Full Length Research Paper
ABSTRACT
Ensuring food security is a global challenge that can be mitigated by improving agricultural production. From the last few decades, many developed nations have introduced modern and sustainable agricultural system to abate this challenge. Now, developing countries also demand the blessings of sustainable agricultural system to face this globally burning issue. The purpose of this study is to examine the current agricultural system of main crops and challenges of food security of Bangladesh. Therefore, on the basis of present scenarios of agricultural productivity, some suggestions have been proposed to combat the food security challenges. Mainly agricultural related secondary data published by the government of Bangladesh were analysed to conduct this research. All over the country, farmers are facing challenges of storage facilities, lack of modern agricultural machineries, unfriendly market policy of agro-products, less empathy of governments and natural disaster. Last few year's potato productions has been increasing noticeably because of soil fertility, due to farmer’s well-mannered adaptation strategies to climate change, high yield crop seed, using optimum fertilizer, farmer’s dearness etc. On the other hand, Jute, the world second largest product also declining the production which contributes 4.66% to economic growth. However, Government’s initiatives can ensure food security and sustainable agricultural system of Bangladesh. In this context, farmer friendly agricultural policies, introducing modern technologies, as well as inventing climate adaptive new crop species can be helpful to achieve food security. This research gears towards realization of present agricultural productivity scenarios and to take proper measures by the decision makers of Bangladesh.
Key words: Crop calendar, cropping pattern, hazards, irrigation.
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is the world’s eighthdensely populated country which is fifty times higher than that of the US and six times higher than even that of China (Ministry of Land, 2016). Its total land area is 14,570 km2 where 60% of the total land area is used as cultivated area (BBS, 2016). The population is still increasing by 1.37% every year (BBS, 2017)( ), however, the cultivated land is decreasing simultaneously. The agricultural land is converted by the uncontrolled urbanization, industrialization as well as with the increasing of human activities (Ahmed, 2013). These land to human ratio decreasing phenomenon is the serious encounters of food security in Bangladesh (Roy et al., 2019)(). For food security, the country still depends on the import of food grains where crop production is higher than before, implying that demand is more than production. In 2008, Bangladesh imported 11.5% of total availability and it is also predicted that until 2021, the demand of staple food will also exceed supply which indicates that demand will also remain higher than production (Begum and D’Haese, 2010).
Agriculture of Bangladesh is constrained due to climate change induced hazards (drought, flood, salinity, riverbank erosion etc) and by a number of challenges such as in adequate management practise, population growth, unfair crop price, insufficient credit facilities, loss of arable land, lack of investment in agricultural research (Mondal, 2010;)Ghose, 2014). In addition, Karim et al., (2017)indicated that availability of quality seed, market access facility, lack of storage facility and slow technology transfer also slow down the agricultural development process. In all, Shelley et al. (2016)added soil fertility, pest: insect, pathogens and weeds, extreme temperature stresses, and multiple stress with those as agricultural challenges. However, there were existing large regional disparities, lacking policy implication, and unequal resources allocation among farmers (Bagchi et al., 2019). Increasing labour cost and water scarcity are not the only factors threatening crop production, but weeds, lodging, blast, debases, poor kernel quality/low-quality seed and low yield rate are also responsible for it. Moreover, natural hazards like flood, drought, riverbank erosion, low price, etc are also accelerating the challenges more severe.
About 1.2 million people needs food security assistance; among this, 80% (884000 refugees are in Cox’s Bazar) of refugees and also about 30% of total population of the country are vulnerable to food insecurity (World Bank, 2017). About 23.2% population live below poverty line in the country (BBS, 2016; SDG, 2018). For food security, the country still depends on the import of food grains where crop production is higher than before, implying that demand is more than production. In 2008, Bangladesh imported 11.5% of total availability and it is also predicted that until 2021, the demand of staple food will also exceed supply which indicates that demand will also remain higher than production (Begum and D’Haese, 2010).
Many developing countries are facing challenges including population growth, low management mechanisms, agricultural resources scarcity, and environmental degradation, however the government has made great effort to solve those challenges (Zhao et al., 2007). In China, agricultural contribution percentage rose to 45% in 2000 from 20% during 1953-1957 because of confirmation of more than 40,000 interventions of agricultural science and technology from 1979 to 2003 (Niu, 2004). On the other hand, India, an agriculture base economic country, has been facing challenges because of dependency on rain for crop yield, declining environmental quality of land, low adaptation of modern technology, practicing too haphazard and unscientific farming (Singh and Parihar, 2015). Singh and Parihar (2015) suggested that human resources, capital, technical resources and optimum use of natural resources are required to achieve sustainable development. Furthermore, agricultural development of Afghanistan is facing challenges with limited access to technology, weak institutional support, organization and management of research, education and extension system (Saleem and Raouf, 2011). Afghanistan is now trying to solve those obstacles through agricultural education and training (Mason et al., 2008; Saleem and Raouf, 2011).
Bangladesh has a monsoon climate with a hot, rainy summer (suitable for Aman rice, Jute) and a dry winter season suitable for Boro rice, wheat, potato, maize (Table 1). In the country, rice is the dominant crop and contributes 70% of calories consumed (Majumder et al., 2016), so rice management intervention has been a focus of food security activities. For the causes of climate, suitable rainfall, temperature, and soil type, Bangladesh can grow plenty of rice all over the year. Rice has wide adaptation ability under different agro-ecological niches of the country. For its distinct characteristics, it can be cultivated from slope of the hill to a very deep flooded area where water depth rises around 3 m (Nasim et al., 2017). The study area is also a disaster-prone area that almost all over the year happens in the country meanwhile different regions are affected by different disasters (Table 3).
