African Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmacology

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1996-0816
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJPP
  • Start Year: 2007
  • Published Articles: 2288

Full Length Research Paper

Reflection on medicinal plants, especially antivirals and how to reconsider ethnobotany as an interesting way for health preservation

Fatiha El Babili
  • Fatiha El Babili
  • Jardin Botanique Henri Gaussen, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
  • Google Scholar
VM Lamade
  • VM Lamade
  • Botanista - Etudes botanique, Ethnobotanique et Anthropologique, rue Maubec, 31830 Plaisance du Touch, France.
  • Google Scholar
Hugo Fabre
  • Hugo Fabre
  • Ecole doctorale de l’Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - 6 Allée Emile Monso - BP 34038 31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
  • Google Scholar
Daniel Charlot
  • Daniel Charlot
  • ANSM - GT Plantes Médicinales, Site Saint Denis 143/147, Boulevard Anatole France 93285 SAINT-DENIS Cedex, France.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 17 June 2020
  •  Accepted: 10 September 2020
  •  Published: 31 January 2021

References

Aanouz I, Belhassan A, El-Khatabi K, Lakhlifi T, El-ldrissi M, Bouachrine M (2020). Moroccan Medicinal plants as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease: Computational investigations- Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 2020:1-9. Published online 2020 May PMCID: PMC7212546 - PMID: 32306860
Crossref

 

Afrikmag (2020). 

 
 

Alam P, Parvez KM, Arbab H, Al-Dosari MS (2017). Quantitative analysis of rutin, quercetin, naringenin, and gallic acid by validatedRP- and NP-HPTLC methods for quality control of anti-HBV active extract of Guiera senegalensis. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1):1317-1323
Crossref

 
 

Aron GM, Irvin JD (1980). Inhibition of herpes simplex virus multiplication by the pokeweed antiviral protein - American Society for Microbiology Journals 17(6):1032-1033.
Crossref

 
 

Arunkumar S, Rajarajan S (2018). Study on antiviral activities, drug-likeness and molecular docking of bioactive compounds of Punica granatum L. to Herpes simplex virus - 2 (HSV-2). Microbial Pathogenesis 118:301-309. 
Crossref

 
 

Ashfaq U, Jalil A, Qamar MT (2016). Antiviral phytochemicals identification from Azadirachta indica leaves against HCV NS3 protease: an in silico approach. Natural Product Research 30(16):1866-1869. 
Crossref

 
 

Asong JA, Amoo SO, McGaw LJ, Nkdimeng SM, Aremu AO, Otang-Mbeng W (2019). "Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases. Plant 8(9):350. 
Crossref

 
 

Atcha MS (2020). « Coronavirus: deux cas confirmés au Burkina Faso » [archive], sur BENIN WEB TV, 9 mars

 
 

Ayuba GI, Jensen GS Benson KF, Okubena AM, Okubena O (2014). Clinical trial and Efficacy of a West African Sorghum Bicolor-Based Traditional Herbal Preparation Jobelyn Shows Increased Hemoglobin and CD4+ T-lymphocyte Counts in HIV-positive Patients. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 20(1):53-56.
Crossref

 
 

Badam L (1997). In vitro antiviral activity of indigenous glycyrrhizin, licorice and glycyrrhizic acid (Sigma on Japanese encephalitis virus. The Journal of Communicable Diseases 29(2):91-99 - PMID: 9282507

 
 

Behbahani M (2009). Anti-viral activity of the methanolic leaf extract of an Iranian medicinal plant Hyssopus officinalis against herpes simplex virus. Journal of medicinal plant research January 2010 - Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3(12):1118-1125

 
 

Bellakhadar J (1997). La pharmacopée marocaine traditionnelle - Ibis Press.

