African Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmacology

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1996-0816
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJPP
  • Start Year: 2007
  • Published Articles: 2288

Full Length Research Paper

Acute oral toxicity of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn. ethanolic extract in albino mice

Nalule A. S.
  • Nalule A. S.
  • Department of Wildlife and Aquatic Animal Resources Management, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
  • Google Scholar
Afayoa M.
  • Afayoa M.
  • Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
  • Google Scholar
Mali B.
  • Mali B.
  • Department of Wildlife and Aquatic Animal Resources Management, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
  • Google Scholar
Majidu M.
  • Majidu M.
  • Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 22 September 2014
  •  Accepted: 22 November 2016
  •  Published: 08 January 2017

References

Adedapo AA, Abatan MO, Olorunsogo OO (2004). Toxic effects of some plants in the genus Euphorbia on haematological and biochemical parameters of rats. Vet. Arhiv. 74(1):53-62.

 

Alldredge J (1993). The effect of condensed tannins on browsers and grazers: Quantitative and Qualitative defense? Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Colorado P 7.

 
 

Anilkumar M (2010). Ethnomedicinal plants as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. In: Chattopadhyay D (ed). Ethnomedicine: A Source of Complementary Therapeutics, pp. 267-293.

 
 

Burkill HM (1994). The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanical Garden, Ken. 2:12-150.

 
 

Burkill IH (1935). A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.

 
 

Chan K (2003). Some aspects of toxic contaminants in herbal medicines. Chemosphere 52(9):1361-1371.
Crossref

 
 

Drury RAB, Wallington EA (1980). Carleton's histological techniques. 5th Ed. Oxford University press. Oxford, New York, Toronto pp. 188-189, 237-240, 290-291.

 
 

Dunn WL (1974). Hand book of histopathological and histochemical techniques. 3rd Ed. Redwood, Burn, Ltd., Trowbridge and Esher.

 
 

Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO (2005). Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4(7): 685-688.
Crossref

 
 

Ekam VS, Ebong PE (2007). Serum protein and enzyme levels in rats following administration of antioxidant vitamins during caffeinated and non-caffeinated paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 22(1-2):65-68

 
 

Falodun A, Sajjad A, Irfan MQ, Iqbal MIC (2008). Phytochemical and biological investigation of chloroform and ethylacetate fractions of Euphorbia heterophylla leaf (Euphorbiaceae). J. Med. Plants Res. 2(12): 365-369.

 
 

Falodun A, Agbakwuru EOP, Ukoh GC (2003). Antibacterial Activity of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn (Family Euphorbiaceae). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. Res. 46(6):471- 472.

 
 

Falodun A, Okunrobo LO, Uzoamaka N (2006). Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory evaluation of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn (Euphorbiaceae). Afr. J. Biotech. 5:529-531.

 
 

Fennell CW, Lindsey KL, McGaw LJ, Sparg SG, Stafford GI, Elgorashi EE, Grace OM, van Staden J (2004). Review Assessing African medicinal plants for efficacy and safety: pharmacological screening and toxicology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 94:205-217.
Crossref

 
 

Ghosh MN (1984). Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology. 2nd edition.

 
 

Gloor SM (1997). Relevance of Na+-K+-ATPase to local extracellular potassium homeostasis and modulation of synaptic transmission. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letter, 412: 1-4.
Crossref

 
 

Huang KC, Chang JH, Tung SF, Wu RT, Foegh ML (1992). Immunosupressive effect of emodin a free radical generator. Euro. J. Pharm. 211:359-364.
Crossref

 
 

Johnson P, Abduraham EM, Tiam EA, Abduaguye I, Hussaini IN (1999). E. hirta extracts increase urine output and electrolytes in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 65:63-69.
Crossref

 
 

Jyothi TM, Prabhu K, Jayachandran E, Lakshminarasu S, Ramachandra SS (2008). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Euphorbia antiquorum. Pharmacogn. Mag. 4:127-133.

 
 

Karimi I, Yousefi J, Ghashghaei A (2010). Ocular Toxicity Caused by Euphorbia Sap: A Case Report. Iranian of Pharmacol. Therapeut. 9(1): 37-39.

 
 

Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1975). Indian medicinal plants. M/s Bishen singh Mahendrapal singh, Dehardun. 3:2204-2216.

