Full Length Research Paper
ABSTRACT
Cassava peels which is available in large quantity as waste is being considered as a possible replacement for maize in chicken feeds due to the world shortage of cereals. This study examined the safety of collagen and reticulin fibres in the liver and kidney of broiler chicken, when the Aspergillus niger-hydrolyzed cassava peel meal (HCPM) was used as diet carbohydrate. HCPM was used as replacement for maize in chicken feeds at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, respectively and were fed for 42 days. The animals were sacrificed and the liver and kidney were excised and fixed immediately in 10% formol-saline for 48 h. The tissues were processed for paraffin embedding. Sections were cut at 3 microns, dried for 30 min at 60°C and were stained using both Gordon & Sweet and Masson’s Trichrome methods. The result showed the preservation of the reticulin and collagen fibres up to the 50% inclusion of HCPM as replacement for maize. The implication is that; the use of HCPM will make available for human consumption, half of the world maize cereals been consumed by the poultry birds.
Key words: Aspergillus niger, cassava peels, cellulolytic enzymes, collagen fibre, reticulin.
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
REFERENCES
Abdulrashid M, Agwuobi LN, Jokthan GE, Abdul SB (2007). Carcass quality characteristics of broiler finisher fed taro (Colocasiaesculanta) cocoyam meal. In: Book of abstract of the 32nd annual conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production, held at the University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. pp. 457-460. |
|
Adeyemo IA (2003). Studies on degradation of waste papers using microflora isolated from refuse dumpsites. M. Sc. Thesis, university of Ilorin, Nigeria. |
|
Ali S, Sayed A, Sarker RT, Alam R (1991). Factors affecting cellulase production by Aspergillus terres using water hyacinth. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7:62-66. |
|
Ansel M, Lewis FA (1970). A review of cyanide concentration found in human organs. J. Forensic Med. 17:148-155. |
|
Atteh JO (2000). Use of enzyme to improve the nutritive value of wheat bran in poultry diets. Adlek Printers, 64 Sabo line, Ilorin, Kwara State. |
|
Banerjee KK, Bishayee A, Marimuthu P (1997). Evaluation of cyanide exposure and its effects on thyroid function of workers in cable industry. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 39:258-260. |
|
BCE (2007). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. |
|
Belewu MA, Banjo NO (1999). Biodegradation of rice husk and sorghum stover by edible mushroom (Pleurotussajo caju). Trop. J. Anim. Sci. 2:137-142. |
|
Blanc P, Hogan M, Mallin K, Hryhorczuk D, Hessel S, Bernard B (1985). Cyanide intoxication among silver reclaiming workers. JAMA 253:367-374. |
|
Buehler MJ (2006). Nature designs tough collagen: Explaining the nanostructure of collagen fibrils. PNAS 103(33):12285-12290. |
|
Burkitt HG, Young B, Heath JW, Wheater PR (1993). Wheater's Functional Histology (3rd ed.). New York: Churchill Livinstone. P 62. |
|
Carlsson L, Milingi N, Juma A, Ronquist G, Rosling H (1999). Metabolic fates in humans of linamarin in Cassava flour ingested as stiff porridge. Food Chem. Toxicol. 37:307-312. |
|
Cereda MP, Mattos MC (1996). Linamarin: The toxic compound of Cassava. J. Venom Anim. Toxins 2(1):6-12. |
|
Di Lullo GA, Sweeney SM, Körkkö J, Ala-Kokko L, SanAntonio JD (2002). Mapping the Ligand-binding Sites and Disease-associated Mutations on the Most Abundant Protein in the Human, Type I Collagen. J. Biol. Chem. 277(6):4223-4231. |
|
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (1986). World food production. Food and Agricultural Organization. Geneva FAO Nutritional Meeting. Rep. Series 52:210 |
|
Fratzl P (2008). Collagen: Structure and Mechanics. New York: Springer. |
|
Kayode RM (2009). Suitability of Mango (Mangifera indica) fermented kernel as animal feed supplement. Ph. D Thesis, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. |
|
Marcia RS (2013). Dermal Fillers. The Ageing Skin. Pharmaxchange. info. |
|
Muhammad NO, Oloyede OB (2009). Haematological Parameters of Broiler Chicks fed Aspergillus niger - Fermented Terminali acatappa Seed Meal-Based Diet. Global J. Biotechnol. Biochem. 4(2):179-183. |
|
NRC (1984). Nutrient Requirement of poultry. 9th Eds. National Research Council, Washington. |
|
Okafor PN, Okorowkwo CO, Maduagur EN (2002). Occupational dietary exposure of humans to cyanide poisoning from large scale Cassava processing and ingestion of Cassava foods. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40:001-005. |
|
Priya KD, Pachiappan C, Sylvia J, Aruna RM (2011). Study of the effects of hydrogen cyanide exposure in Cassava workers. Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med. 15(3):133-136. |
|
Raji AI, Ameh JB, Ndukwe M (1988). Production of cellulase enzyme by Aspergillus niger–CS14 from delignified wheat straw and rice husk substrates. Niger. J. Technol. Educ. 15:57-63. |
|
Sabiiti EN (2011). Utilizing Agricultural waste to conserve food security and conserve the environment. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. 11:6. |
|
Sani A, Awe FA, Akinyanju JA (1992). Amylase synthesis in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus grown on cassava peel. J. Ind. Microbiol. 10:55-59. |
|
Saxena RM (2010). Special stains in investigation of liver biopsies. Connection. pp. 3-7. |
|
Sikorski ZE (2001). Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Proteins. Boca Raton. CRC Press. P 242. |
|
Strum JM, Gartner LP, Hiatt JL (2007). Cell biology and histology. Hagerstwon, MD. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. P 83. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0