 
 

Ben-Shabat S, Yarmolinsky L, Porat D, Dahan A (2019). Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants: Applications and drug delivery strategies. Drug Delivery and Translational Research 10(2):354-367. Published online 2019 Dec 1.
Crossref

 
 

Bose M, Kamra M, Mullick R, Bhattacharya S, Das S, Karande AA (2017). A plant-derived dehydrorotenoid: a new inhibitor of hepatitis C virus entry. FEBS Letter 591(9):1305-1317. 
Crossref

 
 

Bourinbaiar AS, Leehuang S (1995). Potentiation of Anti-HIV Activity of Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Dexamethasone and Indomethacin, by MAP30, the Antiviral Agent from Bitter Melon. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 208(2):779-785.
Crossref

 
 

Boyd MR, Hallock YF, Cardellina JH 2nd, Manfredi KP, Blunt JW, McMahon JB, Buckheit RW Jr, Bringmann G, Schäffer M, Cragg GM (1994). Anti-HIV michellamines from Ancistrocladus korupensis. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 37(12):1740-1745. PMID: 8021914
Crossref

 
 

Bruneton J (2009). Pharmacognosie - Phytochimie plantes médicinales - Editions Tec &Doc 4ème édition.

 
 

Cai Z, Zhang G, Tang B (2015). Promising Anti-influenza Properties of Active Constituent of Withania somnifera Ayurvedic Herb in Targeting Neuraminidase of H1N1 Influenza: Computational Study. Cell Biochem Biophys 72:727-739 
Crossref

 
 

Calabrese C, Berman SH, Babish JG, Ma X, Shinto L, Dorr M, Wells K, Wenner CA, Standish LJ (2000). A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers. Phytotherapy Research 14(5):333-338. PMID:10925397
Crossref

 
 

Camero M, Lanave G, Catella C, Capozza P, Gentile A, Fracchiolla G, Britti D4, Martella V, Buonavoglia C, Tempesta M (2019). Virucidal activity of ginger essential oil against caprine alpha herpes virus-1. Veterinary microbiology 230:150-155. 
Crossref

 
 

CDB (2010). Convention sur la diversité biologique

 
 

Chan YS, Khoo KS, Sit NWW (2016). Investigation of twenty selected medicinal plants from Malaysia for anti-Chikungunya virus activity, International Microbiology 19(3):175-182.

 
 

Chang JS, Wang KC, Yeh CF, Shieh DE, Chiang LC (2013). Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 145(1):146-151. 
Crossref

 
 

Chaouche TM (2014). "Contribution à l'étude des activités antioxydantes et antimicrobiennes des extraits de quelques plantes médicinales". Thèse : Biochimie. Tlemcen : Université Abou-Bakr-Belkaïd Tlemcen 123 p.

 
 

Chen CJ, Michaelis M, Hsu HK (2008). Toona sinensis Roem tender leaf extract inhibits SARS coronavirus replication. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120(1):108-111. 
Crossref

 
 

Cheng HY, Lin CC, Lin TC (2002). Anti herpes simplex virus type 2 activity of casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna Linn.- Antiviral Research 55(3):447-455. 
Crossref

 
 

Chinsembu KC (2015). Plants and Other Natural Products Used in the Management of Oral Infections and Improvement of Oral Health - Acta Tropical 2016 154:6-18 
Crossref

 
 

Choi HJ, Song JH, Park KS, Baek SH (2010). In vitro anti-enterovirus 71 activity of gallic acid from Woodfordia fruticosa flowers. Letters in Applied Microbiology 50(4):438-440. 
Crossref

 
 

Dewi BE, Angelina A, Ardiantara S, Prakoso R, Desti H, Sudiro TM (2019). Antiviral activity of Ceiba pentandra and Eugenia uniflora leaf extracts to denguevirus serotype-2 in Huh 7it-1 cell line - AIP Conference Proceedings 2193:030003, 2019
Crossref

 
 

