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Beyond the pharmacological activity, the differences have been observed in the preferences of solid dosage form on the basis of color and swallowing difficulty in the studies conducted by a different researcher. The aim of the study is to insight the perception of the general population of Karachi about the color, scoring and splitting of tablets. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect data. Knowledge,...
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The fruit seeds of the northern Amazon region were evaluated bromatologically, nutritionally both at the level of macroelements, elements in trace concentrations and the fatty acids present in them. Bromatologically, the seeds of camu-camu (369.08 kcal 100 g-1) and biribá (364.78 kcal 100 g-1) have the highest energy value. In relation to the macroelements is the majority potassium of all with concentration of (554.23 mg...
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In the present work the chemical composition of the essential oil of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) was determined by CG-FID. In the essential oil of M. officinalis a total of 22 chemical constituents, among them: geranial (34.6%), neral (26.0%), γ-caryophyllene (7.5%), caryophyllene oxide (5.3%), -pinene (5.3%) and sabinene (3.6%), as well as antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds in vitro. The...
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Background: - Poor prescribing pattern is observed and become a serious problem in the world including developing countries. In Ethiopia, several studies showed that health care institutions did not meet WHO prescribing indicators and the prescribing pattern is not satisfactory in the health care institutions. Aim: To review the prescribing pattern of medications prescribed to outpatients based on WHO prescribing...
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Biological activities of Bonsupari (Caryota urens L.) fruits
Caryota urens L. is a common plant in Asian subcontinent. The leaf extract has been described to possesses antioxidant and antimicrobial activities recently. Thus, the aim of this study was to profile the fruit extract and its aqueous and organic soluble fractions for antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by...
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Background: Over a decade, different stakeholders have been concerted efforts to reduce morbidity and mortality related to asthma. Despite all these efforts, substantial proportions of asthmatic patients do not achieve proper asthma control. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of asthma control and to assess the factors that might influence control of the disease. Settings: The study was conducted...
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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a well-known and widely used fruit, which contains several interesting bioactive compounds and possess health-promoting properties. Seeing the importance of this fruit, it was essential to study its quality characteristics. Hence, in the current study, we assessed total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of different plant parts (leaves, rind and arils) of two...
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Epilepsy, once thought to be a disease of evil spirit, is now believed by many as a common neurologic condition that can be effectively treated by optimal use of anti seizure drugs. Despite the availability of multiple and cost effective medications, people with epilepsy could experience episodes of seizures. Aim of the present study was to assess the treatment outcome and associated factors among adult epileptic patients...
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Anti-proliferative and apoptosis induction activities of curcumin on Leishmania major
Leishmaniasis is a major vector-borne disease caused by an obligate intramacrophage protozoan of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine female sand flies. The parasite causes a wide range of human diseases ranging from the localized self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral infections. The objective of this study is to investigate the cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effects of...
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Some Malaysian plants were extracted using 80% methanol and screened for antioxidant and toxicity effects on human neuroblastomacells line (SH-SY5Y cells) and zebrafish(Daniorerio) embryos. Antioxidant assay shows high activities with of IC50 1–100 µg/mL with Melastoma malabathricum (leaf and stem), Murraya koenigii (leaf), Curcuma longa (leaf and rhizome), Ficus deltoidea (leaf), Phaleria macrocarpa (leaf) and Ginkgo...
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Background- Myocardial infarction cause an acute condition of necrosis of the myocardium resulting in increased production of free radicals and decreased levels of antioxidants. It was proposed that Febuxostat reduced myocardial oxidative stress and suppressed apoptosis. Cilostazol that has been used to treat claudication had a growing evidence suggests that Cilostazol could be cardioprotective. Aim- To highlight the...
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Comparative effect on liver fibrosis of bicyclol and silymarin
Bicyclol and silymarin are widely used in the treatment of various liver diseases. But there is no report on comparative effect of them on liver fibrosis. To compare their liver protective effect, liver fibrosis rats induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) were orally treated with 100mg/kg bicyclol and 100 mg/kg silymarin respectively for 4 weeks. Liver index, liver function activities, inflammatory biomarkers, fibrotic...
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Amblygonocarpus andongenesis is being used as antipsychotic. Hence, it may portand high risk of toxicosis. In view of this, phytochemical screening and toxicological effects of aqueous stem bark extract of the plant was studied in wistar albino rats. Qualitative screening of the stem bark extract revealed the presence of alkaloid, hydrolysable tannin, saponin, glycoside, cardiac glycoside, saponin glycoside and...
