showed effective antioxidant activity of the spices in the following order: Eugenia (93.84%) > Cumin (90.4%), Zanthoxylum (88.73%) > Cinnamomum (87.23%). Hence, our present study demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of different spices, Eugenia being the most effective, possess potent antibacterial and antioxidant activity and can be further analyzed for antimicrobial therapeutics and pharmacological evaluation.
Key words: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, Eugenia, Zanthoxylum, Cinnamon, Cumin.
The alarming rise of antibiotic resistance has been a global concern. The reason behind such situation has been notified as the haphazard use of the antimicrobial drugs which are excessively used during therapeutic treatment of infections. Additionally, the problems associated with modern day chemotherapeutics has a gamut of adverse effect from hypersensitivity, immune-suppression to allergic reactions (Agrawal et al., 1996).
Natural products from plants and its significant parts has been proved to have lesser side effects in comparison to chemotherapeutics, hence they possess potential in being used as an ‘alternative remedy’ (Tepe
et al., 2004). In developing countries modern-day antibiotics remains out of reach and ‘plant-derived’ drugs are their vital resources for treating infections (Thippeswamy et al., 2005). Plants products such as essential oil have been corroborated to have efficient effect against bacteria, virus, fungi and insects in addition to antioxidants properties. The active compounds cognate to these beneficial effects are most essentially secondary plant metabolites like glycosides, alkaloids and more and are profusely present in plant genre like spices and herbs (Pangsatabam et al., 2015; Saranraj et al., 2014).
With the most relevant notion, ‘Kitchen spices’ has been defines as the “vegetative products or mixture free from extraneous matter used for flavoring or imparting aroma in food”. These spices are usually derivatives from different parts of plants like barks, leaves, fruits, buds, rhizomes and resins (Green et al., 1999).
The present research has mainly focused on four different spices used on daily basis in Nepalese Kitchen. The common spices like Clove (Eugenia caryophyllus), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zylancium), Cumin (Cumin cyminum) and Timur (Zanthoxylum alatum) are used for the purpose of seeking its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in the present study.
Cinnamon, also referred as C. zylancium, possess several potential health benefits. Antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory properties, controlled blood sugar, depletion of cardiovascular and colonic cancer along with the boosted cognitive function are reported in several scholars for cinnamon (Khan et al., 2003; Mata et al., 2007; Shen et al., 2010).
Another effective spice is clove, which is mostly used as agent for flavoring food items or herbal supplement. Clove has also been found to be utilized as a topical treatment in case of pain in tooth. Other usage of clove comprises the treatment for oral cavity inflammation, supplement during common cold or cough (Consumer information from USDA, 1997). Cumin also exhibits potential activity against microbes and fungi along with effective antioxidants activity. These properties are mainly found to be correlated with the content of phenol in cumin (Taira et al., 1992; Shetty et al., 1994; Zhang, 2004).
Lastly, extensive application of Timur has been seen in home-remedy for its carminative, antihelmintic and stomachic properties. The plant parts mainly fruits and seeds are widely linked with home-remedy as aromatic tonic during dyspepsia or fever. In addition, properties like anti-odor, disinfectant and antiseptic has enlarged its spectrum of application from dental troubles to lotion for skin problems like scabies (Green et al., 1999).
Species collection
All the spices namely Clove (E. caryophyllus, family Mytraceae),Cinnamon (C. zylancium, family Lauraceae), Cumin (C. cyminum, family Apicaceae) and Timur (Z. alatum, family Rutaceae) were collected from local market of Kathmandu Nepal.
Chemicals and standards
The chemicals used were ethanol (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, India), DPPH and ascorbic acid (Sigma Aldrich, USA). All other chemicals used were of the highest commercially available grade. For absorption measurement, double beam U-2800 UV-visible spectrometer, HITACHI, Japan, was used.
Preparation of extracts
The spices were ground in clean and sterilized grinder and the fine powder was taken. 20 g of sample was weighed and soaked in 200 ml ethanol (for 48 h). After that it was stirred in a magnetic stirrer for 30 min and filtered by using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The filtrate was taken and concentrated to dryness in rotatory evaporator at reduced pressure. Dry extract was dissolved in mother solvent to make the stock solution of 10 mg/ml.
Collection and maintenance of culture
All the pure cultures of the test organisms were collected from National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal. Six different bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 15028), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 700603), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 14028) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) were taken. These organisms were then sub cultured in a sterile nutrient agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 h to obtain fresh culture.