Dhawan BN (2012). Anti-Viral Activity of Indian Plants Proc. National Academy of Sciences, India, Section B: Biological Sciences. (January-March 2012) 82(1):209-224 - citing Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, and Ray C. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 6:232
Crossref

 
 

Dicko MHH, Hilhorst R, Gruppen H, Traore AS, Laane C, Van Berkel WJ, Voragen AG (2002). Comparison of content in phenolic compounds, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase in grains of fifty sorghum varieties from Burkina Faso. - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50(13):3780-3788. PMID: 12059160
Crossref

 
 

El Babili F, Roques C, Haddioui L, Bertrand C, Chatelain C (2012). Velamo do Campo: Its Volatile Constituents, Secretory Elements, and Biological Activity - Journal of Medicinal Food 15:7 Full Communications. 
Crossref

 
 

EL Babili F, Bon M, Respaud MJ, Fourasté I (1998). Three furano-diterpenes from the bark of Croton campestris. Phytochemistry 48(1):165-169 Plant chemistry
Crossref

 
 

El Babili F, Nicolas F, Moulis C, Fouraste I (2006). Molluscicidal activity against Bulinus truncatus of Croton campestri. Fitoterapia 77(5):384-387
Crossref

 
 

El-Mekkawy S, Meselhy M (1995). Inhibitory Effects of Egyptian Folk Medicines oh Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Reverse Transcriptase. Chemical- and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 43(4):641-648
Crossref

 
 

Feriotto G, Nicola M, Costa V, Beninati S, Tagliati F, Mischiati C (2018). Chemical Composition of Essential Oils From Thymus Vulgaris, Cymbopogon Citratus, and Rosmarinus Officinalis, and Their Effects on the HIV-1 Tat Protein Function. Chemistry and Biodiversity 15(2). Epub 2018 Jan 31. - PMID: 29282856 
Crossref

 
 

Fernando WGD (2012). "Plants: An International Scientific Open Access Journal to Publish All Facets of Plants, Their Functions and Interactions with the Environment and Other Living Organisms. Plants 1(1):1-5. 
Crossref

 
 

Filho I Camargo, Cortez DAG, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV (2008). Dias Filho B P Antiviral Activity and Mode of Action of a Peptide Isolated From Sorghum Bicolor. Phytomedicine 15(3):202-208. 
Crossref

 
 

Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, Doudier B, Courjon J, Giordanengo V, Vieira VE, Dupont HT, Honoré S, Colson P, Chabrière E, La Scola B, Rolain JM , Brouqui P, Raoult D (2020). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 105949
Crossref

 
 

Geuenich S, Goffinet C, Venzke S (2008). Aqueous extracts from peppermint, sage and lemon balm leaves display potent anti-HIV-1 activity by increasing the virion density. Retrovirology 5:27. 
Crossref

 
 

Ghannad MS, Mohammadi A, Safiallahy S (2014). The effect of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on herpes simplex virus 1- ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Jundishapur .Journal of Microbiology 7(7):e11616. PMCID: PMC4216581 PMID
Crossref

 
 

Ghosh M, Civra A, Rittà M, Cagno V, Mavuduru SG, Awasthi P, Lembo D, Donalisio M (2016). Ficus religiosa L. bark extracts inhibit infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro. Archives of Virology 161(12):3509-3514. PMID:27581805
Crossref

 
 

Girre L (1981). La médecine par les plantes à travers les âges - Editions Ouest France.

 
 

Guinnin FDF, Sacramento TI, Sezan A, Ategbo JM (2015). "Etude Ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales utilisées dans le traitement traditionnel des hépatites virales B et C dans quelques départements du Bénin". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 9(3):1354-1366 
Crossref

 
 

Hallock YF, Schäffer M, Bringmann G, François G, Boyd MR (1998). Korundamine A, a novel HIV-inhibitory and antimalarial "hybrid" naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid heterodimer from Ancistrocladus korupensis - Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 8(13):1729-34. PMID:9873424 
Crossref

 
 

Houdret J (1999). The Ultimate Book of Herbs and Herb Gardening: A Complete Practical Guide to Growing Herbs Successfully with a Comprehensive. 

