ABSTRACT
The present study is aimed at investigating clinical poultry diseases in an Upazila Government Veterinary Hospital of Bangladesh through passive surveillance and to know the frequency distribution of antimicrobial drugs prescription pattern. The study was conducted in Ramu Upazila Government Veterinary Hospital under Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh from February to March, 2016. A total of 180 cases including 73 broiler, 84 layer, 18 duck and 5 pigeon were included in this study. Diseases were diagnosed based on clinical history, clinical signs, post mortem lesions and rapid kit test. The most prevalent diseases were Newcastle disease (ND) 17.8% (95% CI 12-24%), colibacillosis 11.5% (95% CI 6-17%), infectious bursal disease (IBD) 10.8% (95% CI 6-16%) and aspergillosis 9.6% (95% CI 5-14%) in broiler and layer chickens; duck plague 69.6% (95% CI 49-90%) in duck and pigeon pox 13% (95% CI 0.2-24%) in pigeon. Regarding production type, the prevalence of colibacillosis, IBD and aspergillosis was significantly higher in broiler chickens (17.8, 19.2 and 16.4%) when compared with layer chickens (6.0, 3.6 and 3.6%) (p<0.05). On the contrary, ND and avian influenza (AI) were significantly greater in layer (27.4 and 10.7%) than broiler chickens (6.8 and 1.4%). Within age group, aspergillosis and omphalitis were higher at 1 to 10 days age groups while IBD and ND were greater in older age groups. In layer chickens, the prevalence of ND, AI, salmonellosis and fowl cholera were recorded higher in number between the ages of 9 and 83 weeks. Among the antibiotic drugs, ciprofloxacin (46.7%), colistin (42.2%), trimethoprim and sulphur drug (37.8%) were mostly prescribed to treat the diseases. Poor biosecurity practices and lack of appropriate laboratory diagnostic facilities are associated with these disease distributions in the study area. Strict biosecurity and continuous surveillance program can minimize the disease prevalence.
Key words: Poultry diseases, veterinary hospital, antimicrobial drugs, Bangladesh, surveillance.
Nowadays, poultry sub-sector is playing a significant role in the national economic growth and employment generation in Bangladesh (Hamid et al., 2017). According to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), around one million entrepreneur and eight million people are directly or indirectly involved in this sector. In the last few decades, the poultry industry has been the fastest fostering livestock sub-sector in Bangladesh with a 20% annual growth rate (Islam et al., 2014). Poultry rearing in Bangladesh started in the 80s with backyard poultry farming (Begum, 2005). However, progress mainly happened in the 90s when a lot of private farms invested in this industry and started producing day-old chicks (DLS, 2016). This sector plays a great role in the nutrition sector of Bangladesh and is reported to contribute 37% of the total meat supply and also meet 22 to 27% of total human protein demand (Hamid et al., 2017). In Bangladesh, there are 8 grandparent stock breeder farm, 82 parent stock breeder farm and hatchery, 53112 commercial broiler farm, 18222 commercial layer farm and 6554 commercial duck farm (DLS, 2013; Hamid et al., 2017). According to DLS (2018), in Bangladesh, out of 337.99 million poultry population, 282.21 million are chickens and 55.85 million are duck population.
Despite the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Bangladesh, several factors reduce the growth rate and cause mortality in chickens (Badruzzaman et al., 2015). Among such factors, poultry disease is one of the major constraints that hinder the productivity and decline the economic improvement of poultry farmer (Islam et al., 2016). It is noted that about 30% of total chickens in Bangladesh die due to several disease outbreak (Badruzzaman et al., 2015). Poultry diseases thrive due to several factors such as climate, geographical position, farm hygiene, biosecurity, immunity status, chick quality, hatcheries, and management practices (Abbas et al., 2015; Badruzzaman et al., 2015; Chakma, 2015; Hassan et al., 2016). Along with species of chickens, production type, age and sex play significant role in disease prevalence (Yunus et al., 2009; Rashid et al., 2013; Talukder et al., 2017; Rahman et al., 2019).
