African Journal of
Agricultural Research

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Agric. Res.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1991-637X
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJAR
  • Start Year: 2006
  • Published Articles: 6863

Full Length Research Paper

Nutrient recycling from sanitation and energy systems to the agroecosystem- Ecological research on case studies in Karagwe, Tanzania

A. Krause
  • A. Krause
  • Microenergy Systems“, Center for Technology and Society, Technische Universität (TU) Berlin, Germany.
  • Google Scholar
M. Kaupenjohann
  • M. Kaupenjohann
  • Department of Ecology, Department of Soil Science, TU Berlin, Germany.
  • Google Scholar
E. George
  • E. George
  • Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany.
  • Google Scholar
J. Koeppel
  • J. Koeppel
  • Environmental Assessment and Planning Research Group, TU Berlin, Germany.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 03 July 2015
  •  Accepted: 25 September 2015
  •  Published: 22 October 2015

References

Amoding A, Tenywa JS, Ledin S, Otabbong E (2005). Agronomic effectiveness of urban market crop waste compost on-farm in Uganda Afr. Crop Sci. Conf. Proc. 7:1133-1138.

 

Anderson PS, Reed TB, Wever PW (2007). Micro-Gasification. What it is and why it works. Boiling Point 53(3):35-37.

 
 

Baijukya FP, de Steenhuijsen Piters B (1998). Nutrient balances and their consequences in the banana-based land use systems of Bukoba district, northwest Tanzania. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 71:147-158.
Crossref

 
 

Batjes NH, Sombroek WG (1997). Possibilities for carbon sequestration in tropical and subtropical soils. Glob. Chang. Biol. 3(2):161-173.
Crossref

 
 

Beardsley TM (2011). Peak Phosphorus. BioScience 61(2):91-91.
Crossref

 
 

Becker P, Krause A (2011). Development of adaptive technologies in the project Biogas Support for Tansania BiogaST. Proceedings of the International Conference "Micro Perspectives for Decentralized Energy Supply 2011", Technische Universität Berlin pp. 236-237. ISBN 978-3-7983-2319-3.

 
 

Berger W (Ed.) (2008). Kompost-Toiletten: Sanitärsysteme ohne Wasser (Composting toilets: waterless sanitation systems). Ökobuch-Verlag. Staufen. ISBN 978-3-936896-16-9.

 
 

Biederman LA, Harpole WS (2013). Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling. a meta‐analysis. GCB Bioenergy 5(2):202-214.
Crossref

 
 

Blösch U (2008). Thicket Clumps: a characteristic feature of the Kagera savana landscape. East Afr. J. Veg. Sci. 19:31-44.
Crossref

 
 

Bogdanski A, di Caracalla VDT (2011). Introducing Integrated Food-Energy Systems that Work for People and Climate. Proceedings of the International Conference Micro Perspectives for Decentralized Energy Supply 2011. Technische Universität Berlin pp. 230-235. ISBN 978-3-7983-2319-3

 
 

CaSa (2011). Project Carbonization and Sanitation – CaSa. Engineers Without Borders Germany, Berlin chapter. 

 
 

Esrey SA, Andersson I, Hillers A, Sawyer R (2001). Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security. Publications on Water Resources No. 18. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Sweden/Mexico. ISBN 91-586-8935-4. 

 
 

Factura H, Bettendorf T, Buzie C, Pieplow H, Reckin J, Otterpohl R (2010). Terra Preta Sanitation: re-discovered from an ancient Amazonian civilisation - integrating sanitation, bio-waste management and agriculture. Water Sci. Technol. 61(10):2673-2679.
Crossref

 
 

Falcão NPS, Clement CR, Tsai SM, Comerford NB (2009). Pedology, fertility, and biology of central Amazonian Dark Earths. In: Amazonian Dark Earths: Wim Sombroek's Vision. Springer pp. 213-228. ISBN 978-1-4020-9030-1.
Crossref

 
 

Feachem RG, Bradley DJ, Garelick H, Mara DD (1983). Sanitation and Disease – Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management. World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 3. John Wiley & Sons.

