Pharmacokinetics of gallic acid following oral administration of Triphala formulation in rats
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Triphala formulation is one of the most common traditional medicines used for several health conditions. The study investigated the pharmacokinetics of gallic acid following an oral dose administration in rats. The pharmacokinetics of gallic acid was investigated in rats following a daily oral doses of 1,000 and 5,000 mg/kg body weight (28 days). Triphala formulation. Plasma concentrations of gallic acid were measured...
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The pharmacovigilance practices aim to improve the safety and care of patient in relation to the utilization of medications, as well as other medical and paramedical interventions. Due to emergence of outbreaks of infections, the Sub-Saharan African countries have been widely utilizing the trial drugs, which have been increasing the events of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in the region. This systematic literature review...
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The availability of substandard and falsified medicines in the market grants a serious public health problem and a significant impact on the national economy. Current estimate suggests 10% of prescription drugs sold worldwide are substandard, fake or contaminated, and in parts of Africa and Asia, the figures exceed 50%. Professionals' awareness towards falsified medicines is a major problem that could lead to...
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Kidney is an essential organ responsible for excretion and detoxification. The use of streptozotocin in rat model experiments has provided rooms for researchers to test the effectiveness of medicinal plants that might possess nephroprotective and antidiabetic properties; so as to help in the treatment of diabetes complications. The study was aimed at evaluating the attenuating effects of ethanol extracts of Taminalia...
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Leukemia is the most common cancer in children, accounting for a prominent percentage of cancer-related death in that age-group. It is therefore very important to prevent and treat this cancer. In this study, the anticancer effects of 6 different parts of 4 selected species of medicinal plants in Nigerian, especially those grown in South-Western and South-Eastern regions, were investigated on Human leukemic-HL-60 cell line...
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An efficient synthesis of the title compound, N-[(4-sulfamamoyl phenyl )carbamoyl thioyl] benzamide was carried out by reaction of benzoyl chloride with potassium thiocyanate in acetone to afford benzoyl isothiocyanate in situ followed by treatment with sulfanilamide. The structure was confirmed by spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. The ligand was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR .This was then screened...
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An alteration of pharmacokinetics (PK) due to pathophysiological changes in patients with critical illnesses have the impact on the drug levels in plasma, consequently affecting the achievement of pharmacodynamics (PD) targets of antibiotics. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the population PK, and (ii) to assess the probability of target attainment (PTA) of ertapenem in patients with critical conditions....
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The COVID-19 disease, originated from Wuhan, China, has triggered the death of millions of people worldwide and has been the cause of 4,281 deaths in Bangladesh since 8th March 2020 till 31st August 2020. This cross-sectional study was aimed at discerning the pattern of COVID-19 among the people of this country as well as the testing response, the recovery pattern of the patients and the effect of co-existing conditions on...
Characterization of Nanoparticle-encapsulation of β-carotene Isolated from Daucus carota
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β-carotene is a potent lipophilic nutraceutical which has low bioaccessibility and bioavailability caused by poor water solubility, stability, sensitivity to light, temperature and pH. Nano-encapsulation can protect it from degradation and retain a compound's functional property. The aim of this study is to characterize the β-carotene from Daucus carota root which is nano-encapsulated with the chitosan matrix with TPP....
Pharmaceutical Studies on the Availability of Aceclofenac from Different Suppository Bases
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Aceclofenac is practically insoluble in water, potent non-steroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drug, with mean maximum plasma concentration of 6.8 mg/L and mean elimination half-life values between 3.5 and 6.2 hours. It was successfully formulated in solid and liquid suppositories using non-ionic surfactants as Spans, Tweens, Witepsols, Suppocires and Brij and also muco-adhesive polymers as Methyl cellulose, Hydroxypropyl...
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Obesity is a silent pandemic that strikes our population. It has a huge impact on our health and economy resulting in major problems associated with many serious disorders to assess the antiobesity effect of probiotics bacteria (Lactobacillus Plantarum) mixed with some prebiotics including green tea, chia seeds, and chitosan, as a mixture. Using 8 groups (10 rats each) of Sprague-Dawley rats, Group 1 was kept as a negative...
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The study evaluated the antioxidant activities of both methanol (MeOH) extract and the bulk alkaloidal fraction of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides leaves and determined their median lethal dose in mice. The extract was subjected to solvent-solvent partitioning to obtain the bulk alkaloids from the methanol extract. The antioxidant activity of both the methanol extract and the bulk alkaloid fraction was measured in-vitro using...