Diseases such as Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), colibacillosis, aspergillosis, avian influenza (AI), coccidiosis, infectious bronchitis, fowl cholera, salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis, chronic respiratory diseases, necrotic enteritis in broiler and layer (Choudhary et al., 2012; Islam et al., 2014, 2016; Badruzzaman et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2016; Matin et al., 2017; Rahman et al., 2017, 2019), duck viral hepatitis, duck plague in duck (Hossain et al., 2005; Hoque et al., 2006, 2010; Ahamed et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2018) and pigeon fox (Paul et al., 2015; Munmun et al., 2016; Elina et al., 2017) have been reported in Bangladesh. These poultry diseases have also been recorded in other countries like India, Nigeria, China and Pakistan (Balami et al., 2014; Abbas et al., 2015; Borah et al., 2017; Ghosh et al., 2017; Xi et al., 2017).
In Bangladesh, antibiotics in poultry farms are frequently prescribed for prophylactic and therapeutic purpose (Islam et al., 2014). Due to frequent uses, pathogens have become resistant to most antibiotics. These resistant bacteria can easily be transmitted to humans through food chain and pose a serious human health risk (Parvez et al., 2016; Islam et al., 2018). The present study aimed to investigate clinical poultry diseases through passive surveillance in an Upazila Government Veterinary Hospital of Bangladesh, and to know the frequency distribution of antimicrobial drugs prescription pattern.
Study area
The study was carried out in Ramu Upzilla Government Veterinary Hospital (RUGVH), Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh from February to March 2016. This area is well known for the poultry sector and the numbers of broiler and layer poultry farms are quite high. Apart from that, people in this area also rear other poultry species such as pigeon, duck, myna and deshi chicken. So, farmers from different broiler and layer farms and also household's people around Ramu Upazila brought their dead or sick birds for the diagnosis and treatment in RUGVH. Ramu Upazila consists of 11 different union from where poultry cases are originated.
Sample size
A total of 180 poultry cases were reported in RUGVH, among which 73 were from broiler, 84 from layer, 18 from duck and 5 from the pigeon.
Examination procedure
In RUGVH, there was a designated area where clinical examination and postmortem of sick and dead birds were carried out. Postmortem examination was performed based on the standard procedure and protocol described in the Atlas of Avian Necropsy (Majó and Dolz, 2011). During postmortem, personal protection was ensured to prevent contamination. The birds were examined systematically and gross pathological lesions were observed and recorded carefully. As there was no laboratory support available, the final diagnosis of all bacterial, viral and fungal diseases was done based on clinical history, clinical signs, and postmortem lesions as mentioned in the Manual of Poultry Diseases (Brugere-Picoux et al., 2015). Rapid test was performed for the diagnosis of Salmonella (Serotext®SP, S & A Reagents Lab Ltd., Part Thailand) and Avian Influenza detection (AIV Ag Test Kit, BioNote Inc., Korea) as these two kits were available in hospital. Few samples were preserved and taken to the microbiology laboratory of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) for isolation of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity testing. After performing postmortem, the necropsied birds were thrown into the dumping pit immediately.
Data collection
During the study period, a structured questionnaire was developed for the purpose of the study. Information collected include type of birds, number of birds, farm size, age, sex, history of vaccination, rearing system, clinical history, morbidity and mortality, postmortem lesions, a drug used previously, tentative diagnosis and drug prescribed. Before and during each postmortem, farmers were asked for the aforementioned questions and recorded carefully.
Statistical analysis
Data was incorporated into Microsoft excel 2010 (MS-10) and imported into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (IBM SPSS-25.0, USA) for further analysis. Descriptive analysis was carried out to calculate the prevalence according to different variable such as diseases, species, type, age and drug users. The results were presented as percentages with 95% confident interval. Pearson's Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were performed to evaluate the significant relationship between clinical poultry diseases with different variables. The probability (P) value of less than 0.05 was considered a significant relationship.
