Full Length Research Paper
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop a functional feed additive, citron (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) probiotics (CPB) for beef cattle, using citrus junos by-product (CJ) with probiotics. A two-step fermentation process was developed for the production of CPB and the effects of CPB on growth performance, immune status, carcass characteristics and fatty acid profile in Korean native (Hanwoo) steers were investigated. Twenty (20) Hanwoo steers (22 months old; 619.00±10 kg BW) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments in a completely randomized design: control (basal diet) and 1.0% CPB (basal diet + CPB 1.0% DM basis). At the end of the trial, steers were slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated. Dietary CPB supplementation significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (kg gain/kg DMI) of Hanwoo steers as compared to the control (P < 0.05). Additionally, serum IgG and carcass weight of Hanwoo steers were increased in response to CPB dietary supplementation (P < 0.05). No difference (P > 0.05) was observed in muscle composition while cholesterol concentration reduced in CPB supplementation group (P < 0.05). Overall, the concentrations of n-3 fatty acids were increased, while the ratio of n-6/n-3 decreased in the CPB dietary group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary CPB improved growth, immunity and carcass weight of Hanwoo steers while reducing muscle cholesterol concentration with an elevated n-3 fatty acids concentration, indicating that CPB can be used as a functional feed additive for beef cattle.
Key words: Citron probiotics, Hanwoo steer, growth performance, immunity, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile.
Abbreviation
ADG, Average daily gain; AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists; BW, body weight; CJ, citrus junos by-product; CPB, citron (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) probiotics; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; DFM, direct fed microbial; DM, dry matter; DMI, dry matter intake; GLM, general linear model; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; KAPE, Korea Institute for Animal Products Quality Evaluation; KCTC, Korean collection for type culture; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; NRLSI, National Rural Living Science Institute; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SAS, statistical analysis system; SFA, saturated fatty acid; UFA, unsaturated fatty acida
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