African Journal of
Microbiology Research

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1996-0808
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJMR
  • Start Year: 2007
  • Published Articles: 5228

Full Length Research Paper

Viruses, coronaviruses and COVID-19: A note for non-virology specialists

Yakubu Egigogo Raji
  • Yakubu Egigogo Raji
  • Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State, Nigeria.
  • Google Scholar
Yahaya Muhammad Sanusi
  • Yahaya Muhammad Sanusi
  • Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
  • Google Scholar
Zamberi Bin Sekawi
  • Zamberi Bin Sekawi
  • Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 26 September 2020
  •  Accepted: 15 December 2020
  •  Published: 31 January 2021

References

Adli M (2018). The CRISPR tool kit for genome editing and beyond. Nature Communications 9(1):1-13.
Crossref

 

Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Medicine 26(4):450-452.
Crossref

 
 

Berger T, Eisenkraft A, Bar-Haim E, Kassirer M, Aran AA, Fogel I (2016). Toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review. Disaster and Military Medicine 2(1):7.
Crossref

 
 

Bruce G (2020). What's a virus, anyway? Part 1: The bare-bones basics. Scope 2020. 

 
 

Burrell CJ, Howard CR, Murphy FA (2017). Chapter 31 - Coronaviruses, in Fenner and White's Medical Virology (Fifth Edition), CJ Burrell, CR Howard, FA Murphy, Editors. 2017, Academic Press: London pp. 437-446.
Crossref

 
 
BioRender.com: Generic Viral Life Cycle (2020). Adapted from "Generic Viral Life Cycle". Retrieved from 
 
 
BioRender.com: Coronavirus Replication Cycle (2020a). Adapted from "Coronavirus Replication Cycle". Retrieved from 
 
 
BioRendercom: Coronavirus Re plication Cycle (2020b). Adapted from"Coronavirus Replication Cycle". Retrieved from 
 
 

Carpenter DO (2013). Human disease resulting from exposure to electromagnetic fields. Reviews on Environmental Health 28(4):159-172.
Crossref

 
 

Carus WS (2017). A short history of biological warfare: from pre-history to the 21st century. Vol. 12. Government Printing Office.

 
 

Chaitanya KV (2019). Structure and Organization of Virus Genomes. Genome and Genomics: From Archaea to Eukaryotes pp. 1-30.
Crossref

 
 

Clark DP, Pazdernik NJ (2016). Biological Warfare: Infectious Disease and Bioterrorism. Biotechnology P 687.
Crossref

 
 

Claverie J-M (2006). Viruses take center stage in cellular evolution. Genome Biology 7(6):110.
Crossref

 
 

Domingo E (2020). Chapter 1 - Introduction to virus origins and their role in biological evolution, in Virus as Populations (Second Edition), E. Domingo, Editor. 2020, Academic Press. pp. 1-33.
Crossref

 
 

Etemadi MR, Othman N, Lye MS, Ansari S, Yubbu P, Sekawi Z (2019). Diversity of respiratory viruses detected among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections at Hospital Serdang, Malaysia. Journal of Virological Methods 269:1-6.
Crossref

 
 
FIND (2020). SARS-COV-2 DIAGNOSTIC PIPELINE. 2020 [cited 2020 04/18]; Available from: 
 
 

Funk RK, Stockham AL, Laack NNI (2016). Chapter 3 - Basics of Radiation Therapy, in Clinical Cardio-Oncology, J. Herrmann, Editor. 2016, Elsevier pp. 39-60.
Crossref

 
 
Geneva UNO (2020). Latest Information. 2020 [cited 2020 16 April]; Available from: 
 
 

Kaján GL, Doszpoly A, Tarján ZL, Vidovszky MZ, Papp T (2020). Virus-Host Coevolution with a Focus on Animal and Human DNA Viruses. Journal of Molecular Evolution 88(1):41-56.
Crossref

 
 