Overall prevalence of clinical poultry diseases
The overall prevalence of different poultry diseases are shown in Table 1. Among the diagnosed diseases in broiler and layer, Newcastle disease (ND) was higher (17.8%) followed by colibacillosis 11.5%, infectious bursal disease (IBD) 10.8%, aspergillosis 9.6%, avian influenza (AI) 6.4%, salmonellosis 6.4% and coccidiosis 5.15%, respectively. Other clinical diseases such as fowl cholera 3.8%, necrotic enteritis 3.2%, omphalitis 3.2%, infectious coryza (IC) 2.5%, fowl pox 1.9%, and infectious bronchitis (IB) 1.3% were found in small number of birds. Duck plague was more frequent in duck 69.6% than duck viral hepatitis 8.7%. Between two observed pigeon diseases, pigeon pox has a higher prevalent of 13% when compared with ND 8.7%.
Prevalence of clinical poultry diseases according to production type
The prevalence of colibacillosis, infectious bursal disease and aspergillosis were significantly (p<0.05) higher in broiler chickens (17.8, 19.2, and 16.4%) when compared with layer chickens (6.0, 3.6, and 3.6%) (Table 2). The prevalence of Newcastle disease and avian influenza in layer chickens was significantly (p<0.05) greater in percentages (27.4 and 10.7%, respectively) than broiler chickens (6.8 and 1.4%, respectively). No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed for coccidiosis, mycoplasmosis, necrotic enteritis and infectious coryza in both broiler (4.1, 5.5, 1.4, and 1.4%) and layer chickens (6.0, 3.6, 4.8, and 3.6%). Omphalitis (5.5%), visceral gout (4.1%), ascites (2.7%), and femoral head necrosis (2.7%) were observed in broiler chickens. On the other hand, salmonellosis (11.9%), fowl cholera (7.1%), fowl pox (3.6%), infectious bronchitis (2.4%), and cannibalism (3.6%) were recorded in layer chickens.
Prevalence of clinical poultry diseases according to age groups
Among the observed diseases in the broiler, aspergillosis and omphalitis were higher at 1 to 10 days age groups (42.1 and 21.1%). Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, and chronic respiratory disease were higher between the ages of 11 and 20 days (8, 36, and 16%). Prevalence of colibacillosis and mycoplasmosis was greater at later age groups (20.7 and 10.3%) than earlier age (10.5 and 5.3%). Diseases such as avian influenza, necrotic enteritis, infectious coryza, visceral gout, ascites, and femoral head necrosis were prevalent between the ages of 2 and 35 days (Table 3).
In layer chickens, avian influenza, salmonellosis and fowl cholera varied significantly based on age groups and their prevalence was higher (20, 22.5, and 19.2%, respectively) between the ages of 9 and 83 weeks. Among the three age groups, ND was more prevalent between the ages of 20 and 83 weeks of age groups (32.5%) than the other two age groups (16.7 and 26.9%). Most of the diseases in layer chickens such as necrotic enteritis, infectious coryza, fowl pox, infectious bronchitis, toxicity, and cannibalism were recorded between the ages of 57 and 581 days, respectively (Table 4).
Frequency of antibiotic used in poultry diseases
Some of the antibiotics that were frequently prescribed in the treatment of the various poultry diseases are ciprofloxacin (46.7%), colistin (42.2%), trimethoprim and sulphur drug (37.8%), metronidazole (36.1%), erythromycin (28.9%), spiramycin (26.7%), enrofloxacin (25.6%), sulfadiazine (17.8%), linofloxacin (13.9%), tylosin tartrate (12.2%) and neomycin (11.1%), respectively (Table 5).
The current findings of poultry disease support previous studies conducted in Bangladesh (Uddin et al., 2010; Badruzzaman et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2016; Rahman et al., 2017, 2019) and other countries like Nigeria and Pakistan (Balami et al., 2014; Abbas et al., 2015). was found significantly higher in broiler chickens than the layer in the present study. Similar findings were observed in earlier studies such as Rahman et al. (2017) who observed increased prevalence of colibacillosis and IBD in the broiler (33.4 and 15.3%, respectively) than the layer chickens (15.9 and 8.4%, respectively) in Gazipur.
