Full Length Research Paper
References
Al Jazeera (2021). Somaliland elections: Opposition parties win majority of seats. Available at: |
|
Bellamy AJ (2010). The Institutionalisation of peacebuilding: what role for the UN Peacebuilding Commission?. In Palgrave Advances in Peacebuilding. Palgrave Macmillan, London. pp. 193-212. |
|
Balthasar D (2013). Somaliland's best kept secret: Shrewd politics and war projects as means of state-making. Journal of Eastern African Studies 7(2):218-238. |
|
Barker RS (1990). Political Legitimacy and the State. Oxford: Clarendon Press. |
|
Barnes C (2006). U dhashay-Ku dhashay: Genealogical and Territorial Discourse in Somali History. Social Identities 12(4):487-498. |
|
Boege V (2011). Potentials and Limits of Traditional Approaches to Peacebuilding. In, Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation. Berlin: Berghof Foundation. |
|
Boutros-Ghali B (1992). An Agenda for Peace: preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping: report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992. New York: United Nations Department of Public Information. |
|
Bradbury M (1994). The Somali Conflict: Prospects for Peace. Oxfam: Policy and Practice. |
|
Bradbury M (2009). A Synthesis report of the peace mapping study. Interpeace Regional Office for Eastern and Central Africa. |
|
Bryden M (2003). The Banana Test: Is Somaliland Ready for Recognition?. Annales de Éthiopie 19:341-364. |
|
Bulhan A (2004). Somaliland in Ruin and Renewal: The Story of Somaliland. Report, The World Bank & The Center for Creative Solutions, Hargeisa, Somaliland. pp. 21-55. |
|
Bulhan HA (2015). Stages of colonialism in Africa: From occupation of land to occupation of being. Journal of Social and Political Psychology 3(1):239-256. |
|
Burcikova P, Mydlak R (2020). Access to Justice Assessment Tool - Baseline Study for Somaliland. Expanding Access to Justice Program, American Bar Association & Pact Kenya. |
|
Cassanelli L (2015). Hosts and Guests: A historical interpretation of land conflicts in southern and central Somalia. Rift Valley Institute. |
|
de Waal A (2007). Class and Power in a Stateless Somalia. Social Science Research Council, Crisis in the Horn of African Web Forum. |
|
de Waal A (2014). The Political Marketplace: Analyzing Political Entrepreneurs and Political Bargaining with a Business Lens. World Peace Foundation, Memorandum, October 17. |
|
de Waal A (2015). The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power. Cambridge: Polity Press. |
|
de Waal A (2020). Somalia's disassembled state: clan unit formation and the political marketplace. Conflict, Security and Development 20(5):561-585. |
|
Donais T (2009). Empowerment or Imposition? Dilemmas of Local Ownership in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Processes. Peace and Change 34(1):3-26. |
|
Drysdale J (1994). Whatever Happened to Somalia? A Tale of Tragic Blunders. HAAN Associates, London. |
|
Ebiede TM (2020). Local Ownership of Peace Processes in African Countries in Times of Covid-19. African Arguments, 15 May 2020. |
|
Eubank N (2010). Peace-Building Without External Assistance: Lessons from Somaliland. Center for Global Development Working Paper No. 198. |
|
Fadal M (2011). Opening the Political Space: a Boost for Somaliland Democratic Process. In Soradi, European Union & Heinrich Böll Stiftung: Reflections and Lessons of Somaliland's Two Decades of Sustained Peace, Statebuilding and Democratization. Soradi Conference Presentations, 8-9 November 2011, Somaliland Development Series No. 2:33-37. |
|
Ford R, Abokor A, Abdillahi S (2002). Nabad iyo Caano (Peace and Milk) Linking Peace Building and Community-Based Development for a Decentralized Somaliland. Program for International Development, Clark University. |
|
Galtung J (1996). Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization. London: SAGE Publishing. |
|
Gundel J, Dharbaxo A (2006). The Predicament of the Oday: The Role of Traditional Structures in Security, Rights, Law, and Development in Somalia. Nairobi: Oxfam Novib & Danish Refugee Council. |
|
Gundel J (2020). Alternative Dispute Resolution Initiatives in Somalia. Nairobi, Kenya: Pact and the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative. |
|
Hagmann T (2016). Stabilization, Extraversion and Political Settlements in Somalia. Nairobi: Rift Valley Institute. |
|
Hill M (2010). No redress: Somalia's forgotten minorities. Minority Rights Group International. |
|
Höhne MV (2008). Becoming Somaliland by Mark Bradbury Oxford: James Currey, 2008. The Journal of Modern African Studies 46(4):690-692. |
|
ICG (2015). Somaliland: The Strains of Success. International Crisis Group, Briefing N°113, 5 October 2015. |
|
ICG (2018). Averting War in Northern Somalia. International Crisis Group, Briefing N°141, 27 June 2018. |
|
Ingiriis MH (2021). Being and becoming a state: the statebuilding and peacebuilding conversations in southern Somalia and Somaliland. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 39(1):1-33. |
|
Interpeace & PDRC (2017). Galkacyo Conflict Assessment: December 2016 - March 2017. StEFS Project. |
|
Kelman HC (2010) Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation: A Social-Psychological Perspective on Ending Violent Conflict Between Identity Groups. Landscapes of Violence 1(1):1-9. |
|
