International Journal of
Peace and Development Studies

  • Abbreviation: Int. J. Peace and Dev. Stud
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2141-6621
  • DOI: 10.5897/IJPDS
  • Start Year: 2010
  • Published Articles: 104

Full Length Research Paper

The national peace building policy of Somaliland: Undoing what has worked?

Abdulahi Hamdi I.
  • Abdulahi Hamdi I.
  • School of Graduate Studies, University of Hargeisa, Somalia.
  • Google Scholar
Mydlak Robin
  • Mydlak Robin
  • Independent Consultant, Germany.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 01 April 2022
  •  Accepted: 21 December 2022
  •  Published: 31 January 2023

References

Al Jazeera (2021). Somaliland elections: Opposition parties win majority of seats. Available at:

View

 

Bellamy AJ (2010). The Institutionalisation of peacebuilding: what role for the UN Peacebuilding Commission?. In Palgrave Advances in Peacebuilding. Palgrave Macmillan, London. pp. 193-212.
Crossref

 

Balthasar D (2013). Somaliland's best kept secret: Shrewd politics and war projects as means of state-making. Journal of Eastern African Studies 7(2):218-238.
Crossref

 

Barker RS (1990). Political Legitimacy and the State. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Crossref

 

Barnes C (2006). U dhashay-Ku dhashay: Genealogical and Territorial Discourse in Somali History. Social Identities 12(4):487-498.
Crossref

 

Boege V (2011). Potentials and Limits of Traditional Approaches to Peacebuilding. In, Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation. Berlin: Berghof Foundation.

 

Boutros-Ghali B (1992). An Agenda for Peace: preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping: report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992. New York: United Nations Department of Public Information.

 

Bradbury M (1994). The Somali Conflict: Prospects for Peace. Oxfam: Policy and Practice.
Crossref

 

Bradbury M (2009). A Synthesis report of the peace mapping study. Interpeace Regional Office for Eastern and Central Africa.

 

Bryden M (2003). The Banana Test: Is Somaliland Ready for Recognition?. Annales de Éthiopie 19:341-364.
Crossref

 

Bulhan A (2004). Somaliland in Ruin and Renewal: The Story of Somaliland. Report, The World Bank & The Center for Creative Solutions, Hargeisa, Somaliland. pp. 21-55.

 

Bulhan HA (2015). Stages of colonialism in Africa: From occupation of land to occupation of being. Journal of Social and Political Psychology 3(1):239-256.
Crossref

 

Burcikova P, Mydlak R (2020). Access to Justice Assessment Tool - Baseline Study for Somaliland. Expanding Access to Justice Program, American Bar Association & Pact Kenya.

 

Cassanelli L (2015). Hosts and Guests: A historical interpretation of land conflicts in southern and central Somalia. Rift Valley Institute.

 

de Waal A (2007). Class and Power in a Stateless Somalia. Social Science Research Council, Crisis in the Horn of African Web Forum.

 

de Waal A (2014). The Political Marketplace: Analyzing Political Entrepreneurs and Political Bargaining with a Business Lens. World Peace Foundation, Memorandum, October 17.

 

de Waal A (2015). The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.

 

de Waal A (2020). Somalia's disassembled state: clan unit formation and the political marketplace. Conflict, Security and Development 20(5):561-585.
Crossref

 

Donais T (2009). Empowerment or Imposition? Dilemmas of Local Ownership in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Processes. Peace and Change 34(1):3-26.
Crossref

 

Drysdale J (1994). Whatever Happened to Somalia? A Tale of Tragic Blunders. HAAN Associates, London.

 

Ebiede TM (2020). Local Ownership of Peace Processes in African Countries in Times of Covid-19. African Arguments, 15 May 2020.

 

Eubank N (2010). Peace-Building Without External Assistance: Lessons from Somaliland. Center for Global Development Working Paper No. 198.
Crossref

 

Fadal M (2011). Opening the Political Space: a Boost for Somaliland Democratic Process. In Soradi, European Union & Heinrich Böll Stiftung: Reflections and Lessons of Somaliland's Two Decades of Sustained Peace, Statebuilding and Democratization. Soradi Conference Presentations, 8-9 November 2011, Somaliland Development Series No. 2:33-37.

 

Ford R, Abokor A, Abdillahi S (2002). Nabad iyo Caano (Peace and Milk) Linking Peace Building and Community-Based Development for a Decentralized Somaliland. Program for International Development, Clark University.

 

Galtung J (1996). Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization. London: SAGE Publishing.
Crossref

 

Gundel J, Dharbaxo A (2006). The Predicament of the Oday: The Role of Traditional Structures in Security, Rights, Law, and Development in Somalia. Nairobi: Oxfam Novib & Danish Refugee Council.

 

Gundel J (2020). Alternative Dispute Resolution Initiatives in Somalia. Nairobi, Kenya: Pact and the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative.

 

Hagmann T (2016). Stabilization, Extraversion and Political Settlements in Somalia. Nairobi: Rift Valley Institute.

 

Hill M (2010). No redress: Somalia's forgotten minorities. Minority Rights Group International.

 

Höhne MV (2008). Becoming Somaliland by Mark Bradbury Oxford: James Currey, 2008. The Journal of Modern African Studies 46(4):690-692.
Crossref

 

ICG (2015). Somaliland: The Strains of Success. International Crisis Group, Briefing N°113, 5 October 2015.

 

ICG (2018). Averting War in Northern Somalia. International Crisis Group, Briefing N°141, 27 June 2018.

 

Ingiriis MH (2021). Being and becoming a state: the statebuilding and peacebuilding conversations in southern Somalia and Somaliland. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 39(1):1-33.
Crossref

 

Interpeace & PDRC (2017). Galkacyo Conflict Assessment: December 2016 - March 2017. StEFS Project.