The prevalence of colibacillosis, IBD and aspergillosis district of Bangladesh. This finding is also in agreement with several other published studies conducted in Bangladesh and India (Uddin et al., 2010; Choudhary et al., 2012; Hassan et al., 2016; Borah et al., 2017). The difference in disease prevalence between broiler and layer may be due to poor biosecurity management, vaccination failure, improper use of the vaccine, low vaccination success rate, education level of farmers, subclinical disease prevalence and geographical location (Hamid et al., 2017; Rimi et al., 2017; Rahman et al., 2019).
In the present investigation, Newcastle disease was found in both broiler and layer chickens but the prevalence was significantly higher in layer chickens. The present findings correlate with several other previous findings (Geresu et al., 2016; Islam et al., 2016; Rahman et al., 2017; Das et al., 2018). There are several factors that may influence the greater prevalence of ND in layer chickens such as long term production period, types of breed and strain, failure to maintain bio-security for longer period of time, vaccine use, vaccine failure due to stressful condition and sometimes subclinical state of disease (Sarker et al., 2012; Munmun et al., 2016).
Colibacillosis was significantly higher in broiler chickens compared to layer chickens. This finding is in agreement with the previous study such as Rahman et al. (2017) who recorded 33.4% colibacillosis in broiler chickens than 15.9% in layer chickens of Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Colibacillosis was also recorded in different poultry farms in Bangladesh and other countries (Balami et al., 2014; Islam et al., 2014; Hassan et al., 2016; Matin et al., 2017). To improve the situation, biosecurity and hygiene measures should be followed strictly.
The prevalence of IBD was significantly higher in broiler chickens which agreed with several previous findings (Islam et al., 2016; Das et al., 2018). The prevalence was higher between the age of 11 and 35 days which is congruent with the earlier published research articles (Chakma, 2015; Islam et al., 2016; Hassan et al., 2016; Rahman et al., 2019). Initial 2 weeks of ages, chicks get maternally derived antibody from mother, after that proper vaccination should be ensured to protect from IBD (Rashid et al., 2013).
Aspergillosis was found mostly in the early stage of birdlife (1-10) days. Similar findings were also noted in other studies (Badruzzaman et al., 2015; Rahman et al., 2019). The prevalence of aspergillosis higher in earlier age may be due to inhalation of spore from litter, contaminated hatching incubator, higher moisture containing litter and sawdust litter (Sultana et al., 2015). Avian influenza is endemic in Bangladesh causes huge economic losses in the poultry sub-sector through reduced egg production and high mortality (Xia et al., 2017). The strain H5N1 causes high mortality in birds and poses a serious health risk to the human population (Sarker et al., 2016).
Salmonellosis, zoonotic disease, was frequently observed in layer chickens similar to several previous studies (Akter et al., 2007; Barua et al., 2012). Within different age groups, the prevalence of salmonellosis was higher in later age (above 21 weeks) which is comparable to other researches (Hossain et al., 2010; Sabuj et al., 2019). Both coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis are correlated with each other cause severe loss to poultry farm owners (Badruzzaman et al., 2015). Fowl cholera, fowl pox, infectious bronchitis, and cannibalism found only in layer chickens and hand omphalitis, visceral gout, ascites, and femoral head necrosis in broiler chickens corresponding to the previous findings (Hassan et al., 2016; Rahman et al., 2017).
Duck plague considers an economic disease in Bangladesh causes higher mortality in the duck population (Hoque et al., 2010). Several studies have so far been conducted on duck plague elsewhere in Bangladesh (Hoque et al., 2011; Ahamed et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2018). The vaccine is available for duck plague but people did not use it regularly which leads to disease occurrence. Pox and ND were found as most of the pigeon which agree with other findings (Lawal et al., 2016; Elina et al., 2017; Rahman et al., 2019). Improved husbandry practices and regular vaccination can reduce the disease prevalence in the pigeon.