Post-Market Surveillance of Three Brands of Ibuprofen 400 mg Tablets in Gaborone, Botswana
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The supply of sub-standard pharmaceutical products is on the rise. This imposes a greater challenge to health, and hence the need to constantly investigate the quality of medicines to check compliance with international official standards; surveillance. The purpose of the study was to compare three distinct brands of commercially available Ibuprofen 400 mg tablets in Gaborone, Botswana to elucidate compliance through...
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Propolis is a resinous plant material collected by bees to defend their colony. Unlike temperate propolis which is well studied, tropical propolis, particularly from Eastern Africa, remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Ugandan propolis were evaluated in relation to three bee-keeping agro-ecological zones of the country. Duplicate propolis samples from each...
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Syrups, being non-sterile liquid pharmaceutical formulations, are prone to microbial contamination. The most common microbial contaminants are bacteria and fungi. Contamination of oral liquid pharmaceuticals makes them hazardous due to potential to cause infections, and may also change their physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties. This study assessed the microbial quality and physical characteristic parameters of...
The "Date Rape" Drug Abuse: Implications on the Female Reproductive System
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Rohypnol is hypnotics that are commonly used to treat insomnia, anxiety and seizure disorders. It has been abused by both sexes and club men often drop the tablets into women's drinks to create a potential rape situation. Thirty-six animals (Wistar rats) were used for this study. They were grouped into three (N=12); Group 1 (Control) received 0.04ml/kg body weight (bwt) of Distilled water, Group 2 (Normal dose) received...
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As general awareness for using herbal drugs in today’s health practice is increasing. The world is endorsing extraordinary increase in the consumption of herbal products. This increase in the demand has lead to consumers dissatisfaction dua to substandard products, making the herbal market risky. There is need to set standard that make evaluation of herbal drug in the formulation of high quality products. Present...
Medicinal importance of garlic and onions on autonomic nervous system
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Garlic and onion has been of medicinal value in the treatment of hypertension and it also use by people who wanted to loose weight. This research looks in to the effects of these bulbs on the entire nervous system, mechanism of action , complications of over use. This research highlights the chemistry of the active components in ,these bulbs and it role in regulating body's autonomic functions and other possible...
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In the gulf countries specially in Saudi Arabia Diabetes type 2 is becoming the highest in the world, affecting around 30% of adults. In fact, diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The management of diabetic dyslipidemia, a well-recognized and modifiable risk factor, is therefore a key factor in the...
Pharmacological activities of Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex C. Presl.: A short review
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The genera Ballota (Lamiaceae family) distributed mainly in the Mediterranean area, Middle East, and North Africa. From ancient times, various species of this genera are used in traditional medicine for their biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, anti-malaria, insecticidal, etc. Various phytochemical investigations identified a large number of flavonoids and other metabolites and...
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Kuyyu Hospital, North Shoa, Oromia region, Ethiopia
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Good adherence to antiretroviral therapy is necessary to achieve the best virological response, lower the risk of drug resistance, and reduce morbidity and mortality. High levels of adherence (> 95%) are required for ART to be effective for long term and to prevent the emergence of resistant viral strains. The objective of this study was to assess the adherence to ART among patients on ART at Kuyyu Hospital. A cross...
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The emergence and dissemination of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria is worrisome as this poses a serious threat in patient management, especially among children and the elderly. The cardinal objective of this study was to determine the antibiogram and prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella species among paediatric patients in three different healthcare institutions in...
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The objective of the study was to design a fast-dissolving film of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZHCl) by the solvent casting method using various film-forming polymers like Hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Sodium alginate (Na-alg). Six different formulations were designed by varying the concentration of film-forming polymer. Acquired formulations were subjected to various physicochemical,...
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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a well-known and widely used fruit, which contains several interesting bioactive compounds and possess health-promoting properties. Seeing the importance of this fruit, it was essential to study its quality characteristics. Hence, in the current study, we assessed total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of different plant parts (leaves, rind and arils) of two...
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Epilepsy, once thought to be a disease of evil spirit, is now believed by many as a common neurologic condition that can be effectively treated by optimal use of anti seizure drugs. Despite the availability of multiple and cost effective medications, people with epilepsy could experience episodes of seizures. Aim of the present study was to assess the treatment outcome and associated factors among adult epileptic patients...
