International Journal of
Physical Sciences

  • Abbreviation: Int. J. Phys. Sci.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1992-1950
  • DOI: 10.5897/IJPS
  • Start Year: 2006
  • Published Articles: 2572

Full Length Research Paper

Studies on equalities and inequalities of heat, work and ratio of work to temperature

Chengshu Jin
  • Chengshu Jin
  • School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Suihua University, Suihua, Heilongjiang Province 152061, China.
  • Search for this author on:
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 04 April 2017
  •  Accepted: 22 August 2017
  •  Published: 16 September 2017

 ABSTRACT

This research investigates relationships between resistances with heat and work. It is completely proven that the ratio of work to temperature for the realistic process is no less than that for the reversible process. The equalities and inequalities on the heat, work and ratio of work to temperature could be applied to the gravitational field and chemical reactions. The relationships between path functions and state functions are studied in the chemical reactions. Some criteria for spontaneous directions have been suggested such as the equalities and inequalities on the heat, work, and ratio of work to temperature, except the Clausius inequality and must be ordinarily obeyed in the spontaneous process.

Key words: First law of thermodynamics, Clausius inequality, thermodynamic functions, chemical reactions, gravitational field, resistances, ratio of work to temperature.


 INTRODUCTION

The first law of thermodynamics was as a result applying the conservation of energy to thermodynamics (Sandler and Woodcock, 2010). The Carnot theorem could be proven by the second law of thermodynamics. The Clausius inequality was derived from the Carnot theorem (Atkins and Paula, 2014; Nieto et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2015). In the gravitational field and chemical reactions, relations between the entropy or free energy with the kinetic, gravitational potential, and electrical energy was studied (DeVoe, 2013; Gislason and Craig, 2013; de Abreu and Guerra, 2012). The equalities and inequalities in regard to the work and ratio of work to temperature between the reversible process and irreversible process are  entirely  denied  and  neglected  in  the   fundamental theory; hence, they are seldom researched yet. The motion path of solids and liquids is only affected by external force, which is different from the gas. The application of the scopes of Clausius inequality will be enhanced by the equalities and inequalities on the work and the ratio of work to temperature.
 
In a reversible process, the first law of thermodynamics is given by:
 
 
 
Complete derivation of the inequality on the ratio of work to temperature from the Clausius inequality
 
The Clausius inequality can be rewritten as follow:
 
 
where p is the pressure, V is the volume, R is the gas constant, and n is the amount of substance. Because 
 
 

 


 CONCLUSION


 CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The author has not declared any conflict of interests.



 REFERENCES

Atkins P, Paula J (2014). Atkins' physical chemistry, tenth ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp. 45-130.
 

Borgnakke C, Sonntag RE (2014). Fundamentals of thermodynamics. 8nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd., Singapore. pp. 35-496.

  
 

de Abreu R, Guerra V (2012). Introducing thermodynamics through energy and entropy. Am. J. Phys. 80(7):627-37.
Crossref

  
 

DeVoe H (2013). A comparison of local and global formulations of thermodynamics. J. Chem. Educ. 90(5):591-597.
Crossref

  
 

Gislason EA, Craig NC (2013). Criteria for spontaneous processes derived from the global point of view. J. Chem. Educ. 90(5):584-590.
Crossref

  
 

Grazzini G, Borchiellini R, Lucia U (2013). Entropy versus entransy. J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 38:259-271.

  
 

Jacobs P (2013). Thermodynamics. Imperial College Press, London. pp. 1-52.
Crossref

  
 

Jin C (2016). The inequality of work derived from Clausius inequality and Carnot theorem. 2016 International Conference on Energy, Power and Electrical Engineering. Atlantis Press, Paris. pp. 315-317.
Crossref

  
 

Lee S, Lee K, Lee J (2015). An alternative presentation of the second law of thermodynamics. J. Chem. Educ. 92(4):771-773.
Crossref

  
 

Marcus Y (2013). Internal pressure of liquids and solutions. Chem. Rev. 113:6536-6551.
Crossref

  
 

Muschik W (2014). Contact temperature and internal variables: A glance back, 20 years later. J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 39(3):113-121.

  
 

Nieto R, González C, Jiménez Á, López I, Rodríguez J (2011). A missing deduction of the Clausius equality and inequality. J. Chem. Educ. 88 (5):597–601.
Crossref

  
 

Sandler SI, Woodcock LV (2010). Historical observations on laws of thermodynamics. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 55(10):4485-4490.
Crossref

  

 




Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.

This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

Back to Vol. 12 No. 17
Back to articles
SUBSCRIBE TO RSS
SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
CONFERENCES
          */?>