Full Length Research Paper
References
|
Bauer H, Müller L, Van Der Goes D, Sillero-Zubiri C (2017). Financial compensation for damage to livestock by lions Panthera leo on community rangelands in Kenya. Oryx 51(1):106-114. |
|
|
Bulte E, Rondeau D (2007). Compensation for wildlife damages: Habitat conversion, species preservation and local welfare. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 54(3):311-322. |
|
|
Butler JA (1993). Seasonal reproduction in the African olive grass snake, Psammophis phillipsi (Serpentes: Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology pp. 144-148. |
|
|
Carter NH, Allendorf TD (2016). Gendered perceptions of tigers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Biological Conservation 202:69-77. |
|
|
Central Bank of Kenya (2007-2016). Foreign Exchange Rates. Available at: |
|
|
Chippaux JP (2011). Estimate of the burden of snakebites in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analytic approach. Toxicon 57(4):586-599. |
|
|
Chippaux JP, Massougbodji A, Diouf A, Baldé CM, Boyer LV (2015). Snake bites and antivenom shortage in Africa. The Lancet 386(10010):2252-2253. |
|
|
Climate Hazards Group (n.d). Climate Hazard Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) data archive. |
|
|
Coombs MD, Dunachie SJ, Brooker S, Haynes J, Church J, Warrell DA (1997). Snake bites in Kenya: a preliminary survey of four areas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91(3):319-321. |
|
|
Conover MR (2001). Resolving human-wildlife conflicts: the science of wildlife damage management. CRC press. |
|
|
Distefano E (2005). Human-Wildlife Conflict worldwide: collection of case studies, analysis of management strategies and good practices. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Initiative (SARDI), Rome, Italy. Available from: FAO Corporate Document Repository. Available at: |
|
|
Duff-Mackay A (1965). Notes on the biology of the carpet viper, Echis carinatus pyramidum (Geoffroy), in the northern frontier province of Kenya. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 25(1):28-40. |
|
|
Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 10(2):486. |
|
|
Government of Kenya (GoK) (2010). Government of Kenya, Tourism Act 2010. Nairobi: Government Printer. |
|
|
Groom RJ (2007). How to make land subdivision work: An analysis of the ecological and socio-economic factors affecting conservation outcomes dureing land privatisation in Kenyan Maasiland (PhD Thesis). University of Bristol. |
|
|
Hazzah L, Dolrenry S, Naughton L, Edwards CT, Mwebi O, Kearney F, Frank L (2014). Efficacy of two lion conservation programs in Maasailand, Kenya. Conservation Biology 28(3):851-860. |
|
|
Holmern T, Nyahongo J, Røskaft E (2007). Livestock loss caused by predators outside the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Biological Conservation 135(4):518-526. |
|
|
Johnson MF, Karanth KK, Weinthal E (2018). Compensation as a Policy for Mitigating Human-wildlife Conflict Around Four Protected Areas in Rajasthan, India. Conservation and Society 16(3):305-319. |
|
|
Kaltenborn BP, Bjerke T, Nyahongo J (2006). Living with problem animals-Self-reported fear of potentially dangerous species in the Serengeti Region, Tanzania. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11(6):397-409. |
|
|
Kanga EM, Ogutu JO, Piepho HP, Olff H (2012). Human-hippo conflicts in Kenya during 1997-2008: vulnerability of a megaherbivore to anthropogenic land use changes. Journal of Land Use Science 7(4):395-406. |
|
|
Kanga EM, Ogutu JO, Piepho HP, Olff H (2013). Hippopotamus and livestock grazing: influences on riparian vegetation and facilitation of other herbivores in the Mara Region of Kenya. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 9(1):47-58. |
|
|
Karanth KK, Gopalaswamy AM, DeFries R, Ballal N (2012). Assessing patterns of human-wildlife conflicts and compensation around a central Indian protected area. PloS One 7(12):e50433. |
|
|
Karanth KK, Gopalaswamy AM, Prasad PK, Dasgupta S (2013). Patterns of human-wildlife conflicts and compensation: Insights from Western Ghats protected areas. Biological Conservation 166(C):175-185. |
|
|
Karanth KK, Gupta S, Vanamamalai A (2018). Compensation payments, procedures and policies towards human-wildlife conflict management: Insights from India. Biological Conservation 227:383-389. |
|
|
Kenya Law (2013). Wildlife conservation and management. Available at: View. |
|
|
Kenya Wildlife Service (2007-2016). National Laws and Policies. Available at: |
|
|
Kellert SR, Berry JK (1987). Attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors toward wildlife as affected by gender. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973-2006) 15(3):363-371. |
|
|
Kibara ON, Odhiambo NM, Njuguna JM (2012). Tourism and economic growth in Kenya: An empirical investigation. The International |
|
|
Kipkore W, Wanjohi B, Rono H, Kigen G (2014). A study of the medicinal plants used by the Marakwet Community in Kenya. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10(1):24. |
|
|
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (n.d). Data Sharing Platforms. Available at: from |
|
|
Kolowski JM, Holekamp KE (2006). Spatial, temporal, and physical characteristics of livestock depredations by large carnivores along a Kenyan reserve border. Biological Conservation 128(4):529-541. |
|
|
Lesilau F, Fonck M, Gatta M, Musyoki C, van't Zelfde M, Persoon GA, de Iongh HH (2018). Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya. PloS One 13(1):e0190898. |
