Full Length Research Paper
ABSTRACT
The Culicidae are biting insects that are most harmful to people. They are almost all blood-suckers, and are responsible for the spread of many important diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and elephantiasis. Entomopathogenic microorganisms occupy an important place among the alternative methods of fighting against pests insect. The fungus, Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic agent naturally present in the ecosystems and offers a very interesting potential for controlling populations of mosquitoes. Our study aims at showing the 4th stage larvae histological changes of the domestic mosquito Culex pipiens, treated with the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana in suspension which corresponds to a dose of 107 spore/mL. In fact, after developing the individuals in the fungal solution, histological study was carried out on the following parts; cuticle, intestine, adipose tissue and hemolymph. The histological studies showed many alterations and malformation in the treated 4th instar larvae body and tissues. The infection affected the different parts of the body, especially the cuticle, the adipose cells, and midgut, in addition to the development and the colonization of B. bassiana inside tissues. The application of B. bassiana on the cuticle of the larvae was dependent on an apparent disturbance in the structure of the cuticle or the degeneration of its different parts. The fungus infection does not stop at the level of the body walls, so it even goes to adipose tissue, epidermal cells and intestine. Based on these results, B. bassiana could be suggested as suitable biocontrol agent against C. pipiens.
Key words: Beauveria bassiana, Culex pipiens, cuticle, histological study, midgut, adipose tissue.
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
REFERENCES
Al-Mehmadi RM, Al-Khalaf AA (2010). Larvicidal, histological effects of Melia azedarach extract on Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). J. King Saud Univ. (Sci.) 22:77-85. |
|
Amer MM, El-Sayed TI, Bakheit HK, Moustafa SA El-Sayed YA (2008). Pathogenicity and genetic variability of five entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera littoralis. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4(5):354-367. |
|
Bawin T, Seye F, Boukraa S, Zimmer JY (2015). La lutte contre les moustiques (Diptera: Culicidae): diversité des approches et application du contrôle biologique. The Canadian Entomologist. 147(4):476-500. |
|
Benserradj O, Mihoubi I (2014). Larvicidal activity of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae against mosquito larvae in Algeria. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 3:54-62. |
|
Berchi S, Louadi K (2007). Characterization of resistance of Culex pipiens L., 1758, to malathion (organophosphorus) and detection of resistance genes (Diptera, Culicidae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of France. 112(1):99-104. |
|
Becker N, Petric D, Zgomba M, Boase C, Madon MB, Dahl C, Kaiser A (2010). Mosquitoes and Their Control. 2nd Ed. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 577p. |
|
Boucias DG, Pendland JG (1998). Principles of Insect pathology. Kluwer Academic of Entomo pathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to Ixodidae Tick species. Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and Ixodus scapularis. J. Med. Entomol. 41(4):705-711. |
|
Brunhes MJ, Brunhes J (1972). Histological study, in Mansonia uniformis Thcobald and Anopbeles gambiae B Giles, the evolution of Wubereria bancrofti Cobbold and the interactions between wired and these two hosts. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Ser. Ent. Med. Parasitol. 3:217-233. |
|
Darzynkiewicz Z, Juan G, Li X, Gorczyca W, Murakami T, Traganos F (1997). Cytometry in Cell Necrobiology: Analysis of Apoptosis and Accidental Cell Death (Necrosis). Cytom. 27:1-20. |
|
Fan Y, Borovsky D, Hawkings C, Ortiz-Urquiza A, Keyhani NO (2012). Exploiting host molecules to augment myco-insecticide virulence. Nature Biotechnol. 30:35-37. |
|
