Journal of
Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health

  • Abbreviation: J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2141-2529
  • DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH
  • Start Year: 2009
  • Published Articles: 416

Full Length Research Paper

Bayesian estimation to test accuracy for influenza A infection via respiratory clinical signs in the absence of a gold standard

Nitipong Homwong*
  • Nitipong Homwong*
  • Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. 2Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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Douglas Marthaler
  • Douglas Marthaler
  • Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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Matteo Convertino
  • Matteo Convertino
  • Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Public Health Informatics Program, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Montserrat Torremorell
  • Montserrat Torremorell
  • Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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Meggan E. Craft
  • Meggan E. Craft
  • Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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Benjamin Hause
  • Benjamin Hause
  • Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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John Deen
  • John Deen
  • Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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  •  Received: 22 July 2015
  •  Accepted: 31 August 2015
  •  Published: 31 October 2015

Abstract

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection in pigs is a concern to producers, veterinarians and the general public. This study presents models to estimate the sensitivities (Se) and specificities (Sp) of respiratory clinical signs (RCS), and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) resulted from oral fluid (OF) and nasal swab (NS) samples in the absence of a gold standard. In addition, the models estimated an average prevalence of IAV infection in the Midwestern United States (US) growing pig populations. Bayesian model provided estimates under scenarios where IAV vaccination reduced only clinical manifestations, but not infection (basic model), or where vaccination reduced both. By the basic model, the Se and Sp of RCS from posterior distributions were 0.38 (95%Cridible interval (CrI): 0.28, 0.48) and 0.66 (95%CrI: 0.61, 0.71). The Se and Sp of of RRT-PCR were 0.84 (95%CrI: 0.87, 0.90) and 0.93 (95%CrI: 0.82, 0.97), and those of NS RRT-PCR were 0.79 (95%CrI: 0.71, 0.89) and 0.97 (95%CrI: 0.90, 0.99) respectively. The true prevalence estimate of IAV infection in the Midwestern US growing pig populations was 0.24 (95%CrI: 0.16, 0.30). In the second scenario, the Se and Sp of RCS were reduced by vaccination whereas those of NS and OF-RRT-PCR were not reduced by vaccination. Depending on the prior knowledge of vaccination, the model (in the second scenario) estimated that vaccination reduced the true prevalence of IAV in growing pigs, and thereby this has broader implications for the control and perhaps eradication of IAV in growing pigs.

 

Key words: Bayesian estimation, test accuracy, prevalence, influenza A virus, swine.

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This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

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