 

Kelman HC (2010) Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation: A Social-Psychological Perspective on Ending Violent Conflict Between Identity Groups. Landscapes of Violence 1(1):1-9.

 

Lederach JP (1997). Building Peace. Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

 

MacGinty R, Richmond OP (2013). The Local Turn in Peacebuilding: A Critical Agenda for Peace. Third World Quarterly 34(5):763-783.
Crossref

 

Malito DV (2017). Neutral in favour of whom? The UN intervention in Somalia and the Somaliland peace process. International Peacekeeping 24(2):280-303.
Crossref

 

McCann J (2015). Local ownership - an imperative for inclusive peacebuilding. Interpeace, Development Dialogue.

 

McFate S (2019). The New Rules of War: Victory in the Age of Durable Disorder. New York: William Morrow.

 

Menkhaus K (2003). State collapse in Somalia: second thoughts. Review of African Political Economy 30(97):405-422.
Crossref

 

Menkhaus K (2018). Elite bargains and political deals project: Somalia case study. Department for International Development, Stabilisation Unit.

 

MoI PBCSP (2012). Somaliland peacebuilding and community security policy. Ministry of Interior, Department of Peacebuilding.

 

Mussa KY, Hassan Y (2020). Conflict Déjà Vu in Mudug Region - Impact of Statebuilding on Peace and Interstate Relations in Somalia. New Access International.

 

dlak R (2020). The Clan System and Customary Justice in Somalia - A Brief Introduction. Danish Demining Group.

 

Njeri S (2019). Somaliland; the viability of a liberal peacebuilding critique beyond state building, state formation and hybridity. Peacebuilding 7(1):37-50.
Crossref

 

Odendaal A (2012). The political legitimacy of national peace committees. Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 7(3):40-53.
Crossref

 

Odendaal A (2013). A Crucial Link: Local Peace Committees and National Peacebuilding. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace.

 

Omaar R (1992). Somalia: At War with Itself. Current History 91(565):230.
Crossref

 

Omaar R (2010). Seizing the Moment: A Case Study on Conflict and Peacemaking in Somaliland. Occasional Paper: Peace Building Series No. 3, Future Generations - Graduate School.

 

Paris R (1997). Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism. International Security 22(4):56-59.
Crossref

 

Paris R (2012). At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 

Phillips SG (2013). Political Settlements and State Formation: The Case of Somaliland. Research Paper, no. 23. Developmental Leadership Program Publications, Sydney.

 

Richmond OP (2011). A Post-Liberal Peace. London: Routledge.
Crossref

 

Richmond OP (2012). Beyond Local Ownership and Participation in the Architecture of International Peacebuilding. Ethnopolitics 11(4):354-375.
Crossref

 

Richmond OP, Pogodda S (2016). Introduction: The contradictions of peace, international architecture, the state, and local agency. In Richmond OP, Pogodda S (eds.), Post-liberal peace transitions: Between peace formation and state formation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press pp. 1-26.
Crossref

 

Rigual C (2018). Rethinking the ontology of peacebuilding. Gender, spaces and the limits of the local turn. Peacebuilding 6(2):144-169.
Crossref

 

Schmidt JR (2008). Can Outsiders bring Democracy to Post-Conflict States?. Orbis 52(1):107-122.
Crossref

 

Smith A, McCandless E, Paulson J, Wheaton W (2011) The Role Of Education In Peacebuilding: Literature Review. New York: United Nations Children's Fund.

 

van Brabant K (2010). Peacebuilding How? Broad Local Ownership. Geneva, Switzerland: Interpeace.

 

Walls M, Ali MO, Mohammed K (2008). The Search for Peace: Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to Peacebuilding. Interpeace & Academy for Peace and Development - The Search for Peace Series, ed. Bradbury M.

 

Walls M (2014). Statebuilding in the Somali Horn: Compromise, Competition and Representation. Counterpoints - Africa Research Institute.

 

Walls M, Schueller ML, Ekman A (2017). Political Settlement in Somaliland: a gendered perspective. Progressio & University College London, Development Planning Unit.

 

Ware MA (2021). The May 27 Agreement: Oasis or Mirage. Editorial, Somali Wire No. 153, 31 May 2021. Nairobi: Sahan Research.

 

Watkins SC, Swidler A (2013). Working misunderstandings: Donors, brokers, and villagers in Africa's AIDS industry. Population and Development Review 38(1):197-218.
Crossref

 

Weible CM, Heikkila T, Deleon P, Sabatier PA (2012). Understanding and influencing the policy process. Policy Sciences 45(1):1-21.
Crossref

 

Weible CM, Sabatier PA (2017). Theories of the Policy process. New York: Routledge.
Crossref

 

Wiuff Moe L (2011). Hybrid and 'Everyday' Political Ordering: Constructing and Contesting Legitimacy in Somaliland. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 4(63):143-177.
Crossref

 

Wong P (2013). Local Ownership in Peacebuilding: A Premature Rhetoric. United Nations University Peace and Progress 1(1):47-57.

 

WSP (2005). Rebuilding Somaliland, Issues and Possibilities. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.

 

Yousuf Z, Newton D (2013). Women Building Peace. Conciliation Resources: Accord - an international review of peace initiatives (Accord Insight N°1).

 

Yusuf H, Bradbury M (2012). Public Perception of Local Councils in Somaliland, in: Soradi, European Union & Heinrich Böll Stiftung: Reflections and Lessons of Somaliland's Two Decades of Sustained Peace, Statebuilding and Democratization. Soradi Conference Presentations, 8-9 November 2011, Somaliland Development Series No. 2. pp. 6-23.