 
 

International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (2020). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. [Retrieved 04 May 2020].

 
 

Jadhav P, Kapoor N, Thomas B, Lal H, Kshirsagar N (2012). Antiviral Potential of Selected Indian Medicinal (Ayurvedic) Plants Against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 - N American Journal of the Medical Sciences 4(12):641-647. PMID: 23272307 - PMCID: PMC3530321
Crossref

 
 

Jalali P, Moattari A, Mohammadi A, Ghazanfari N, Pourghanbari G (2016). Melissa officinalis efficacy against human influenza virus (New H1N1) in comparison with oseltamivir. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 6(9):714-717 
Crossref

 
 

Jun-Jiang Lv, Wang YF (2014) Anti-hepatitis B virus activities and absolute configurations of sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry 00:1-3- 
Crossref

 
 

Kesharwani A, Polachira SK, Nair R (2017) Anti-HSV-2 activity of Terminalia chebula Retz extract and its constituents, chebulagic and chebulinic acids. BMC Complementary Altern Medicine 17:110. 
Crossref

 

Khaerunnisa S, Kurniawan H, Awaluddin R, Suhartati S, Soetjipto (2020). Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) from Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study. Preprints in Pharmacology and Toxicology mars
Crossref

 
 

Kim HJ, Yoo HS, Kim JC, Park CS, Choi MS (2009) Antiviral effect of Curcuma longa Linn extract against hepatitis B virus replication. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124(15):189-196.
Crossref

 
 

Klaywong K, Khutrakul G (2014). Screening for lead compounds and herbal extracts with potential ant-influenza viral activity. South east Asian Journal Tropical Medicine and Public Health 45(1):62-74. 

 
 

Koné D (2009). Enquête ethnobotanique de six plantes médicinales maliennes: extraction, identification d'alcaloïdes -caractérisation, quantification de polyphénols: étude de leur activité antioxydante". Thèse : Chimie organique. Bamako: Faculté des sciences et techniques de Bamako 145 p.

 
 

Lelakova V, Sherif TSH (2018) Anti-Infectivity against Herpes Simplex Virus and Selected Microbes and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Compounds Isolated from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Viruses-basel 10(7):360 - ISSN: 1999-4915
Crossref

 
 

Lin LL, Shan JJ, Xie T, Xu Jy, Shen CS, Di LQ, Wang SC (2016). Application of traditional Chinese medical herbs in prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus. Evidence - Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 
Crossref

 
 

Luo H, Tang QL, Shang YX, Liang SB, Yang M, Robinson N, Liu JP (2020). Can Chinese Medicine Be Used for Prevention of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 26:243-250
Crossref

 
 

Mahunon V (2020). 

 
 

Masud Parvez GM (2016). Pharmacological Activities of Mango (Mangifera Indica): A Review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 5(3):01-07

 
 

Maurya SP, Das B2, Singh R, Tyagi S (2019). Effect of Withania somnifer on CD38 expression on CD8+ T lymphocytes among patients of HIV infection - Clinical Immunology 203:122-124
Crossref

 
 

McCutcheon AR, Roberts TE, Gibbons E, Ellis SM, Babiuk LA, Hancock REW, Towers GHN (1995) Antiviral screening of British Columbian medicinal plants- Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49(2):101-110. 2004 
Crossref

 
 

Mohajer ST, Ghalyanchi LA, Karimi L, Barin A, Sadri N (2016). The effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 6(4):458-267. PMID: 27516987 PMCID:PMC4967842

 
 

Mohammadi P, Fakhri S, Asgary S, Farzaei MH, Echeverria J (2019). "The Signaling Pathways, and Therapeutic Targets of Antiviral Agents: Focusing on the Antiviral Approaches and Clinical Perspectives of Anthocyanins in the Management of Viral Diseases" Frontiers in Pharmacology 10:1207. 
Crossref