 
 

Finck A (1979). Dünger und Düngung - Grundlagen und Anleitung zur Düngung der Kulturpflanzen (Fertilizers and fertilization. Basis and introduction to fertilization of crop plants). Verlag Chemie. ISBN 978-3-527-25805-5.

 
 

Finck A (2007). Pflanzenernährung und Düngung in Stichworten (Plant nutrition and fertilization in keywords). Published by Borntraeger. Stuttgart. 6th edition. ISBN 978-3443031169

 
 

Frausin V, Fraser JA, Narmah W, Lahai MK, Winnebah TR, Fairhead J, Leach M (2014). "God Made the Soil, but We Made It Fertile": Gender, Knowledge, and Practice in the Formation and Use of African Dark Earths in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Hum. Ecol.
Crossref

 
 

Gellings CW, Parmenter KE (2004). Energy efficiency in fertilizer production and use. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS): Efficient use and conservation of energy. Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK.

 
 

German BO (2013). Verordnung über die Verwertung von Bioabfällen auf landwirtschaftlich. forstwirtschaftlich und gärtnerisch genutzten Böden (Bioabfallverordnung – BioAbfV; German Biowaste Ordinance (BO)). Bundesgesetzblatt 65(I):2955-2981.

 
 

Glaser B, Birk JJ (2012). State of the scientific knowledge on properties and genesis of Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Central Amazonia (terra preta de Índio). Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac. 82:39-51.
Crossref

 
 

Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal - a review. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 35(4):219-230.
Crossref

 
 

Graham J, Polizzotto M (2012). Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review. Environ. Health Perspect. 121:521-530.
Crossref

 
 

Hartemink AE, Bridges EM (1995). The influence of parent material on soil fertility degradation in the coastal plain of Tanzania. Land Degrad. Rehabil. 6(4):215-221.
Crossref

 
 

Horn R, Brümmer GW, Kandeler E, Kögel-Knabner I, Kretzschmar R, Stahr K, Wilke BM (2010). Scheffer/Schachtschabel - Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8274-1444-1.

 
 

ISO DIN 10694 (1995). Soil quality - Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary analysis) (ISO 10694:1995). International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

 
 

ISO DIN 13878 (1998). Soil quality - Determination of total nitrogen content by dry combustion ("elemental analysis") (ISO 13878:1998). Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR).

 
 

Jeffery S, Verheijen FGA, van der Velde M, Bastos AC (2011). A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 144(1):175-187.
Crossref

 
 

Jobe BO, Tsai SL, Hseu ZY (2007). Relationship between compost pH buffer capacity and P content on P availability in a virgin Ultisol. Soil Sci. 172(1):68-85.
Crossref

 
 

Jönsson H, Stintzing AR, Vinnerås B, Salomon E (2004). Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop production. EcoSanRes Publication Series. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). ISBN 91-88714-94-2.

 
 

Kaltschmitt M, Hartmann H, Hofbauer H (2009). Energie aus Biomasse – Grundlagen, Techniken und Verfahren. (Bioenergy – Basis, Technologies and Processes). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-85095-3.

 
 

Kammann C, Schmidt HP, Messerschmidt N, Linsel S, Steffens D, Müller C, Koyro HW, Conte P, Stephen J (2015). Plant growth improvement mediated by nitrate capture in co-composted biochar. Nat. Sci. Rep. 5:11080.
Crossref

 
 

Karungi J, Kyamanywa S, Ekbom B (2010). Organic soil fertility amendments and tritrophic relationships on cabbage in Uganda: Experiences from on-station and on-farm trials. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 5(21):2862-2867.

 
 

Kiers ET, Leakey RR, Izac AM, Heinemann JA, Rosenthal E, Nathan D, Jiggins J (2008). Agriculture at a crossroads. Science 320(5874):320-321.
Crossref

 
 

Kimetu JM, Lehmann J, Ngoze SO, Mugendi DN, Kinyangi JM, Riha S, Pell AN (2008). Reversibility of soil productivity decline with organic matter of differing quality along a degradation gradient. Ecosystems 11(5):726-739.
Crossref

 
 

König N (2005). Handbuch Forstliche Analytik (HFA) – Grundwerk. Eine Loseblatt-Sammlung der Analysemethoden im Forstbereich. Chapter B3.2.1. Published by Gutachterausschuss Forstliche Analytik (GFA). German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL).