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Some Malaysian plants were extracted using 80% methanol and screened for antioxidant and toxicity effects on human neuroblastomacells line (SH-SY5Y cells) and zebrafish(Daniorerio) embryos. Antioxidant assay shows high activities with of IC50 1–100 µg/mL with Melastoma malabathricum (leaf and stem), Murraya koenigii (leaf), Curcuma longa (leaf and rhizome), Ficus deltoidea (leaf), Phaleria macrocarpa (leaf) and Ginkgo...
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Base on the findings from the Research Institute Against Counterfeit drugs (RIACD) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Drugs (OECD), 700,000 cases of death are recorded per year due to malaria and tuberculosis counterfeit drugs. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), roadside drugs kill at least 100,000 people in Africa every year, 1/3 of these drugs are counterfeit. The objective of...
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Antioxidants from plants origin are considered as a promising source of biologically active substances when compared to synthetic agents who are accompanied with a number of side effects. Three botanical extracts of Acorus calamus (sweet flag), Prunus persica (peach) and Sausskurea lappa (kuth) were characterized for their antioxidant properties. Methanolic extract was prepared and concentrated by rotary evaporated. The...
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A 23 factorial experimental design was used to study the effects of polymer type (A), the nature of the organic phase (B) and the homogenization speed (C) on the particle sizes (S), the amount of drug entrapped (E) and the in-vitro release properties of the formulations (R). Objective This study was aimed to quantify the effects of three production variables on the physicochemical and cytotoxic activities of...
FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCRYSTALS OF AN ANTIBIOTIC
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Nitrofurantoin is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic which affect both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Nitrofurantoin exhibits bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein and cell wall synthesis. Nanocrystals of NFT were prepared by Cold High Pressure Homogenization technique. NFT was dispersed in aqueous surfactant solution containing Poloxamer 188, PVPK 30 and...
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Objective: To obtain optimum and validated method for simultaneous analysis of cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide in Dried Blood Spot using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and its application in breast cancer patients for therapeutic drug monitoring. Methods: The separation was conducted using 1.7 μm (2.1 x 100 mm) Waters AcquityTM UPLC C18 column, mobile phase consists...
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Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) administration before surgery is evidence-based practice for prevention of Surgical site infections (SSIs). The aim of study was to investigate the pattern of surgical procedures and appropriate use of SAP in teaching hospital of Islamabad, Pakistan. A one-month prospective, descriptive observational pilot study. A total of 235 surgical procedures were investigated during study period...
The Use of Liposomes in Clinical Applications
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Liposomes were investigated for a long time as nanocarriers to target drugs to their sites of actions and to reduce toxicity. The unique structure of liposomes which is similar to the cellular phospholipids is considered as being an advantage to such delivery systems. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs can be encapsulated into the liposomes for delivery of a wide range of drugs such as anticancer drugs and...
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Malaria, caused by apicomplexan parasite, is an old disease and continues to be a major public health threat in many countries. This article aims to present different aspects of malaria including causes, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment in an articulate and comprehensive manner. Six Plasmodium species are recognized as the etiology of human malaria, of which Plasmodium falciparum is popular in East and Southern...
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Trypanosomiasis is an important protozoan disease affecting domestic livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. Control of trypanosomiasis is by administration of antitrypanosomal drugs. Quinapyramine was widely used between 1950s and 1970s in Africa as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent in cattle. Trypanosome resistance to the drug developed rapidly and often associated with problems of toxicity. Administration of...
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Multidrug-Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is tuberculosis (TB) that is resistant to two first-line drugs; both isoniazid and rifampicin. Globally in 2015, there were an estimated 480, 000 new cases of multidrug-resistant TB. According to the anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey conducted nationwide in Ethiopia in 2012 among 804 newly diagnosed TB cases 1.6 % were found to be infected with MDR-TB. The continuous...
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) is involved in the transition of alcohol use to addiction by activating signalling pathways and inducing glutamate excitotoxicity. The objective was to investigate the effects of chronic alcohol treatment and withdrawal on mGluR5 binding in the brains of C57BL/6J mice. The study was a controlled experiment in which male C57Bl/6J mice were introduced to the alcohol liquid...
Prokinetic effect of ferulic acid ethyl ester on mice
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Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are public health problem which affects 69% of the world's population. Among the disorders that cause gastrointestinal hypomotility is mainly constipation, but drugs available for the treatment of this disorder come with numerous adverse effects, among them the most common are abdominal pain and cardiotoxic potential. Ferulic acid ethyl ester (FAEE) is a phenylpropanoid widely found in...
