ABSTRACT
Annona senegalensis leaves are used in African Traditional Medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. This study aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of total ethereal leaf extract (TEE) of A. senegalensis and its methanolic fraction (MF). Experiments were performed in acetic acid induced contortions in mice and carrageenan rat paw edema. The preventive effect of TEE (100 mg/kg, per os) and MF (1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, per os) was evaluated in carrageenan induced edema at 1, 3 and 5 h. The analgesic effect of MF (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, per os) was tested in mice contortions. Oral administration of MF (3 mg/kg) showed an analgesic activity less similar than 100 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) administered in the same conditions (17.60±6.74 vs26.80±4.66 contortions). The analgesic activity of MF is dose dependent at the lower doses (1 and 3 mg/kg, per os). However, the prevention of mice contortions with MF is less important at a higher dose (30 mg/kg, per os). In rat paw edema, TEE (100 mg/kg, per os) and MF (1 and 3 mg/kg, per os), significantly prevented carrageenan induced edema, as compared to the control and ASA groups. The dose of 3 mg/kg per os of MF induced an edema percentage inhibition similar to 100 mg/kg per os of ASA. Similarly to analgesic activity, the prevention of rat paw edema with MF is less important at a higher dose (10 mg/kg, per os). These results show an analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of A. senegalensis leaf extracts, justifying the use of this plant leaves in African Traditional Medicine to prevent or treat pain and inflammation.
Keys words: Annona senegalensis, leaves, pain, inflammation.
Inflammation treatment requires glucocorticoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, they are limited by the several adverse effects such as peptic ulcer disease and immunosuppression (Wirtha et al., 2006; Henzen, 2003).Several studies had shown the interest of plant extracts on in-vivo and vitro experimental models of inflammatory and pain processes (Phanse et al., 2012; Hegde et al., 2014). It was reported that the leaves of A. senegalensis possess anticonvulsivant, central depressant and anxiolytic-like properties attributable to flavonoids (Okoli et al., 2010). An anticonvulsivant effect of kaurenoic acid isolated from the root bark of A. senegalensis was also described by Okoye et al. (2013). A recent study had shown a toxicity of N-hexane and chloroform fractions of A. senegalensis leaf extract on immature stage of mosquito species such as Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus (Lame et al., 2015).
In African traditional medecine, the leaves of A. senegalensis Pers. are used to treat pain and inflammation (Akah and Nwambie, 1994). Yeo et al. (2011) had shown the in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract. A. senegalensis leaves contain flavonoids, terpenes, glycosides and steroids substances (Ameen et al., 2011; Yisa et al., 2010). Terpene molecules structure isolated from several species belonging to the family Annonaceae showed an analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.
The aim of the present study was to investigate analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of A. senegalensis on contortions-induced acetic acid in mice and carrageenan rat paw edema.
Study species
A. senegalensis Pers. is an annual shrub or small tree widely distributed in Africa. It is found in semi-arid to subhumid regions of Africa. Leaves are alternate, simple, oblong, ovate or elliptic, green to bluish green, almost without hairs on upper surface but often with brownish hairs on the lower surface. Its aromatic flowers are used to flavour food (Adzu et al., 2005; Ogbadoyi et al., 2007; Orwa et al., 2009).
1.
Plant material and extraction
A. senegalensis leaves were collected from Pout (Senegal). Botanical samples were identified at the Department of Botany and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Dakar, where the voucher specimen (DPB-15-03) was deposited. A. senegalensis powder (300 g) was mixed with petroleum ether (2 L), boiled for 2 h and filtered. The ethereal leaf extract filtrate was removed with methanol. The ethereal and methanolic phases were recovered and evaporated to dryness.
Animals
Adult Wistar rats (110 - 160 g) and mice (19 – 26 g) were used for the experiments. The animals had free access to food and water.
Experimental procedures
Anti-inflammatory activity
The rat paw edema was induced with carrageenan 1% (100 μl) (Winter et al., 1962). The rats were distributed in groups of 5 and fasted 12 h before the experiment, with free access to water. The initial volume of right hind paw was measured using a plethysmometre.
The total ethereal extract (TEE, 100 mg/kg), methanolic fraction (MF; 1, 3, 10 mg/kg), acetyl salicylic acid (ASA, 100 mg/kg) and vehicle (1 mL/100 g) were given orally to different groups, one hour prior to the local injection of carrageenan 1% into the plantar aponeurosis. The volume of rat hind paw was measured during 5 h, the percentages of increase (INC%) of rat hind paw were determined.