 
 

Moradi M, Mohammad T, Karimi A, Alidadi S (2018). In vitro& anti-herpes simplex virus activity, antioxidant potential and total phenolic compounds of selected Iranian medicinal plant extracts. Indian Journal Of Traditional Knowledge 17(2):255-262 Published: APR

 
 

Muanda FN (2010). Identification de polyphénols, évaluation de leur activité antioxydante et étude de leurs propriétés biologiques". Thèse : Chimie organique. Metz : Université Paul Verlaine-Metz 238

 
 

Mukherjee PK (2019). "Antiviral Evaluation of Herbal Drugs" Quality Control and Evaluation of Herbal Drugs pp. 599-628.

 
 

Mukhtar M, Arshad M, Ahmad M, Pomerantz RJ, Wigdahl B, Parveen Z (2008). Antiviral potentials of medicinal plants. Virus Research 131(2):111-120. PMCID: PMC7114233 - PMID: 17981353
Crossref

 
 

Musidlak O, Nawrot R, Goździcka-Józefiak A (2017). "Which Plant Proteins are Involved in Antiviral Defense Review on In Vivo and In Vitro Activities of Selected Plant Proteins against Viruses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18(11):2300
Crossref

 
 

Nawrot J, Wilk-JÄ™drusik M, Nawrot S, Nawrot K, Wilk B, Dawid-Pać R, UrbaÅ„ska M, Micek I, Nowak G, Gornowicz-Porowska J (2020). Milky Sap of Greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus L.) and Anti-Viral Properties. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(5):1540. PMID:32120948 -PMCID:PMC7084376 
Crossref

 
 

Okoh OO, Obiiyeke GE, Nwodo UU, Okoh AI (2017). Ethanol extract and chromatographic fractions of Tamarindus indica stem bark inhibits Newcastle disease virus replication. Pharmaceutical Biology 55(1):1806-1808
Crossref

 
 

Oladunmoye MK, Kehinde FY (2011). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating viral infections among Yoruba tribe of South Western Nigeria. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5(19):2991-3004. 
Crossref

 
 

OMS (2020).

 
 

OMS (2020).

 
 

OMS (2013). "Stratégie de l'OMS pour la médecine traditionnelle pour « 2014-2023 », 72

 
 

Ooi LS, Ho WS, Ngai KL, Tian L, Chan PK, Sun SS, Ooi VE (2010). Narcissus tazetta lectin shows strong inhibitory effects against respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1) and B viruses. Journal of Biosciences 35(1):95-103
Crossref

 
 

Palanikumar P (2018). Effect of Argemone mexicana active principles on inhibiting viral multiplication and stimulating immune system in Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against white spot syndrome virus Fish and Shellfish Immunology 75, 
Crossref

 
 

Pernet R, Meyer G (1957). Pharmacopée de Madagascar - Institut de recherche scientifique Tananarive-Tsimbazaza.

 
 

Pongthanapisith V, Ikuta K, Puthavathana P, Leelamanit W (2013). Antiviral Protein of Momordica charantia L. Inhibits Different Subtypes of Influenza A - Evid Based Complementary Alternative Medicine 2013:729081. PMID: 23935676 PMCID:PMC3722788
Crossref

 
 

Prusoff W, Lin TS, Pivazyan A, Sun AS, Birks E (1993). Effects of gossypol on HIV. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 60(2):315-329
Crossref

 
 

Ramanathan S, Furusawa E, Kroposki M, Furusawa S, Cutting W (1968). Antiviral Effects of Alkaloid Fraction of Narcissus - Chemotherapy 13:121-127
Crossref

 
 

Rangari VD (2009). Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry - Volume II - Career publications second edition.