Khalid Z, Yousaf MA, Tu-Allah Khan A, Shakoori FR, Munir M, Shakoori AR (2020). Debunking Myths about COVID-19, Paranoiac Misconceptions, Recent Developments and its Current Stance. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 52(6).
Crossref

 
 

Koonin EV, Yutin N (2018). Multiple evolutionary origins of giant viruses. F1000Research, 2018. 7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1840.
Crossref

 
 

Krupovic M, Dolja VV, Koonin EV (2019). Origin of viruses: primordial replicators recruiting capsids from hosts. Nature Reviews Microbiology 17(7):449-458.
Crossref

 
 

Lalchhandama K (2020). The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold.
Crossref

 
 

Lauer V (2015). Did Wired and Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony cause the emergence of epidemic Poliomyelitis?

 
 

Miller AB, Sears M, Hardell L, Oremus M, Soskolne CL (2019). Risks to Health and Well-Being From Radio-Frequency Radiation Emitted by Cell Phones and Other Wireless Devices. Frontiers in Public Health 7:223-223.
Crossref

 
 

Mougari S, Sahmi-Bounsiar D, Levasseur A, Colson P, La Scola B (2019). Virophages of Giant Viruses: An Update at Eleven. Viruses 11(8):733.
Crossref

 
 

Mughal F, Nasir A, Caetano-Anollés G (2020). The origin and evolution of viruses inferred from fold family structure. Archives of Virology 165(10):2177-2191.
Crossref

 
 

O'Carroll IP, Rein A (2016). Viral Nucleic Acids, in Encyclopedia of Cell Biology, RA Bradshaw, PD Stahl, Editors. 2016, Academic Press: Waltham pp. 517-524.
Crossref

 
 

Okunlola MA, Lamptey E, Senkyire EK, Dorcas S, Dooshima BA (2020). Perceived Myths and Misconceptions about the Novel COVID-19 Outbreak. SciMedicine Journal 2(3):108-117.
Crossref

 
 

Oliveira M, Mason-Buck G, Ballard D, Branicki W, Amorim A (2020). Biowarfare, bioterrorism and biocrime: A historical overview on microbial harmful applications. Forensic Science International 314:110366.
Crossref

 
 

Pal M, Tsegaye M, Girzaw F, Bedada H, Godishala V, Kandi V (2017). An overview on biological weapons and bioterrorism. American Journal of Biomedical Research 5(2):24-34.
Crossref

 
 

Rao DB (2011). Biological Warfare. 2011: Discovery Publishing House Pvt.Ltd.

 
 

Raoult D, Forterre P (2008). Redefining viruses: lessons from Mimi virus. Nature Reviews Microbiology 6(4):315-319.
Crossref

 
 

Sandaa R-A, Bratbak G (2018). Is the Virus Important? And Some Other Questions. Viruses 10(8):442.
Crossref

 
 

Shah AUM, Safri SN, Thevadas R, Noordin NK, Abd Rahman A, Sekawi Z, Ideris A, Sultan MT (2020). COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia: Actions taken by the Malaysian government. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 97:108-116.
Crossref

 
 

Shwetha S (2018). Virus - The Biological Brain Twister. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7(5):54-61.
Crossref

 
 

Thiel V (2018). Synthetic viruses-Anything new?. PLoS pathogens 14(10):e1007019.
Crossref

 
 

Thomas R (2019). Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach. 2019: Scientific e-Resources.

 
 

Vashist SK (2020). In Vitro Diagnostic Assays for COVID-19: Recent Advances and Emerging Trends. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Crossref

 
 

Virus Replication (2017). in Fenner's Veterinary Virology (Fifth Edition), NJ MacLachlan and EJ Dubovi, Editors. 2017, Academic Press: Boston pp. 17-45.
Crossref

 
 

World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). W.H.O. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans. 2020. 

 
 

Zimmer C (2015). A planet of viruses. 2015: University of Chicago Press.
Crossref