KTBL (2009). Faustzahlen für die Landwirtschaft (Rule-of-thumb figures for agriculture). published by Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft (KTBL); 14th edition. ISBN 978-3939371915.

 

Lal R (2006). Managing soils for feeding a global population of 10 billion. J. Sci. Food Agric. 86(14):2273-2284.
Crossref

 
 

Lal R (2009). Soils and world food security. Soil Till. Res. 102(1):1-4.
Crossref

 
 

Lehmann J, da Silva jr. JP, Steiner C, Nehls T, Zech W, Glaser B (2003a). Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant Soil 249(2):343-357.
Crossref

 
 

Lehmann J, Joseph S (2009). Biochar for Environmental Management - Science and Technology. Earthscan. London. Sterling. ISBN 978-1844076581.

 
 

Lehmann J, Kern DC, Glaser B, Woods WI (2003b). Amazonian dark earths: origin properties management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-1839-8 (Print); 978-1-4020-2597-6 (Online).
Crossref

 
 

Liu J, Schulz H, Brandl S, Miehtke H, Huwe B, Glaser B (2012). Short‐term effect of biochar and compost on soil fertility and water status of a Dystric Cambisol in NE Germany under field conditions. J Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 175:698-707.
Crossref

 
 

Liu X, Zhang A, Ji C, Joseph S, Bian R, Li L, Paz-Ferreiro J (2013). Biochar's effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions—a meta-analysis of literature data. Plant Soil 373(1-2):583-594.
Crossref

 
 

Lohri CR, Vogeli Y, Oppliger A, Mardini R, Giusti A, Zurbrugg C (2010). Evaluation of biogas sanitation systems in Nepalese prisons. IWA Publishing, Water Pract. Technol. 5(4).

 
 

Mafongoya PL, Bationo A, Kihara J, Waswa BS (2007). Appropriate technologies to replenish soil fertility in southern Africa. In: Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. pp. 29-44. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-1-4020-5759-5.
Crossref

 
 

Markwei C, Ndlovu L, Robinson E, Shah WP (2008). International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD): Sub-Saharan Africa Summary for Decision Makers. Island Press, Washington, USA. 

View (accessed Aug, 2015).

 
 

McIntyre BD, Herren HR, Wakhungu J, Watson RT (2009). Agriculture at a crossroads. IAASTD: global report. Island Press, Washington, USA. ISBN 978-1-59726-538-6.

 
 

McLaughlin H, Anderson PS, Shields FE, Reed TB (2009). All biochars are not created equal. and how to tell them apart. Proceedings North American Biochar Conference. Boulder. Colorado. 

View

 
 

Meinzinger F (2010). Ressource Efficiency of urban sanitation systems. a comparative assessment using material and energy flow analysis. Dissertation. Hamburger Berichte zur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft; 75. ISBN. 978-3-942768-00-9.

 
 

Morgan P (2007). Toilets That Make Compost - Low-cost. sanitary toilets that produce valuable compost for crops in an African context. SEI, EcoSanRes Programme. ISBN 978-9-197-60222-8.

 
 

Mukunda HS, Dasappa S, Paul PJ, Rajan NKS, Yagnaraman M, Ravi KD, Deogaonkar M (2010). Gasifier stoves – science, technology and field outreach. Curr. Sci. India 98(5):627-638.

 
 

Ndibalema A, Berten A (2015). Lowtech-micro-gasifiers as a solution for deforestration and health problems caused by indoor air pollution. Practitioner proceedings of the International Conference "Micro Perspectives for Decentralized Energy Supply 2013" at Technische Universität Berlin. Edition Lalla Moulati, Alger, Algerie. In press. pp. 31-33.