Faradj C, Elkohli M, Lyagoubi M (2006). Gonotrophic cycle of Culex pipiens (Dipterae: Culicidae), potential vector of the West Nile virus, in Morocco: estimation of the duration in laboratory. Bull. Sociol. Pathol. Exot. 119-121. |
|
Gabarty A, Salem HM, Fouda MA, Abas AA, Ibrahim AA (2014). Pathogencity induced by the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.). J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci. 7(1):95-100. |
|
Goddard J (2008). Infectious Diseases and Arthropods. 2nd ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. 251p. |
|
Goettel MS, Inglis GD, Wraight SP (2000) Fungi. In: Field Manual Technique in Invertebrate Pathology, Lacey LA and Kaya HK (eds.). (Kluwer Academic Publisher, Netherlands: pp 255-282. |
|
Grassé PP (1949). Treaty of Zoology. Anatomy, systematic and biology. Ed. Masson and Cie, Paris, T. IX, 1117 P. |
|
Haitham MAH, Alleddin AH (2012). Histological study of Culex pipiens pipiens larvae and adults infected with Beauveria bassiana. Rev. Baghdad Sci. 9(2):187-193. |
|
Halouane F (2008). Research on the entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Sordariomycetes- Clavicipitaceae): Bioécologie, production and application on Schistocerca gregaria (Forskàl, 1775) and Locusta migratoria (Linné, 1758) (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Doctoral thesis on Agronomic Science; Agronomic National Institut of EL-Harrach, Algeria; P 290. |
|
Hamid S, Halouane F, Bissaad FZ, Benzina F (2013). Study about the effect of Beauveria bassiana (Vuillemin IN 1912) on the aquatic stages of Culex pipiens (LINNÉ, 1758). Int. J. Bio-Technol. Res. 3(3):31-42. |
|
Khaleil M, El- Mougith A, Hashem H, Lokma N (2016). Biocontrol Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungus, Trichoderma Hamatum against the Cotton Aphid, Aphis Gossypii. J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. 10(5):11-20. |
|
Kellen WR, Cklarc TB, Lindegren JE, Ho CB, Rogoff MH, Singer S (1965). Bacillus Sphericus Neile as a pathogen of mostiquitos. J. Invert. Pathol. 7:442-448. |
|
Kosone K, Ito M, Kosuge K, Kanayam A (2008). Distribution of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) complex in Yokohama Japan. Proceeding of the sixth international conference on urban pests, 497. |
|
Lipa JJ (1975). White muscardines (Beauveria sp.). In: An outline of Insect Pathology. Foreign Sci. Publ. Dept NCSTEI, Warsaw, Poland. pp. 139-142. |
|
Martoja R, Martoja Pierson M (1967). Animal histology techniques. Ed. Masson and Cie, Paris Vol: V. 331p. |
|
Matthew T, Read A, Taylor L (2007). Can fungal biopesticides control malaria. Nature Microbiol. Rev. 5:377-383. |
|
Meikle W, Mercadier G, Girod V (2007). The micro-fungus, new hope in biological fighting against Varroa destructor. BEES & Cie. N° 118.3. |
|
Miranpuri GS, Khachattourians GG (1991). Infection sites of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in the larvae of the mosquito Aedesaegypti. J. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 59(2):19-27. |
|
Mul M, Niekerk T, Chirico T, Maurer J, Kilpinen O, Sparagano O, Thind B, Zoons J, Moore D, Bell B, Gjevre AG, Chauve C (2009). Control methods for Dermanyssus gallinae in systems for laying hens: Results of an international seminar. World's Poult. Sci. J. 65:589-599. |
|
Mullen G and Durden L (2009). Medical and veterinary entomology.2nd ed. Academic Press. 637p. |
|
Oulebsir-Mohandkaci H, Doumandji-Mitiche B (2012). Study of the biological impact of Pseudomonas fluorescens. on haemolyphatic metabolites and digestive tract histology of L5 larvae of Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus, 1758). Lebanese Sci. J. 13(2):99-115. |
|
Perdoni F, Falleni M, Tosi D, Cirasola D, Romagnoli S, Braidotti P, Clementi E, Bulfamante G, Borghi E (2014). A histological procedure to study fungal infection in the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Eur. J. Histochem. 58(3):24-28. |
|
Raccaud Schoeller J (1980). Insects, Physiology and development. Ed. Masson, Paris, 269p. |
|
Ragavendran C, Nataraja, D (2015). Insecticidal potency of Aspergillus terreus against larvae and pupae of thre emosquito species Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22:17224-17237. |