Various types of antibiotics were prescribed to treat healthy and sick birds in the study area. Antibiotics used in birds based on clinical signs and post mortem history and experience of the veterinary surgeon which may lead to antimicrobial resistance (Rahman et al., 2019). Combine drugs are mostly used to treat the clinical poultry disease as resistance had been developed to most of the antibiotic. Thus, with increased antibiotic resistance, resistant pathogens can transmit to humans through contact as well as food chain (Hasan et al., 2010; Khan et al., 2014; Rahman et al., 2019). The veterinarian should have to prescribe antibiotic drug careful and try to avoid it if not necessary. Through this study, poultry practitioners, veterinarian, researcher, and the government officials can get a real picture of the disease prevalence in this area which helps in future research and decision making. The shorter period of study, lower sample size and consider one veterinary hospital, these are the limitation in the present study.
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Rupen Chakma, Upazila Livestock Officer, Ramu Upazila Livestock Office, Ramu, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh for his cordial support during the conduct of this research.
REFERENCES
|
Abbas G, Khan SH, Hassan M, Mahmood S, Naz S, Gilani SS (2015). Incidence of poultry diseases in different seasons in Khushab district, Pakistan. Journal of Advance Veterinary and Animal Research 2(2):141-145.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
Ahamed MM, Hossain MT, Rahman M, Nazir KNH, Khan MFR, Parvej MS, Anasari WK, Chiste MNNA, Amin KB, Hossen ML, Ahmed S, Ahmed S (2015). Molecular characterization of Duck Plague virus isolated from Bangladesh. Journal of Advance Veterinary and Animal Research 2(3):296-303.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Akter MR, Choudhury KA, Rahman MM, Islam MS (2007). Seroprevalence of salmonellosis in layer chickens with isolation, identification and antibiogram study of their causal agents. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5(2):39-42.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Badruzzaman ATM, Noor M, Mamun MAL, Husna A, Islam KM, Alam KJ, Rahman MM (2015). Prevalence of diseases in commercial chickens at Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. International Clinical Pathology Journal 1(5):104-108.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Balami AG, Ndahi JJ, Zaifada AU, Mustapha M, Jarafu DJ, Asogwa NT, Hajara S (2014). A retrospective study of poultry diseases diagnosed in Maiduguri, North-East, Nigeria. Poultry Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences 2(2):113.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Barua H, Biswas PK, Olsen KE, Christensen JP (2012). Prevalence and characterization of motile Salmonella in commercial layer poultry farms in Bangladesh. PloS One 7:e35914.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Begum IA (2005). An assessment of vertically integrated contract poultry farming: a case study in Bangladesh. International Journal of Poultry Sciences 4(3):167-176.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Borah MK, Islam R, Sarma M, Mahanta JD, Kalita N (2017). Prevalence and seasonal variation of certain microbial diseases in Kamrup and Kamrup (Metro) Districts of Assam. International Journal of Chemical Studies 5(3):724-726.
|
|
|
|
|
Brugere-Picoux J, Vaillancourt JP, Shivaprasad HL, Venne D, Bouzouaia M (2015). Manual of Poultry Diseases. France Association for the Advancement of Science, Paris, France.
|
|
|
|
|
Chakma S (2015). Epidemiology of infectious bursal disease in broiler birds of three districts in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 1(1):59-64.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Choudhary UK, Tiwary BK, Prasad A, Ganguly S (2012). Study on incidence of infectious bursal disease in and around Ranchi. India Journal of Animal Research 46(2):156-159.
|
|
|
|
|
Das A, Ghosh P, Sen A, Das A, Chowdhury S (2018). A Retrospective Analysis of Prevalence of Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bursal Disease in Poultry at Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Health 2(2):108.
|
|
|
|
|
DLS (Department of livestock services) (2018). Annual report on livestock 2017-18. Division of Livestock Statistics, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
|
|
|
|
|
DLS (2016). Yearly updated report for 2015-2016. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
|
|
|
|
|
DLS (2013). Annual report on livestock 2013. Division of Livestock Statistics, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
|
|
|
|
|
Elina KC, Ahad A, Palash NA, Anower AM (2017). Sero Investigation of Newcastle Disease Virus in Pigeons at Chittagong Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh. Biomedical Letters 3(2):94-98.
