Full Length Research Paper
ABSTRACT
Air pollutants affect their quality, making, inappropriate, harmful and damaging to health in general. The air quality can be measured by the use of higher plants as bioindicators in environmental biomonitoring. In this study, we evaluated the increased frequency of micronuclei (MN) in Tradescantia pallida exposed to potentially toxic environments. The vegetables were implanted in five points (4 test and 1 control) for 15, 30 and 60 days. After this period of exposure, the young inflorescences were analyzed and the observation frequency of MN using the technique of Tradescantia-micronucleus (TRAD-MCN). The results showed an increased frequency of MN in pollen grains of T. pallida in environment with severe vehicular exhaust and manipulation of benzene derivatives, indicating that the compounds present in the atmosphere of these environments have genotoxic potential.
Key words: Atmospheric pollutants, bioindicators; genotoxicity, pollen grains, Tradescantia pallida.
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
T. pallida was identified by the Herbarium Graziela Barroso - TPB (Federal University of Piauí) with the voucher number 28339. Then 50 seedlings of T. pallida were cultivated in small pots with fertile soil and regular irrigation. We distributed the plants in 4 points in the city of Teresina - Piauí, during the period of August to October in 2012. It is because, August to October is the dry season with more dust, temperature, and vehicle exhausts in this state of Brazil.
The municipality is located on the right bank of the Parnaíba River and occupies a total area of ​​1,809 km2, with geographical coordinates: 05º05'12" south latitude and 42º48'42" west longitude (Branco, 2003).
The areas selected for the exhibition were: a petrol filling station (5°04’12.54”S, 42°81’26.22”W), an auto body repair of vehicles (5°11’21.47”S, 42°79’13.78”W), responsible for handling solvents and coating materials, to be submitted to exhaust environments of automotive vehicles and handling benzene derivatives; a via of access, avenue Frei Serafim (5°08’37.82”S, 42°79’75.33”W), and a vehicle parking in an institution of higher education (5°06’89.23”S, 42°74’70.64”W); by having heavy automobile traffic, thus being subjected to oxidation fuel and large amounts of particulate materials (Figure 1). In addition to the 4 test points, 1 was also exposed to an area with low frequency of urban pollution, operating as a negative control (NC) (5°11’73.89”S, 42°70’98.56”W).
After the cultivation, 10 seedlings were sent for display in each of their previously cited environments, and they were weekly watered with deionized water. Plant structures used in laboratory analysis were young inflorescences (Figure 2), where pollen grains appear more abundantly on tetrad stage. The inflorescences withdrawals were carried in aqueous solution (for maintenance adequate humidity and integrity) to the laboratory and analyzed in the range of periods: 15, 30 and 60 days after implantation. This procedure related to frequency of MN found in pollen grains of stem cells with the time of exposure to clastogenic effects of pollutants being studied.
Once young inflorescences were removed, they were fixed in methanol: acetic acid (3:1) for 24 h and stored in ethanol (70%). The flower bud clumps were dissected out and macerated in glass slide for staining acetic carmine (2%) and further heating to about 60°C for impregnating the dye. In an optical microscope at magnification of 400 X, 3000 tetrads were viewed for each exposure period. The occurrence frequency of MN was obtained from the ratio between the number of MN in 300 tetrads for each exposure place at all points, including the NC, in each time period described above, and follows the method described by Andrade-Vieira et al. (2011).
Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (version: 5.0). values are mean ± standard deviation (SD). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni and Dunnett's test, considering p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001.
RESULTS
The results allowed the increase in the frequencies of MN in T. pallida, from exposure to gaseous pollutants originating from the vehicle combustion and benzene derivatives action in periods of 15, 30 and 60 days of exposure as shown in Figures 3 to 5.
Figure 6 shows all points with the NC, total period of 60 days, allowing an analytical correlation between the genotoxic influence of air pollutants, absorption time and accumulation of these air pollutants by plants and environments more significance for induction of MN.
The median frequency of MN in T. pallida obtained by tetrads counts 3000 per point in each period demonstrated great variance as compared to the NC as shown in Table 1. Exposure times were compared to determine the presence or absence of relevant statistics on the test points as shown in Table 2.
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
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