 
 

Roy S, Pratibha C, Chowdhary A (2015). Evaluation of antiviral activity of essential oil of Trachyspermum Ammi against Japanese encephalitis virus- Pharmacognosy Research 7(3):263-267. PMID: 26130938- PMCID: PMC4471653
Crossref

 
 

Sangeethaa V, Rajarajan S (2016). A Study on in vitro antiviral activities of lyophilized extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra on Hepatitis B Virus - Biology Corpus ID: 89351161

 
 

Santé Gouv bf, mars (2020). Mesures contre COVID 19 

 
 

Sawadogo H, Lingani H, Lei V, Diawara B, Nielsen DS, Møller PL, Traoré AS, Jakobsen M (2007). The biodiversity of predominant lactic acid bacteria in dolo and pito wort for the production of sorghum beer. Journal of Applied Microbiology 103:765-777
Crossref

 
 

Sharma M, Kamla PM, Sudipta C, Varun B, Himanshi T , Lilly G, Bhuvnesh K, Shashi BS (2019). Evaluation of Anti-Dengue Activity of Carica Papaya Aqueous Leaf Extract and Its Role in Platelet Augmentation. Archives of Virology 164(4):1095-1110.
Crossref

 
 

Sheng L, Wanxing W, Kaichuang S, Xun C, Min Z, Zhiping L (2014). In vitro and in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activities of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155(2):1061-1067. 
Crossref

 
 

Sinsheimer JE, Rao GS, Mcllhenny HM, Smith RV, Maassab HF, Cochran KW (1968). Isolation and antiviral activity of the gymnemic acids. Experienta 24(3):302-303. 
Crossref

 
 

Subashini M, Priyadharshini R (2015) In vitro screening of anti HBV and anti HIV properties of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br leaves from Kolli Hills, Tamilnadu , India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. Corpus ID: 74440169

 
 

Techer S (2014). "Criblage d'activités biologiques de plantes endémiques ou indigènes de La Réunion - Recherche de molécules antivirales ciblant le virus du chikungunya. Thèse : Chimie. Saint Denis: Université de La Réunion 242 p. 

 
 

Togola A, Karabinta K, Dénou A, Haidara M, Sanogo R, Diallo D (2014). "Effet protecteur des feuilles de Opilia celtidifolia contre l'ulcère induit par l'éthanol chez le rat". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 8(6):2416-2423
Crossref

 
 

Ul QMT, Alqahtani SM, Alamri MA, Chen LL (2020). Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis.
Crossref

 
 

Valnet J (1976). Phytothérapie - Maloine S.A. éditeur 2ème édition.

 
 

VOA-Afrique (2020). 

 
 

Wauthoz N, Balde A, Balde ES, Van Damme M, Duez P (2007). Ethnopharmacology of Mangifera indica L. Bark and Pharmacological Studies of its Main C-Glucosylxanthone, Mangiferin - International Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1(2):112-119 Global Science Books

 
 

Weber ND, Andersen DO, North JA, Murray BK, Lawson LD, Hughes BG (1992). In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds. Planta Medica 58(5):417-423. PMID: 1470664
Crossref

 
 

World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). In force:

 
 

Williamson EM (2002). Major herbs of Ayurveda. Elsevier science Edition.

 
 

Yanuar A, Suhartanto H, Mun׳im A, Hik Anugraha B, Syahdi RR (2014). Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor - Bioinformation 10(2):52-55. PMCID: PMC3937575 PMID: 24616554-
Crossref

 
 

Yoosook C, Bunyapraphatsara N, Boonyakiat Y, Kantasuk C (2000). Anti-herpes simplex virus activities of crude water extracts of Thai medicinal plants. Phytomedicine 6(6):411-419. 
Crossref

 
 

Zakaryan H, Arabyan E, Oo A, Zandi K (2017). "Flavonoids: promising natural compounds against viral infections". Archives of Virology 162(9):2539-2551. 
Crossref