Assay of antibacterial activity
Spices are believed to possess antibacterial activity and thus its assay was done by well diffusion method. At first the 24 h culture of six bacterial strains S. aureus (ATCC 25923), P. vulgaris (ATCC 15028), E. coli (ATCC 25922), K. pneumonia (ATCC 700603), S. typhi (ATCC 14028) and P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) were taken and cultured in nutrient broth. The sterile plates of Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) were prepared. A McFarland 0.5 standard was prepared and the bacterial suspension was compared to the 0.5 McFarland standards to adjust the turbidity of the inoculums for the susceptibility test. The bacteria were transferred into Petri-plates containing solidified agar using sterile cotton swab. The swab was used to spread the bacteria on the media in a confluent lawn. Wells were prepared by punching the agar plate already inoculated with a pure culture of the test organism with the help of sterile borer of 6 mm. Wells were made at the equidistance on the Petri plate. Then 40, 50, 60 and 70 μl of samples were added in wells from the stock solution of 10 mg/ml. In the two wells, 50 μl of ethanol (as negative control) and 50 μl of reference antibiotic solution (as positive control) were added. Gentamycin (1%) and Vancomycin (1%) were used as reference antibiotic for Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Diffusion of extracts, antibiotics and methanol were allowed at room temperature for 1 h. All the plates were then covered with lids and incubated at 37°C for 24 h and zone of inhibitions (ZOIs) were measured. For each sample all the experiments were performed thrice and obtained results were averaged.
1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity
1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhy drazyl radical (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was measured according to the method of Ilhami et al. (2005). Extract solutions were prepared by dissolving of different dry extract in methanol to produce a solution of 10 mg/ml. 600 μM DPPH was dissolved in 300 ml methanol and used as stock solution. The plant extract in methanol was taken in various concentrations, that is, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μl from stock of 10 mg/ml (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μg) whose final volume was maintained 1 ml and were mixed with an aliquot of 2 ml of 600 μM DPPH solution in methanol and incubated at 25°C for 30 min. Absorbance of the test mixture was read at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer against a DPPH control containing only 1 ml of methanol in place of the extract. All experiments were performed thrice and the results were averaged. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard. Percentage inhibition was calculated using the following expression
% Inhibition = (A control - A sample /A control) × 100
Where, Acontrol and A sample stand for absorbance of the control and absorbance of tested extract solution respectively.
Antibacterial activity
The result of antibacterial activity of spices is shown in Table 1. The antibacterial potential may be due to various phytochemicals present in them. Zanthoxylum was most effective against Proteus vulgaris showing maximum zone of inhibition of 24±3 mm when 500 µg extract was used. Eugenia was most effective against P. aeruginosa showing maximum zone of inhibition of 26±3 when 300 to 500 µg extract was used. Similarly, Cinnamomum and Cumin were most effective against P. aeruginosa showing maximum zone of inhibition of16±2 and 20±3 mm respectively when 500 µg extract was used. All the extracts were least effective against E. coli than other strains used.
Evaluation of antioxidant assay
DPPH radical scavenging activity
DPPH radical scavenging activity of Nepalese kitchen spices extracts at different concentrations (100 to 500 μg) was measured, with ascorbic acid as the standard. The DPPH radical scavenging activity is shown in Figure 1 and extent of radical scavenging was found to increase generally with increasing concentrations for all samples. The results shows Eugenia (500 μg) exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity with 93.84%±4.51 followed by the Cumin (500 μg) extract with 90.4%±5.87, Zanthoxylum (500 μg) extract with 88.73%±5.64 and Cinnamomum (500 μg) extract with 87.23%±7.23.
Statistic
The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Spices are believed to possess antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity and thus it was assayed through well diffusion method and DPPH radical scavenging activity. It was found that the ethanolic extract of different spices possess efficient antibacterial and antioxidant activity in a concentration dependent manner.
The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically results from the secondary products present in the plant although, it is usually not attributed to a single compound but a combination of the metabolites. The medicinal actions of plants are unique to a particular plant species or group, consistent with the concept that the combination of secondary products in a particular plant is taxonomically distinct (Shen et al., 2010). Spices and their phytochemicals have become an exciting research topic because of their important and observed biological activities and because they are used extensively in the culinary, industrial and pharmacological fields. These biological activities are mainly attributed to their antioxidant and antibacterial properties due to their high polyphenol content (Gaur, 1990; Mata et al., 2007).