|
|
|
|
|
Geresu MA, Elemo KK, Kassa GM (2016). Newcastle disease: Seroprevalence and associated risk factors in backyard and small scale chicken producer farms in Agarfa and Sinana Districts of Bale Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 8(8):99-106.
|
|
|
|
|
Ghosh P, Samanta I, Joardar S, Mandal G, Isore D, Dey S, Batabyal K (2017). Sero-Surveillance of Newcastle disease virus in Kuroilers and indigenous birds in Darjeeling district. Indian Journal of Animal Health 56(1):95-98.
|
|
|
|
|
Hamid MA, Rahman MA, Ahmed S, Hossain KM (2017). Status of poultry industry in Bangladesh and the role of private sector for its development. Asian Journal of Poultry Science 11(1):1-13.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Hasan AR, Ali MH, Siddique MP, Rahman MM, Islam MA (2010). Clinical and laboratory diagnoses of newcastle and infectious bursal diseases of chickens. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 8(2):131-140.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Hassan MK, Kabir MH, Al Hasan MA, Sultana S, Khokon MSI, Kabir SL (2016). Prevalence of poultry diseases in Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2(1):107-112.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Hoque MA, Brun E, Cook AJC, Bell JG, Mostafa MG, Debnath NC (2006). Monitoring the health of semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics.
|
|
|
|
|
Hoque MA, Skerratt LF, Rahman MA, Alim MA, Grace D, Gummow B, Rabiu, Alam Beg AB, Debnath NC (2011). Monitoring the health and production of household Jinding ducks on Hatia Island of Bangladesh. Tropical Animal Health and Production 43(2):431-440.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Hoque, MA, Skerratt LF, Rahman MA, Beg ARA, Debnath NC (2010). Factors limiting traditional household duck production in Bangladesh. Tropical Animal Health and Production 42(7):1579-1587.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Hossain KMM, Hossain MT, Yamato I (2010). Seroprevalence of Salmonella and Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens in Rajshahi and surrounding districts of Bangladesh. International Journal of Biology 2(2):74.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Hossain MT, Islam MA, Amin MM, Islam MA (2005). Comparative efficacy of the conventional and experimentally developed duck plague vaccine. International Journal of Poultry Science 4(6):369-371.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Islam M, Sabrin MS, Kabir MHB, Karim SJI, Sikder T (2018). Prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) foodborne pathogens in raw chicken meat in Dhaka city, Bangladesh: an increasing food safety concern, Asian Australas. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 3(1):17-27.
|
|
|
|
|
Islam S, Islam A, Moni SP, Bari MS, Islam K, Chakma S, Hossain ME, Siddiqe MZF, Hoassain MB, Chowdhury S (2016). A cross sectional study of Infectious Bursal Disease and Newcastle Disease in poultry in Narsingdi district of Bangladesh. Journal of Advance Veterinary and Animal Research 3(4):406-412.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Islam SS, Islam S, Siddiqe ZF, Shawon RH, Hanif SM, Rahman MA (2014). Diseases of Birds and their responses to treatment in different regions of Bangladesh. International Journal Natural and Social Sciences 1(1):31-36.
|
|
|
|
|
Khan KA, Saha S, Hossain MT, Haque ME, Haq MM, Islam MA (2018). Epidemiological investigation of recurrent outbreaks of duck plague in selected Haor (wetland) areas of Bangladesh. Journal of Advance Veterinary and Animal Research 5(2):131-139.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Khan MS, Akhtar N, Haque ME, Barua A, Chowdhury T, Mullick R (2014). Isolation and identification of nonplasmid multidrug resistant E. coli from poultry wastes in Chittagong region, Bangladesh. Journal of Bacteriology and Parasitology 5(1):1-7.
|
|
|
|
|
Lawal JR, El-Yuguda AD, Ibrahim UI (2016). Survey on prevalence of Newcastle disease antibodies in village poultry at live birds markets in Gombe, Nigeria. Journal of Animal Sciences and Livestock Production 1(1):1.
|
|
|
|
|
Majó N, Dolz R (2011). Atlas of Avian Necropsy, Servet Veterinary Publishing Company, Spain.