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Base on the findings from the Research Institute Against Counterfeit drugs (RIACD) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Drugs (OECD), 700,000 cases of death are recorded per year due to malaria and tuberculosis counterfeit drugs. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), roadside drugs kill at least 100,000 people in Africa every year, 1/3 of these drugs are counterfeit. The objective of...
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Antioxidants from plants origin are considered as a promising source of biologically active substances when compared to synthetic agents who are accompanied with a number of side effects. Three botanical extracts of Acorus calamus (sweet flag), Prunus persica (peach) and Sausskurea lappa (kuth) were characterized for their antioxidant properties. Methanolic extract was prepared and concentrated by rotary evaporated. The...
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A 23 factorial experimental design was used to study the effects of polymer type (A), the nature of the organic phase (B) and the homogenization speed (C) on the particle sizes (S), the amount of drug entrapped (E) and the in-vitro release properties of the formulations (R). Objective This study was aimed to quantify the effects of three production variables on the physicochemical and cytotoxic activities of...
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FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCRYSTALS OF AN ANTIBIOTIC
Nitrofurantoin is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic which affect both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Nitrofurantoin exhibits bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein and cell wall synthesis. Nanocrystals of NFT were prepared by Cold High Pressure Homogenization technique. NFT was dispersed in aqueous surfactant solution containing Poloxamer 188, PVPK 30 and...
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Objective: To obtain optimum and validated method for simultaneous analysis of cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide in Dried Blood Spot using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and its application in breast cancer patients for therapeutic drug monitoring. Methods: The separation was conducted using 1.7 μm (2.1 x 100 mm) Waters AcquityTM UPLC C18 column, mobile phase consists of...
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Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) administration before surgery is evidence-based practice for prevention of Surgical site infections (SSIs). The aim of study was to investigate the pattern of surgical procedures and appropriate use of SAP in teaching hospital of Islamabad, Pakistan. A one-month prospective, descriptive observational pilot study. A total of 235 surgical procedures were investigated during study period...
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The Use of Liposomes in Clinical Applications
Liposomes were investigated for a long time as nanocarriers to target drugs to their sites of actions and to reduce toxicity. The unique structure of liposomes which is similar to the cellular phospholipids is considered as being an advantage to such delivery systems. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs can be encapsulated into the liposomes for delivery of a wide range of drugs such as anticancer drugs and...
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Malaria, caused by apicomplexan parasite, is an old disease and continues to be a major public health threat in many countries. This article aims to present different aspects of malaria including causes, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment in an articulate and comprehensive manner. Six Plasmodium species are recognized as the etiology of human malaria, of which Plasmodium falciparum is popular in East and Southern...
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Trypanosomiasis is an important protozoan disease affecting domestic livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. Control of trypanosomiasis is by administration of antitrypanosomal drugs. Quinapyramine was widely used between 1950s and 1970s in Africa as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent in cattle. Trypanosome resistance to the drug developed rapidly and often associated with problems of toxicity. Administration of...
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Multidrug-Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is tuberculosis (TB) that is resistant to two first-line drugs; both isoniazid and rifampicin. Globally in 2015, there were an estimated 480, 000 new cases of multidrug-resistant TB. According to the anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey conducted nationwide in Ethiopia in 2012 among 804 newly diagnosed TB cases 1.6 % were found to be infected with MDR-TB. The continuous...
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) is involved in the transition of alcohol use to addiction by activating signalling pathways and inducing glutamate excitotoxicity. The objective was to investigate the effects of chronic alcohol treatment and withdrawal on mGluR5 binding in the brains of C57BL/6J mice. The study was a controlled experiment in which male C57Bl/6J mice were introduced to the alcohol liquid...
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Prokinetic effect of ferulic acid ethyl ester on mice
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are public health problem which affects 69% of the world's population. Among the disorders that cause gastrointestinal hypomotility is mainly constipation, but drugs available for the treatment of this disorder come with numerous adverse effects, among them the most common are abdominal pain and cardiotoxic potential. Ferulic acid ethyl ester (FAEE) is a phenylpropanoid widely found in...