Analgesic activity
The writhing test in mice was used (Koster et al., 1959). Contortions were induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid 3%. The animals were divided into groups of 5 mice each. Different doses (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) of methanolic fraction (MF) of A. senegalensis total ethereal leaf extract, acetic salicylic acid (ASA) (1, 100 mg/kg) and physiological water (Control, 1 mL/100 g) were administered orally to groups, one hour prior to acetic acid 3% (20 μL) injection. The total number of contortions was counted at observation time of 30 min.
Statistical analysis
The means of contortions in treated groups were compared to control with Student t-test. A value of p < 0.05 had been considered as significant and n = 5 represent the number of mice in each group. The means of rat hind paw volumes were compared by an analysis of variance (ANOVA), in order to prove homogeneity between groups. The means of percentages of rat hind paw oedema variations at the 1 and 5 h were also compared to control group with t-test. A value of p < 0.05 had been considered as significant and n = 5 represent the number of rats in each group. Statistical analysis was done using a GraphPad Prism 5 software.
Effect of methanolic fraction of total ethereal leaf extract of A. senegalensis on contortions induced with acetic acid 1% in mice
Intraperitoneal acetic acid 3% induced contortions (72.60±6.64) in mice which were treated with vehicle per os. Pre-treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (1 and 100 mg/kg, per os) prevented significantly and dose dependent manner the writhes induced with acetic acid, as compared to the control group. In fact, contortions were respectively 47.80±8.30 and 26.80±4.66 at 1 and 100 mg/kg per os in acetylsalicylic groups. Prior administration of A. senegalensis methanolic fraction (MF) of total ethereal leaf extract (TEE), dose dependently prevented the number of contortions at 1 (29.80±6.92) and 3 mg/kg per os (17.60±6.74). However, the prevention of contortions was less important with 10 mg/kg of methanolic fraction (37.80±9.00) (Figure 1).
Effect of total ethereal leaf extract of A. senegalensis (TEE) on carrageenan induced rat paw edema
The oral administration of the TEE (100 mg/kg, per os) significantly prevented the increase of rat paw edema induced with carrageenan, as compared to group control treated with normal saline (10 mL/kg, per os) (Table 1).
Effect of methanolic fraction (MF) of A. senegalensis total ethereal leaf extract on carrageenan induced rat paw edema
Oral administration of MF (1 mg/kg, per os) did not prevent the inflammatory edema. MF (3 mg/kg, per os), significantly prevented the rat paw edema. However, the prevention of inflammatory edema with 10 mg/kg of MF is less important than the prior dose of 3 mg/kg previously tested (Table 2).
The percentage inhibition evaluation shows that MF relatively low dose (3 mg/kg) induced anti-inflammatory activity. The percentages of inhibition were 87.62±3.16 and 74.12±8.38, respectively at 1 and 5 h, showing a similar edema inhibition than ASA (100 mg/kg, per os) reference group (91.88±1.79, 69.25±5.48) (Figure 2).
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory extracts of A. senegalensis leaves, an African traditional medicine plant. Preliminary experiments had shown a similar anti-inflammatory activity between A. senegalensis total ethereal leaf extract and acetylsalicylic acid used in the same conditions.
The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic fraction of total ethereal leaf extract was evaluated on contortions-induced acetic acid in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The methanolic fraction is analgesic and anti-inflammatory at dose dependent manner (1 and 3 mg/kg, per os). However, at a higher dose (10 mg/kg, per os), both decrease of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic fraction was noted. These results suggest the existence of identical mechanism of action of the methanolic fraction in the prevention of pain and inflammatory edema. This biphasic effect on pain and inflammation observed with the methanolic fraction relative to dose, suggest the probable existence in the extract, compounds which probably act by a functional antagonism mechanism.
At phytochemical level, A. senegalensis leaves contain flavonoids and terpenics substances (Ameen et al., 2011). Terpenics molecules isolated from several species of Annonaceae have analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. This is the example of 18-acetoxy-ent-kaur-16-ene, an isolated molecule of A. squamosa bark which is analgesic on model induced by intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid in the albino mice and anti-inflammatory in the prevention of acute paw edema carrageenan-induced rats (Chavan et al., 2011). The berenjenol triterpenic molecules were isolated from Oxandra xylopioides, a species of the family Annonaceae which is anti-inflammatory on the acute and sub-chronic inflammation models (Aquila et al., 2009). Works performed by Chavan et al. (2011) showed that terpenic compounds are extractables in the Soxhlet with petroleum ether at temperatures of 40 to 60°C.