|
Ragavendran C, Mariappan T, Nataraja D (2017). Larvicidal, Histopathological Efficacy of Penicillium daleae against Larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti Plus Biotoxicity on Artemia nauplii a Non-target Aquatic Organism. Front. Pharmacol. 8:1-14. |
|
Rajkumar S, Japanesan A (2005). Oviposition detterent and skin repellent activities of Salanum trilobatum leaf extract against the material vector Anopheles stephensi. J. Insect. Sci. 5(15):1-3. |
|
Ressiguier P (2011). Contribution to the study of the blood meal of Culex pipiens. Exercise Thesis, National School of Toulouse-ENTV. P 80. |
|
Retnakaran A, Pallis SR, Tomkins WL, Primavera MJ, Brownwright A (1996). The regulation of chitin synthesis and deposition in an insect, the spruce budworm, at the biochemical and ultrastructural level, pp. 174-182 in Stevens W.F., Rao M.S. and Chandrkrachang S., Chitin and Chitosan, Environmental friendly and versatile biomaterials, Ed. Asian Institute of technology, Bangkok, Thailand. |
|
Ribeiro-Netoa JA, Pintoa MEA, Ferreiraa VV, Tibúrciob JD, Varottia FP, Azevedoc DO, Siqueira-Filhod EP, Serrãoe JE, Santos Limaa LA, Alvesa SN, Ribeiro-Neto JA (2017). Larvicidal activity of vegetable oils and esterified compounds against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety.143:57-61. |
|
Richards SL, Ghosh SK, Zeichner BC, Apperson CS (2008). Impact of source reduction on the spatial distribution of larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in suburban neighborhoods of a Piedmont community in North Carolina. J. Med. Entomol. 45(4):617-28. |
|
Savage HM, Ceianu C, Nicolescu G, Karabatsos N, Lanciotti R, Vladimirescu A (1999). Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterizations of a virus isolate from mosquitoes. Am. J Trop. Med. Hyg. 61:600-611. |
|
Schneider LCL, Silva VC, Pamphile JA, Cone H (2013). Infection, colonization and extrusion of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) in pupae of Diatraea saccharalis F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), J. Entomol. Nematol. 5(1):1-9. |
|
Seye F, Ndione RD, Ndiaye M (2006). Comparative study of two neem products (oil and powder) on preimaginal mosquito stages Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera : Culicidae). Afr. Sci. 02(2):212-225. |
|
Silva VC, Pinheiro NL, Scherer PO, Falca SS, Ribeiro VR, Mendes RMM, Chagas R, Cardozo-De-Almeida M, Santos-Mallet JRD (2008). Histology and Ultrastructure of Aedes albopictus Larval Midgut Infected with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 71:663-668. |
|
Toledo AV, De Remes Lenicov AMM, López Lastra CC (2010). Histopathology caused by the Entomopathogenic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, in the adult planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, a maize virus vector. J. Insect Sci. 10(35):1-10. |
|
Ulacio D, Pérez Y, Pineda J (1997). Micoflora associated with the roots of tobacco plants (Nicotina tabacum) from the state. Portuguesa Bioagro. 9:3-11. |
|
Ventéo L, Velot E (2010). The importance of setting in histochemistry. Rev. Fr. Histotechnol. 23(1):25-32. |
|
Wang C, Powell J E (2002).Isolation and Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana for Control of Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiol. 41(1):1-13. |
|
Wigglesworth VB (1972). The principales of insect physiology. 7th Ed. Chapman and Hall, London, New York, 827p. |
|
Zayed AA, Rokaya MA, El Namaky HA, Ismail HM, Mady HY (2009). Influence of Allium sativum and Citrus limon Oil Extracts and Bacillus thuringiensis Israelensis on some biological aspects of Culex pipiens Larvae (Diptera:Culicidae). World J. Zool. 4(2):109-121. |
|
Zerroug S, Aouati A, Berchi S (2017). Histopathology of Culex pipiens (Linée, 1753) (Diptera, Culicidae) larvae exposed to the aqueous extract of Eucalyptus globulus l'Hér, 1789 (Myrtaceae). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 5(3):759-765. |
|
Zientara S, Murgue B, Zeller H, Dufour B, Murri S, Labie J (2001). Virus disease 'West Nile' in France. Epidemiol. Anim. Health 39:113-120. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0