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Synthesis, antibacterial and anticancer activities of some novel 2-substituted aminothiazoles
Amino group of thiazole moiety (26) was treated with various aromatic aldehydes its gave corresponding Schiff's bases (27-36). These Schiff's bases were reacted with benzyl in the presence of ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) to find corresponding novel 2-substituted aminothiazoles (37-46). Structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectral data and elemental analysis. The synthesized...
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This study evaluated the protective effects of commercial herbal preparation (HP) on acetaminophen (APAP) induced lipid profile aberrations in rats. Twenty four male rats were divided into 6 groups of 4 rats each and treated orally as follows: Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (intoxicated and untreated), group 3 (pre-treated with 100 mg/kg b.w. of silymarin), groups 4, 5 and 6 (pre-treated with 1, 2 and 3 ml/kg b.w. HP)...
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The limitations of currently available drugs and emergence of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) stress the need of new candidates as antitubercular agents. Different 2,5-dimethyl pyrrole derivatives clubbed with coumarin, naphthyl, furyl, phenyl, fragment of ibuprofen, fragment of diclofenac were synthesized and evaluated for antitubercular activity. The structure of all...
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GLUCOSINOLATES: TAME PRECURSORS – POTENT PRODUCTS-A REVIEW
Cruciferous vegetables constitute an important phytochemical that is Glucosinolate, it is an organic anionic compound containing sulphur, nitrogen and a group derived from glucose. Glucosinolates are abundantly present in the members of family Cruiciferae. The enzymes catalysing the hydrolysis of glucosinolates are known as myrosinases. The potentially beneficial activities of glucosinolates and their enzymatic hydrolysis...
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Isolation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Bergenia ciliate Using in vitro Models
Antimicrobial activities of five constituents isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of Bergenia ciliate were investigated. About all constituents exhibited antimicrobial efficacy on the tested microorganisms, including two human Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus) and four Gram-negative ones (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella Pneumonia). Of these...
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Film forming gels are a novel approach in this area that might present an alternative to the conventional dosage forms used on the skin, such as ointments,creams, gels or patches. The polymeric solution is applied to the skin as a liquid and forms an almost invisible film in situ by solvent evaporation. Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) can provide some desirable performances over conventional pharmaceutical dosage...
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The use of plants extract in traditional medicine continues to provide the therapeutic needs for greater percentage of the world’s population especially in developing countries. In this study, the phytochemical properties and biochemical responses of some haematological parameters and prostaglandin of gastric lesions to ethanol extract of Jatropha multifida leaves were investigated. The quantitative phytochemical analysis...
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The present study has been designed to examine the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and organic extracts of powdered pod, leaves and flowers of an endemic terrestrial orchid Brachycorythis iantha. The extracts of Brachycorythis iantha were tested against the bacterial pathogens via Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and fungus (Candida albicans). Antimicrobial...
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Nutritional management of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a multifaceted unending disease and is a key source of death worldwide. It is responsible for more than a million amputations every year. It is anticipated that 400 million people worldwide will suffer from diabetes by 2030. The likelihood of developing diabetes depends on a blend of genetic factors, obesity, living style and environmental factors. There are two major types of diabetes: insulin...
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The ethyl acetate extracts through maceration extraction of stem bark of Glossonema boveanum (Decne.) (Asclepiadaceae) afforded one pentacyclic triterpene, betulinic acid, which is reported for the first time in this plant. The structure of the isolated compound was identified on the basis of 1D NMR (1H, 13C and DEPT), 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) and by comparison with reported data. The isolated compound was then...
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Conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of intracellular infections is not effective, due to limited permeation of drugs into cells. This can be overcome by use of vesicular drug delivery systems. Encapsulation of a drug in vesicular structures can be predicted to prolong the existence of the drug in systemic circulation, and perhaps, reduces the toxicity if selective uptake can be achieved. Proniosomes are dry powder...
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Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio of fixed dose highly active antiretroviral drugs using white rabbit
There is an increasing reliance on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a prognostic marker in certain diseases. Observations have suggested the effects of administering highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients to be beneficial as well as having its side effects. Hence, this study was designed to examine the relationship of NLR of fixed dose HAART. Twenty male white...
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Brands are considered as one of the most valuable assets of companies in the area of ever increasing competitions of markets, goods and various services. Physicians are actually the ultimate decision holder of which brand should be prescribed to their patients. Prescribing behavior of physicians affected by many factors. The present study investigates the factors which influence physician prescribing decisions. In order to...