The growth of new infectious disease and emergence of several infections appears to have been controlled, but the increase in multidrug resistant bacteria is followed which poses a serious threat to human and animal and creates the necessity for studies directed towards the development of new antimicrobials.. Plants can be the best source for such bioactive compounds (Rasooli, 2007). So, since both gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria are found to be sensitive against spice extract (Table 1), spices can be efficient source for deriving those compounds. Antioxidants are capable of protecting cells from free radical damage, act as chemo preventive agents by inhibiting the generation of free radicals and play an important role in neutralizing oxidative damage (Ouattara et al., 1997; Pokhrel et al., 2015). DPPH assay is well known method for the evaluation of free radical scavenging activity (Rasooli, 2007). Antioxidant activity may be due to various phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids which are well known for their antioxidant potential due to hydrogen donating property of their hydroxyl groups. Strong DPPH activity of clove might be related to phenolic antioxidant components such as eugenol, isoeugenol, etc. (Tepe et al., 2004). Dorman et al. (2000) identified as much as 94% phenyl propanols in clove oil of which eugenol was 91% of phenyl propanols (Duke et al., 2003).
The study conducted has shown that crude ethanolic extracts of multiple kitchen spices found in Nepal possess effective antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Also the extract has been found to contain effective antioxidant capacity. On further exploration of the bioactive constituents present in those plants development of novel antibacterial and antioxidant compounds could be possible.
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
REFERENCES
|
Agrawal P, Rai V, Singh RB (1996). Randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 34:406-409.
|
|
|
|
Consumer information from USDA (1997). Food Safety and Inspection Service, Food Safety and Consumer Education Office.
View
|
|
|
|
|
Dorman HJD, Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Deans SG (2000). In vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils and Their Components. Flavour Fragr. 15:12-16.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Duke JA, Bogenschutz-Godwin MJ, DuCellier J, Duke PA (2003). CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices. CRC Press, London.
|
|
|
|
|
Gaur RD (1990). Flora of District Garhwal, North Western Himalaya (with ethnobotanical notes), Transmedia, Srinagar. P 811.
|
|
|
|
|
Green C, Steele J, Willemse J (1999). The development and prospects for minor industrial crops in selected Southern African Countries. World Bank Technical Paper, (no.424). pp. 139-166.
|
|
|
|
|
Gruenwald J, Freder J, Armbruester N (2010). Cinnamon and health. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 50:822-834.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Ilhami GI, Haci AA, Mehmet C (2005). Determination of in Vitro Antioxidant and Radical Scavenging Activities of Propofol. Chem. Pharmacol. Bull. 53(3):281-285.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan MM, Khattak KN, Anderson RA (2003). Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:3215-3218.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Mata AT, Proença C, Ferreira AR (2007). Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of five plants used as Portuguese food spices. Food Chem. 103:778-786.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Ouattara B, Simard RE, Holley RA, Piette GJ, Bégin A (1997). Antibacterial activity of selected fatty acids and essential oils against six meat spoilage organisms. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 37:155-62.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Pokhrel B, Rijal S, Raut S, Pandeya A (2015). Investigations of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 14(46):3159-3163.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Rasooli I (2007). Food Preservation: A Biopreservative Approach. Food 1:111-136.
|
|
|
|
|
Saranraj P, Sivasakthi S (2014). Medicinal plants and its antimicrobial properties: a review. Glob. J. Pharmacol. 8(3):316-327.
|
|
|
|
|
Shen Y, Fukushima M, Ito Y, Muraki E, Hosono T, Seki T (2010). Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74:2418-25.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Shetty RS, Singhal RS, Kulkarni PR (1994). Antimicrobial properties of cumin. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10:232-233.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Taira J, Ikemoto T, Yoneya T, Hagi A, Murakami A, Makino K (1992). Essential Oil Phenyl Propanoids, Useful as OH Scavengers? Free Rad. Res. Commun. 16:197-204.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Tepe B, Daferera D, Sokmen M, Polissiou M, Sokmen A (2004). In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils and various extracts of Thymus eigii. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52(3):1132-1137.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Thippeswamy NB, Naidu AK (2005). Antioxidant potency of cumin varieties-cumin, black cumin and bitter cumin-on antioxidant systems. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 220:472-476.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Zhang X (2004). Traditional medicine: its importance and protection. In: Twarog S, Kapoor P (eds). Protecting and Promoting Traditional Knowledge: Systems, National Experiences and International Dimensions, Part 1. The Role of Traditional Knowledge in Healthcare and Agriculture. New York: United Nations. pp. 3-6.
|
|