 
 

Kongvongxay S, Preston TR, Leng RA, Khang DN (2011). Effect of a tannin-rich foliage (Mimosa pigra) on feed intake, digestibility, N retention and methane production in goats fed a basal diet of Muntingia calabura. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 23.

 
 

Kuppusamy C, Muugan K (2008). Mosquitocidal effect of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn. Against the Bancroftian filariasis vector, Culex quinguefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae). Inter. J. Integr. Biol. 4(1):34.

 
 

Malu SP, Obochi GO, Edem CA, Nyong BE (2009). Effect of methods of extraction on phytochemical constituents and antibacterial properties of tetracarpidium conophorum seeds. Glob. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 15(3):373-376.

 
 

Matsumura F (1975). Toxicology of Insecticides 2nd Edition Plenum Press N.Y. pp. 4-6.
Crossref

 
 

Moshi MJ, van den Beukel CJP, Hamza OJM, Mbwambo ZH, Nondo ROS, Masimba PJ, Matee MIN, Kapingu MC, Mikx F, Verweij PE, van der Ven AJAM (2007). Brine shrimp toxicity evaluation of some potential and phytochemical composition of ethanolic and water crude extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn. J. Med. Plants Res. 7(43):3202-3210.

 
 

Tanzanian plants used traditionally for the treatment of fungal infections. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement Altern . Med. 4(2):219-225.

 
 

Nalule AS, Mbaria JM, Kimenju JW (2013). In vitro anthelmintic Nalule AS, Mbaria JM, Olila D, Kimenju JW (2011). Ethnopharmacological practices in management of livestock helminthes by pastoral communities in the drylands of Uganda. Livestock Res. Rural Dev. 23 p.

 
 

Nsimba-Lubaki M, Peumans WJ, Carlier AR (1983). Isolation and partial characterization of a lectin from Euphorbia heterophylla seeds. Biochem. J. 215(1):141-145.
Crossref

 
 

Ogueke CC, Ogbulie JN, Okoli IC, Anyanwu BN (2007). Activities and toxicological potentials of crude ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta antibacterial activities and toxicological potentials of crude ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta. Am. J. Sci. 3:11-16.

 
 

Okoli RI, Turay AA, Mensah JK, Aigbe AO (2009). Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Four Herbs from Edo State, Nigeria. Report and Opinion 1(5):67-73.

 
 

Ologe IA, Sogbesan OA (2007). Pscicidal potential of dried E. heterophylla (L.) stem water extract on Barbus occidentalis (Pisce: Cyprinidae) Boulenger 1920) fingerings. Res. J. Environ. Toxicol. 1(4):191-197.
Crossref

 
 

Oluduro A, Olumide O (2010). In vitro antibacterial potential and synergistic effect of south western Nigerian plant parts used in folkore remedy against salmonella typhi infection. Nature and Science 8:9.

 
 

Parsons W, Cuthbertson E (1992). Noxious Weeds of Australia. pp. 420-422.

 
 

Prophet EB, Mills B, Arrington JB, Sobin LHMD (Eds) (1994). Laboratory methods in Histotechnology. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Published by the American Registry of Pathology Washington, D.C. ISBN: 1-881041-00-X

 
 

Rodriguez E, Twers GHN, Mitchell JC (1976). Biological activities of sesquiterpene Lactones. Phytochemistry, 15:1573.
Crossref

 
 

Toma I, Karumi Y, Geidam MA (2009). Phytochemical screening and toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of the pods pulp of Cassia sieberiana DC. (Cassia Kotchiyana Oliv.). Afr. J. Pure Appl. Chem. 3(2):26-30.

 
 

UNDP/World Bank/WHO (2001). Introduction of the OECD principles of GLP. Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)-Good Laboratory Practice Training Manual for the Trainee. pp. 3-19.

 
 

Wattman JM, Breyer-Brandiwijk MG (1962). Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E and Livingstone Ltd 2nd Edition, London: E and S Livingstone; pp. 554-555.

 
 

Wilken K, Schempp CM (2005). Toxic phytodermatitis caused by Euphorbia helioscopia L. (sun spurge) Hautarzt.56 (10): 955-957.
Crossref

 
 

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2010). Climate change and human health. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from 

View