Lederach JP (1997). Building Peace. Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. |
|
MacGinty R, Richmond OP (2013). The Local Turn in Peacebuilding: A Critical Agenda for Peace. Third World Quarterly 34(5):763-783. |
|
Malito DV (2017). Neutral in favour of whom? The UN intervention in Somalia and the Somaliland peace process. International Peacekeeping 24(2):280-303. |
|
McCann J (2015). Local ownership - an imperative for inclusive peacebuilding. Interpeace, Development Dialogue. |
|
McFate S (2019). The New Rules of War: Victory in the Age of Durable Disorder. New York: William Morrow. |
|
Menkhaus K (2003). State collapse in Somalia: second thoughts. Review of African Political Economy 30(97):405-422. |
|
Menkhaus K (2018). Elite bargains and political deals project: Somalia case study. Department for International Development, Stabilisation Unit. |
|
MoI PBCSP (2012). Somaliland peacebuilding and community security policy. Ministry of Interior, Department of Peacebuilding. |
|
Mussa KY, Hassan Y (2020). Conflict Déjà Vu in Mudug Region - Impact of Statebuilding on Peace and Interstate Relations in Somalia. New Access International. |
|
dlak R (2020). The Clan System and Customary Justice in Somalia - A Brief Introduction. Danish Demining Group. |
|
Njeri S (2019). Somaliland; the viability of a liberal peacebuilding critique beyond state building, state formation and hybridity. Peacebuilding 7(1):37-50. |
|
Odendaal A (2012). The political legitimacy of national peace committees. Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 7(3):40-53. |
|
Odendaal A (2013). A Crucial Link: Local Peace Committees and National Peacebuilding. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace. |
|
Omaar R (1992). Somalia: At War with Itself. Current History 91(565):230. |
|
Omaar R (2010). Seizing the Moment: A Case Study on Conflict and Peacemaking in Somaliland. Occasional Paper: Peace Building Series No. 3, Future Generations - Graduate School. |
|
Paris R (1997). Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism. International Security 22(4):56-59. |
|
Paris R (2012). At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
|
Phillips SG (2013). Political Settlements and State Formation: The Case of Somaliland. Research Paper, no. 23. Developmental Leadership Program Publications, Sydney. |
|
Richmond OP (2011). A Post-Liberal Peace. London: Routledge. |
|
Richmond OP (2012). Beyond Local Ownership and Participation in the Architecture of International Peacebuilding. Ethnopolitics 11(4):354-375. |
|
Richmond OP, Pogodda S (2016). Introduction: The contradictions of peace, international architecture, the state, and local agency. In Richmond OP, Pogodda S (eds.), Post-liberal peace transitions: Between peace formation and state formation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press pp. 1-26. |
|
Rigual C (2018). Rethinking the ontology of peacebuilding. Gender, spaces and the limits of the local turn. Peacebuilding 6(2):144-169. |
|
Schmidt JR (2008). Can Outsiders bring Democracy to Post-Conflict States?. Orbis 52(1):107-122. |
|
Smith A, McCandless E, Paulson J, Wheaton W (2011) The Role Of Education In Peacebuilding: Literature Review. New York: United Nations Children's Fund. |
|
van Brabant K (2010). Peacebuilding How? Broad Local Ownership. Geneva, Switzerland: Interpeace. |
|
Walls M, Ali MO, Mohammed K (2008). The Search for Peace: Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to Peacebuilding. Interpeace & Academy for Peace and Development - The Search for Peace Series, ed. Bradbury M. |
|
Walls M (2014). Statebuilding in the Somali Horn: Compromise, Competition and Representation. Counterpoints - Africa Research Institute. |
|
Walls M, Schueller ML, Ekman A (2017). Political Settlement in Somaliland: a gendered perspective. Progressio & University College London, Development Planning Unit. |
|
Ware MA (2021). The May 27 Agreement: Oasis or Mirage. Editorial, Somali Wire No. 153, 31 May 2021. Nairobi: Sahan Research. |
|
Watkins SC, Swidler A (2013). Working misunderstandings: Donors, brokers, and villagers in Africa's AIDS industry. Population and Development Review 38(1):197-218. |
|
Weible CM, Heikkila T, Deleon P, Sabatier PA (2012). Understanding and influencing the policy process. Policy Sciences 45(1):1-21. |
|
Weible CM, Sabatier PA (2017). Theories of the Policy process. New York: Routledge. |
|
Wiuff Moe L (2011). Hybrid and 'Everyday' Political Ordering: Constructing and Contesting Legitimacy in Somaliland. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 4(63):143-177. |
|
Wong P (2013). Local Ownership in Peacebuilding: A Premature Rhetoric. United Nations University Peace and Progress 1(1):47-57. |
|
WSP (2005). Rebuilding Somaliland, Issues and Possibilities. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. |
|
Yousuf Z, Newton D (2013). Women Building Peace. Conciliation Resources: Accord - an international review of peace initiatives (Accord Insight N°1). |
|
Yusuf H, Bradbury M (2012). Public Perception of Local Councils in Somaliland, in: Soradi, European Union & Heinrich Böll Stiftung: Reflections and Lessons of Somaliland's Two Decades of Sustained Peace, Statebuilding and Democratization. Soradi Conference Presentations, 8-9 November 2011, Somaliland Development Series No. 2. pp. 6-23. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0