|
|
Lyamuya RD, Masenga EH, Fyumagwa RD, Mwita MN, Røskaft E (2016). Pastoralist herding efficiency in dealing with carnivore-livestock conflicts in the eastern Serengeti, Tanzania. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services Management 12(3):202-211. |
|
|
Maclennan SD, Groom RJ, Macdonald DW, Frank LG (2009). Evaluation of a compensation scheme to bring about pastoralist tolerance of lions. Biological Conservation 142(11):2419-2427. |
|
|
Madhusudan MD (2003). Living amidst large wildlife: livestock and crop depredation by large mammals in the interior villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, South India. Environmental Management 31(4):0466-0475. |
|
|
Messmer TA (2009). Human-wildlife conflicts: emerging challenges and opportunities. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 3(1):10-17. |
|
|
Messmer TA (2000). The emergence of human-wildlife conflict management: turning challenges into opportunities. International Biodeterioration Biodegradation 45(3-4):97-102. |
|
|
Mukeka JM, Ogutu JO, Kanga E, Røskaft E (2018). Characteristics of Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Kenya: Examples of Tsavo and Maasai Mara Regions. Environment and Natural Resources Research 8(3). |
|
|
Mutuga F (2009). The effect of urbanization on protected areas. The impact of urban growth on a wildlife protected area: a case study of Nairobi National Park. |
|
|
Nemtzov SC (2003). A short-lived wolf depredation compensation program in Israel. Carnivore Damage Prevention News 6:16-17. |
|
|
Ngene S, Lala F, Nzisa M, Kimite, K, Mukeka J, Kiambi S, Khayale C (2017). Aerial Total Count Of Elephants, Buffalo And Giraffe In The Tsavo-Mkomazi Ecosystem (February 2017). |
|
|
Nhachi CF, Kasilo OM (1994). Snake poisoning in rural Zimbabwe-a prospective study. Journal of Applied Toxicology 14(3):191-193. |
|
|
Nyhus PJ, Osofsky SA, Ferraro P, Madden F, Fischer H (2005). Bearing the costs of human-wildlife conflict: the challenges of compensation schemes. Conservation Biology Series-Cambridge 9:107. |
|
|
Ogra M, Badola R (2008). Compensating human-wildlife conflict in protected area communities: ground-level perspectives from Uttarakhand, India. Human Ecology 36(5):717. |
|
|
Ogutu JO, Owen-Smith N, Piepho H, Said MY, Kifugo S, Reid RS, Gichohi H, Kahumbu P, Andanje S (2013). Changing wildlife populations in Nairobi National Park and adjoining Athi-Kaputiei Plains: collapse of the migratory wildebeest. Open Conservation Biology Journal 7(1):11-26. |
|
|
Ogutu JO, Piepho HP, Dublin HT, Bhola N, Reid RS (2008). El Ni-o-Southern Oscillation, rainfall, temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index fluctuations in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem. African Journal of Ecology 46(2):132-143. |
|
|
Ogutu JO, Piepho HP, Said MY, Ojwang GO, Njino LW, Kifugo SC, Wargute PW (2016). Extreme wildlife declines and concurrent increase in livestock numbers in Kenya: What are the causes? PloS One 11(9):e0163249. |
|
|
Ogutu JO, Owen-Smith N (2006). Oscillations in large mammal populations: are they related to predation or rainfall? African Journal of Ecology 43(4):332-339. |
|
|
Owuor BO, Kisangau DP (2006). Kenyan medicinal plants used as antivenin: a comparison of plant usage. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2(1):7. |
|
|
Patterson BD, Kasiki SM, Selempo E, Kays RW (2004). Livestock predation by lions (Panthera leo) and other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya. Biological Conservation 119(4):507-516. |
|
|
Pratt DJ, Gwynne MD (1977). Rangeland management and ecology in East Africa. Hodder and Stoughton. |
|
|
Ravenelle J, Nyhus PJ (2017). Global patterns and trends in human-wildlife conflict compensation. Conservation Biology 31(6):1247-1256. |
|
|
Sindiga I (1995). Wildlife based tourism in Kenya: Land use conflicts and government compensation policies over protected areas. Journal of Tourism Studies 6(2):45. |
|
|
Smith RJ, Kasiki S (2000). A spatial analysis of human-elephant conflict in the Tsavo ecosystem, Kenya. IUCN/Species Survival Commission African Elephant Specialist Group, Human-Elephant Conflict Task Force, Gland, Switzerland. Available at: View |
|
|
Swenson JE, Andrén H (2005). A tale of two countries: large carnivore depredation and compensation schemes in Sweden and Norway. Conservation Biology Series-Cambridge 9:323. |
|
|
Treves A, Wallace RB, Naughton-Treves L, Morales A (2006). Co-managing human-wildlife conflicts: a review. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11(6):383-396 |
|
|
Tveraa T, Stien A, Brøseth H, Yoccoz NG (2014). The role of predation and food limitation on claims for compensation, reindeer demography and population dynamics. Journal of Applied Ecology 51(5):1264-1272. |
|
|
Woodroffe R, Sillero-Zubiri C (2012). Lycaon pictus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012:e.T12436A16711116. |
|
|
Woodroffe R, Thirgood S, Rabinowitz A (2005). The impact of human-wildlife conflict on natural systems. Conservation Biology Series-Cambridge 9:1. |
|
|
The World Bank (2017). Population Total, Kenya. Available at: |
|
|
Zabel A, Holmâ€Müller KA (2008). Conservation performance payments for carnivore conservation in Sweden. Conservation Biology 22(2):247-251. |
|
|
Zar JH (1984). Biostatistical analysis 2nd edition. Pren Ti Ce-Ha Ll, En Glewood Cliffs, USA pp. 176-179. |
|
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