 
 

Niwagaba C, Nalubega M, Vinnerås B, Sundberg C, Jönsson H (2009). Bench-scale composting of source-separated human faeces for sanitation. Waste Manag. 29(2):585-589.
Crossref

 
 

Ogwang F, Tenywa JS, Otabbong E, Tumuhairwe JB, Amoding-Katusabe A (2012). Faecal Blending for Nutrient Enrichment and Speedy Sanitisation for Soil Fertility Improvement. International

 
 

Scholarly Research Notices (ISRN) Soil Science 2012 Article ID 424171, 7p.

 
 

RKI (2013). Liste der vom Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) geprüften und anerkannten Desinfektionsmittel und –verfahren. Bundesgesundheitsbl 56:1706–1728.
Crossref

 
 

Roth C (2013). Micro-gasification: Cooking with gas from dry biomass - An introduction to concepts and applications of wood-gas burning technologies for cooking. 2nd revised edition. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). 

View (accessed Jun, 2015).

 
 

Savci S (2012). An agricultural pollutant: chemical fertilizer. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev. 3(1):77-80.
Crossref

 
 

Schönning C, Stenström AT (2004). Guidelines for the safe use urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems. Swedish Institute for infectious disease control. EcoSanRes Programme. SEI. ISBN 91-88714-93-4.

 
 

Schulz H, Dunst G, Glaser B (2013). Positive effects of composted biochar on plant growth and soil fertility. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 33(4):817-827.
Crossref

 
 

Sluijsmans CMJ (1970). Der Einfluss von Düngemitteln auf den Kalkzustand des Bodens (The effect of fertilizers on the liming status of the soil). Z Pflanz. Bodenkunde 126(2):97-103.
Crossref

 
 

Sombroek W (1966). Amazon Soils. A Reconnaissance of Soils of the Brazilian Amazon Region. Dissertation. Agricultural State University of Wageningen. Centre for Agricultural Publications and Documentation. Netherlands.

View (accessed Jan, 2015).

 
 

Stoorvogel JJ, Smaling EA, Janssen BH (1993). Calculating soil nutrient balances in Africa at different scales. Fert. Res. 35(3):227-235.
Crossref

 
 

Tanzania (2012). Tanzania. National Sample Census of Agriculture 2007/2008. Regional Report - Kagera Region. Volume Vh.. United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives, Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment, Zanzibar, Prime Minister's Office, Regional Administration and Local Governments, Ministry of Industries, Trade and Marketing, The National Bureau of Statistics and the Office of the Chief Government Statistician, Zanzibar. July 2012. 

View (accessed Jun, 2015).

 
 

Taylor P (Ed.) (2010). The Biochar Revolution. Transforming Agriculture & Environment. Global Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1921630415.

 
 

Tumuhairwe JB, Tenywa JS, Otabbong E, Ledin S (2009). Comparison of four low-technology composting methods for market crop wastes. Waste Manage. 29(8):2274-2281.
Crossref

 
 

van Breemen N, Mulder J, Driscoll CT (1983). Acidification and alkalinization of soils. Plant Soil 75(3):283-308.
Crossref

 
 

Vinnerås B (2002). Possibilities for sustainable nutrient recycling by faecal separation combined with urine. Dissertation. Swedish University of Agricultural Science. Uppsala. Sweden. ISBN 91-576-6167-7.

 
 

Vögeli Y, Lohri CR, Gallardo A, Diener S, Zurbrügg C (2014). Anaerobic Digestion of Biowaste in Developing Countries. Practical Information and Case Studies. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Switzerland. ISBN. 978-3-906484-58-7.

 
 

WHO (2006). WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater - Volume 4. Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Press. Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-154685-9.

 
 

Winblad U, Simpson-Hébert M, Calvert P, Morgan P, Rosemarin A, Sawyer R, Xiao J (2004). Ecological sanitation – revised and enlarged edition. SEI. Sweden. ISBN 91 88714 98 5.

 
 

Wong MTF, Nortcliff S, Swift RS (1998). Method for determining the acid ameliorating capacity of plant residue compost, urban waste compost, farmyard manure, and peat applied to tropical soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 29(19-20):2927-2937.
Crossref