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The need to consider an ethnomedicinal alternative for the management of hypertension has become necessary due to the high cost associated with purchasing conventional antihypertensive drugs and the inability of patients to adhere strictly to the procedures of administration. A total of 40 acclimatized male Wistar rats were used for the study. Five rats were grouped as normotensive control (group A). 25 hypertensive rats...
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Evaluation of analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of Pennisetum purpureum in albino mice
Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant or Napier grass) is being used in East Africa and some other parts of the world as animal feed and also in pulp industry. In some parts of South eastern Nigeria where it is popularly known as ‘’Achara‘’ it is a delicacy in some traditional dishes. In recent studies, its nutritional and non-nutritional components reveal that it contains flavoids, saponin, sterols, glycosides, tannins and high...
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Repositioning of drug using pharmacovigilance approach is the primary objective of this study. Rosiglitazone is the target molecule for this pilot scale study. Rosiglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug of thiazolidinedione class. It works as an insulin sensitizer, by binding to the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma in fat cells and making the cells more responsive to insulin. Rosiglitazone has been...
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Analgesic properties of snake venom as compared to conventional analgesics
An analgesic is a drug that relieves pain by acting on the central nervous system or peripheral pain receptor mechanisms; while snake venom is a highly modified saliva containing zootoxins which facilitate the immobilization and digestion of prey and defense against threats. Snake venom is toxic but may also have therapeutic effects, e.g. captopril, an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor was developed from the Pit...
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This research was designed to develop and validate a precise, simple, rapid, reliable, more accurate, as well as least time consuming High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique for simultaneous and individual estimation of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin in whole and in various formulations. This separation was attained chromatographically using blend of methanol and trifluroacetic acid (0.1%) in...
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Nowadays, the growing interest in consumption of fruit and vegetables raises the question of cooking impact on their nutritional benefits. Growing evidence suggests that oxidative damage caused by the β-amyloid peptide in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease may be hydrogen peroxide mediated. Many polyphenols, the most abundant dietary antioxidants, possess stronger neuroprotection against hydrogen peroxide.The...
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The leaves of Piper guineense Schum. and Thonn (Piperaceae) are used in ethnomedicine for the management/treatment of various diseases. The objective of this study was to establish the pharmacognostic and toxicological profiles of P. guineense to help practitioners in making choices, and to assist scientists involved in the research of the Piper genus. The fresh leaves were examined for their macroscopic and microscopic...
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Scientific and technological prospect of Platonia insignis Mart (Clusiaceae)
The chemodiversity and pharmacological potential of the flora are uncounted and allow the study of native plants, such as Platonia insignis Mart. (Clusiaceae), an exotic plant in Piaui, Brazil. Investigations on the chemical composition of the plant of the family Clusiaceae have shown that they are mainly rich in polysoprenylated benzophenones and xanthones, which have been isolated not only from the resins, but also from...
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The prophylactic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Nauclea latifolia, widely used in herbal malarial treatment, against the widely used drug Coartem® (Artemether/Lumefantrine) in Plasmodium-infected mice was investigated, and thereafter analysed for organosomatic index, parasitemia, histomorphological and immunohistochemical changes in the hippocampus. Twenty male mice about 6 to 8 weeks weighing 20 to 24 g were...
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The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a new class of anti hyperglycemic agents which were developed for the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus by rational drug design, based on an understanding of the mechanism of action and knowledge of the structure of the target enzyme. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP 1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) are hormones secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of the gut in...
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FORMULATION AND EVALUTION OF ORAL FAST DISSOLVING FILM OF FEXOFENADINE HYDROCHLORIDE BY QbD APPROACH
The objective of the present investigation was to formulate, evaluate and optimize oral film of Fexofenadine HCl using (Box Behnken) design. In the present investigation an attempt was made to develop mouth dissolving films of Fexofenadine HCl to achieve fast disintegration and dissolution characteristics with improved bioavailability by oral route. Oral films of Fexofenadine HCl were formulated using HPMC E15 premium...
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In vivo assessment of the antipyretic activity of tilmicosin
The aim of the present study was to assess the antipyretic activity of the macrolide antibiotic, tilmicosin, at dose levels of 20 and 40 mg/kg of body weight, subcutaneously, in Brewer's yeast-induced fever model in mice. Pyrexia was induced by subcutaneous injection of 20 mL/kg of 20% (w/v) Brewer’s yeast suspension into the animal’s scruff region. Eighteen hours later, feverish animals were treated with either tilmicosin...
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