In this study, the total ethereal leaf extract and its methanolic fraction could probably contain terpenics compounds of A. senegalensis leaves. The presence of these molecules may explain the origin of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the total ethereal leaf extract of A. senegalensis and its methanolic fraction.
The leaf extracts of A. senegalensis prevented pain and inflammation in experimental acetic acid induced contortions in mice and carrageenan rat paw edema. These results justify the use of this plant leaves in African traditional medicine to prevent or treat pain and inflammatory processes.
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
REFERENCES
|
Adzu B, Abubakar M, Izebe K, Akumka D, Gamaniel K (2005). Effect of Annona senegalensis root bark extracts on naja nigricotlis nigricotlis venom in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 96:507-513.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
Akah PA, Nwambie AI (1994). Evaluation of Nigerian traditional medicines: 1. Plants used for rheumatic (inflammatory) disorders. J. Ethnopharmacol. 42(3):179-182.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Ameen OM,Usman LAS, Oganija FA, Hamid A, Muhammed NO, Zubair MF, Adebayou SA (2011). Chemical composition of leaf essential oil of Annona senegalensis Pers.(ANNONACEAE) growing in North Central Nigeria. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci.5(1):375-379.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Aquila S, Rojano B, Recio MC, Giner RM, Schinella GR, Debenedetti SL, Ríos JL (2009). Anti-inflammatory activity of berenjenol and related compounds. Planta Medica. 75(01):18-23.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Chavan MJ, Wakte PS, Shinde DB (2011). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 18-acetoxy-ent-kaur-16-ene from Annona squamosa L. bark. Inflammopharmacol.19:111-115.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Hegde S, Sham BS, Chandrashekhar S, Manikkoth S (2014). Pre-clinical screening of indigenous medicinal plant phyllanthus amarus for its analgesic activity. Int. J. App. Biol. Pharm. Technol. 5(4):215-218.
|
|
|
|
|
Henzen C (2003). Traitement aux glucocorticoïdes : risques et effets secondaires. Forum Med Suisse. 19:442-446.
|
|
|
|
|
Koster R, Anderson M, Beer E (1959). Acetic acid for analgesic screening. Proceedings 18-412.
|
|
|
|
|
Lame Y, Nukenine EN, Pierre DYS, Elijah AE, Esimone CO (2015). Laboratory evaluations of the fractions efficacy of Annona senegalensis (Annonaceae) leaf extract on immature stage development of malarial and filarial mosquito vectors. J. Arthropod-Borne Dis. 9(2):226-237.
|
|
|
|
|
Ogbadoyi E, Abdulganiy A, Adama T, Okogun J (2007). In vivo trypanocidal activity of Annona senegalensis Pers. Leaf extract against Trypanosoma brucei. J. Ethnopharmacol. 112(1):85-89.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Okoli CO, Onyeto CA, Akpa BP, Ezike AC, Akah PA, Okoye TC (2010). Neuropharmacological evaluation of Annona senegalensis leaves. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9(49):8435-8444.
|
|
|
|
|
Okoye TC, Akah PA, Omeje EO, Okoye FBC, Nworu CS (2013). Anticonvulsivant effect of kaurenoic acid isolated from the root bark of Annona senegalensis. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 109:38-43.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S (2009). Agroforestree Database: A Tree Reference and Selection Guide Version 4.0.
|
|
|
|
|
Phanse MA, Patil MJ, Abbulu K, Chaudhari PD, Patel B (2012). In-vivo and in-vitro screening of medicinal plants for their anti-inflammatory activity: an overview. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2(6):19-33.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Winter CA, Risley FA, Nuss G (1962). Carrageenin induced oedema in hand paw of the rat as assays anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.111:544-547.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Wirtha HP, Hürlimannb R, FlückigeraT (2006). Les AINS et les inhibiteurs de la COX-2 : principaux effets indésirables.Forum Med. Suisse 6:284-290.
|
|
|
|
|
Yeo D, Dinica R, Yapi HF, Furdui B, Praisler M, Djaman AJ, N'Guessan JD (2011). Evaluation de l'activité anti-inflammatoire et screening phytochimique des feuilles de Annona senegalensis. Thérapie 66(1):73-80.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Yisa J, Egila JN, Darlinton AO (2010). Chemical composition of Annona senegalensis from Nupe land, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9(26):4106-4109.
|
|