|
|
|
|
|
Matin MA, Islam MA, Khatun MM (2017). Prevalence of colibacillosis in chickens in greater Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. Veterinary World 10(1):29-33.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Munmun T, Islam KMF, Jalal S, Das T, Tofazzol R (2016). Investigation of Proportionate Prevalence of Newcastle Disease in Chicken, Pigeon and Duck at Selected Veterinary Hospitals in Bangladesh and India. Journal of Dairy Veterinary and Animal Research 4(2):00118.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Parvez MAK, Marzan M, Liza SM, Mou TJ, Azmi IJ (2016). Prevalence of Inhibitor Resistant Beta Lactamase Producing E. coli in Human and Poultry Origin of Bangladesh. Journal of Bacteriology and Parasitology 7(271):2.
|
|
|
|
|
Paul TK, Amin MR, Alam MA, Rahman MK, Sarker YA, Rizon MK (2015). Occurrence of pigeon diseases at Khulna Sadar, Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 13(2):21-25.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Rahman MA, Rahman MM, Abdullah MS, Sayeed MA, Rashid MH, Mahmud R, Belgrad JP, Hoque MA (2019). Epidemiological assessment of clinical poultry cases through the government veterinary hospital-based passive surveillance system in Bangladesh: a case study. Tropical Animal Health and Production 51(4):967-975.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Rahman MA, Rahman MM, Moonmoon M, Alam KJ, Islam MZ (2017). Prevalence of common diseases of broiler and layer at Gazipur district in Bangladesh. Asian Journal Medical and Biological Research 3(2):290-293.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Rashid MH, Xue C, Islam MT, Islam MR, Cao Y (2013). Risk factors associated with infectious bursal disease in commercial chickens in Bangladesh. Preventive Veterinay Medicine 111(1-2):181-185.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Rimi NA, Sultana R, Muhsina M, Uddin B, Haider N, Nahar N, Zeidner N, Sturm-Ramirez K, Luby SP (2017). Biosecurity conditions in small commercial chicken farms, Bangladesh 2011-2012. EcoHealth 14(2):244-258.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Sabuj AAM, Rahman M, Barua N, Haque ZF, Pondit A, Islam K, Hassan MM (2019). Seroprevalence of Salmonella Infection in Commercial Layer Chickens in Cox's Bazar District, Bangladesh. American Journal of Microbiological Research 7(1):19-23.
|
|
|
|
|
Sarker SC, Saha S, Amin MM, Hossain MG (2012). The efficacy of Ranikhet disease vaccines produced by Livestock Research Institute of Bangladesh. Microbes and Health 1(1):9-13.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Sarker SK, Sumon SMMR, Khan MA, Islam MT (2016). Knowledge, attitude and practices survey on avian influenza in three districts of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 14(1):27-36.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Sultana S, Rashid SMH, Islam MN, Ali MH, Islam MM, Azam MG (2015). Pathological investigation of avian aspergillosis in commercial broiler chicken at Chittagong district. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 10(1):366-376.
|
|
|
|
|
Talukder ML, Zuhra FT, Islam KE, Ahmed MS (2017). Prevalence of infectious diseases in Sonali chickens at Bogra Sadar Upazila, Bogra, Bangladesh. Journal of Advance Veterinary and Animal Research 4(1):39-44.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Uddin MB, Ahmed SSU, Hassan MM, Khan SA, Mamun MA (2010). Prevalence of poultry diseases at Narsingdi, Bangladesh. International Journal of Biological Research 1(6):9-13.
|
|
|
|
|
Xia J, Cui JQ, He X, Liu YY, Yao KC, Cao SJ, Han XF, Huang Y (2017). Genetic and antigenic evolution of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in domestic chickens in southwestern China, 2013-2016. PloS One 12:e0171564.
Crossref
|
|
|
|
|
Yunus AW, Nasir MK, Aziz T, Bohm J (2009). Prevalence of poultry diseases in district Chakwal and their interaction with mycotoxicosis: 2. Effects of season and feed. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 19(1):1-5.
|
|