Synthesis, antibacterial and anticancer activities of some novel 2-substituted aminothiazoles
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Amino group of thiazole moiety (26) was treated with various aromatic aldehydes its gave corresponding Schiff's bases (27-36). These Schiff's bases were reacted with benzyl in the presence of ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) to find corresponding novel 2-substituted aminothiazoles (37-46). Structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectral data and elemental analysis. The synthesized...
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This study evaluated the protective effects of commercial herbal preparation (HP) on acetaminophen (APAP) induced lipid profile aberrations in rats. Twenty four male rats were divided into 6 groups of 4 rats each and treated orally as follows: Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (intoxicated and untreated), group 3 (pre-treated with 100 mg/kg b.w. of silymarin), groups 4, 5 and 6 (pre-treated with 1, 2 and 3 ml/kg b.w. HP)...
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The limitations of currently available drugs and emergence of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) stress the need of new candidates as antitubercular agents. Different 2,5-dimethyl pyrrole derivatives clubbed with coumarin, naphthyl, furyl, phenyl, fragment of ibuprofen, fragment of diclofenac were synthesized and evaluated for antitubercular activity. The structure of all...
GLUCOSINOLATES: TAME PRECURSORS – POTENT PRODUCTS-A REVIEW
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Cruciferous vegetables constitute an important phytochemical that is Glucosinolate, it is an organic anionic compound containing sulphur, nitrogen and a group derived from glucose. Glucosinolates are abundantly present in the members of family Cruiciferae. The enzymes catalysing the hydrolysis of glucosinolates are known as myrosinases. The potentially beneficial activities of glucosinolates and their enzymatic hydrolysis...
Isolation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Bergenia ciliate Using in vitro Models
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Antimicrobial activities of five constituents isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of Bergenia ciliate were investigated. About all constituents exhibited antimicrobial efficacy on the tested microorganisms, including two human Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus) and four Gram-negative ones (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella Pneumonia). Of these...
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Film forming gels are a novel approach in this area that might present an alternative to the conventional dosage forms used on the skin, such as ointments,creams, gels or patches. The polymeric solution is applied to the skin as a liquid and forms an almost invisible film in situ by solvent evaporation. Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) can provide some desirable performances over conventional pharmaceutical dosage...
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The use of plants extract in traditional medicine continues to provide the therapeutic needs for greater percentage of the world’s population especially in developing countries. In this study, the phytochemical properties and biochemical responses of some haematological parameters and prostaglandin of gastric lesions to ethanol extract of Jatropha multifida leaves were investigated. The quantitative phytochemical...
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The present study has been designed to examine the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and organic extracts of powdered pod, leaves and flowers of an endemic terrestrial orchid Brachycorythis iantha. The extracts of Brachycorythis iantha were tested against the bacterial pathogens via Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and fungus (Candida albicans). Antimicrobial...
Nutritional management of diabetes
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Diabetes mellitus is a multifaceted unending disease and is a key source of death worldwide. It is responsible for more than a million amputations every year. It is anticipated that 400 million people worldwide will suffer from diabetes by 2030. The likelihood of developing diabetes depends on a blend of genetic factors, obesity, living style and environmental factors. There are two major types of diabetes: insulin...
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The ethyl acetate extracts through maceration extraction of stem bark of Glossonema boveanum (Decne.) (Asclepiadaceae) afforded one pentacyclic triterpene, betulinic acid, which is reported for the first time in this plant. The structure of the isolated compound was identified on the basis of 1D NMR (1H, 13C and DEPT), 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) and by comparison with reported data. The isolated compound was then...
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Conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of intracellular infections is not effective, due to limited permeation of drugs into cells. This can be overcome by use of vesicular drug delivery systems. Encapsulation of a drug in vesicular structures can be predicted to prolong the existence of the drug in systemic circulation, and perhaps, reduces the toxicity if selective uptake can be achieved. Proniosomes are dry powder...
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio of fixed dose highly active antiretroviral drugs using white rabbit
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There is an increasing reliance on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a prognostic marker in certain diseases. Observations have suggested the effects of administering highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients to be beneficial as well as having its side effects. Hence, this study was designed to examine the relationship of NLR of fixed dose HAART. Twenty male white...
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