METHODS
This research was conducted based on secondary information collected from different organizations. Both spatial and non-spatial data were collected for visualizing the distribution pattern of crop production in Bangladesh. Therefore, challenges of food security were scrutinized through related literature. Finally, based on the distribution pattern and constraint of food securities, some pathways were proposed for attaining sustainable agricultural development (Figure 2).
RESULTS
Southern and southwestern districts are more suitable for Aus rice. Aus rice is mainly cultivated all over the country except some hilly regions and production rate is higher in Barisal region than the other part of the country (Figures 4 and 6a). Aman and Boro rice are cultivated almost in all districts but Aman rice grows well in floodplain region Barisal, Bhola, Dinajpur, Naogaon, Jessore, Sirajganj, Mymensingh, Rangpur Jamalpur districts (Figures 4 and 6b).
On the other hand, Boro rice grows well in the northern region, especially in the irrigated areas such as Dinajpur, Srajganj, Tangail, Mymensingh, Sunamganj etc (Figures 4 and 6c). In Bangladesh, wheat is grown in the western region, Panchagar, Thakurgaon, Gaibandha, Rajshahi, Chapai Nabanbgaon, Pabna, Tangail, Rajbari, and Meherpur etc area (Figures 5 and 7). Potato grows in north-western region of the country especially Rangpur, Gaibandha, Rajshahi, Sirajganj, Narayanganj, and Munshiganj district of Bangladesh (Figures 5 and 8). Recently, maize also played a role in mitigating wheat demand. It grows in Faridpur, Gopalganj, Rajbari, Kustia, Manikganj, rajshahi, Meherpur, and Dinajpur districts of the country (Figures 5 and 9).
DISCUSSION
This paper examined the major challenges of agricultural production. Although the government of Bangladesh has taken so many steps for the development of the agricultural sector, there are still many present and future challenges in the sector. Due to farmer’s financial problem, natural disaster, lack of promotion of new inventions, lack of proper seed and fertilizer distribution, less availability of transportation system, unbalanced market price, lack of storage facilities, dependency on nature, land fragmentation, and traditional way of cultivation, this sector cannot develop as well.
With this, population increase, flooding, and excessive rainfall resulting to weather change make a dramatic impact on agricultural conditions. Flooding and excessive rainfall in 2008 - 2009 damaged Aman rice in Pabna whereas during 2009 - 2010 (April to May), flood and rush of water damaged 46.7% of Boro rice in Sylhet (BBS, 2011). Along with this, Manikganj and Sherpur, regions near Padma River faced severe soil and river bank erosion due to longer and high flood water level that influence change of cropping and homestead areas. From 2003 - 2012, annual rainfall increased by 809 mm in Sylhet, while the value decreased by 364 mm in Dhaka (BBS, 2011). This type of frequent drought, flood, and excessive rainfall occur as a result of changing rainfall patterns which indicates the influences of global climate change (Shapla et al., 2015).
Bangladesh has a monsoon climate with a hot, rainy summer (Aman rice) and a dry winter season (Boro rice). Aman season floods are a severe threat to the farmers in the southern coastal belt and in the northwest region (FAO, 2016). In the last fiscal year, rice was cultivated in 11.7 million hectares whereas production was 34.7 million metric tons (Sindelar et al., 2016). According to Ministry of Food (MOF) in 2018, imported rice amount to 3.06 MMT. About 4% of the total cropped area is occupied by wheat and 11% of the area is cropped in Rabi season (November to February) and contribute 7% in total output of food cereals (Hossain et al., 2013). Driving of climate change to global warming has already produced a radical change in temperature routines in Bangladesh and will impact strongly on wheat production (Hossain et al., 2013). In Bangladesh, wheat is grown in the western region, Panchagar, Thakurgaon, Gaibandha, Rajshahi, Chapai Nababganj, Pabna, Tangail, Rajbari, and Meherpur areas etc (Figure 7). For 2017/2018, wheat planted area is lower at 350 million hectares and production is 1.1 MMT whereas 6.5 MMT wheat has being imported which is more than 80% of Bangladesh’s wheat consumption (Sindelar et al., 2016;MOF, 2018).
Wheat yields were reduced drastically to 0.73 million tons in 2005-2006 by increased temperature, even at higher levels of CO2. (Karim et al., 2010; BBS, 2008). In 2016, wheat was cultivated in 498,000 ha area (DAE, 2018) which is higher than 2009 but in several southwestern districts, wheat blast was observed in areas as Meherpur, Chuadanga, Jhinaidah, Pabna, Kustia, Jessore, Bhola, Barishal etc. It is estimated that 15% were affected by the wheat blast in this year. In some areas, 100% were also burned (Islam et al., 2016).
Import of wheat is increasing 1.4 million tons every year because of decreasing production to meet increasing domestic demand (Karim et al., 2010). Moreover, consumption of wheat is increasing due to industrialization, rapid urbanization and the consequent increase in the use of numerous bakery products. Cultivated land dropped to its lowest in the last three decades because farmers are switching to rice to get more profit from its high prices. In the last season, wheat cultivated land decreased by 80% (The Daily Star News, February 09, 2018; DAE, 2018). To control blast infection, wheat cultivation was discouraged in southern districts. Rainfall also forces farmers to engage in Boro rice cultivation instead of wheat cultivation.
For the causes of increasing demand and invention of new hybrid species, potato cultivation has been increasing from the last few years. We could substantially reduce pressure on rice by consuming more potatoes that can help partially to meet up the shortage of rice. Every year, million tons of potato damages for lack of proper storage facilities. It needs proper storage for fresh consumption or processing, to prevent post-harvest losses, and to guarantee adequate seed supply for the next cropping season, though off-season planting and cold storage may resolve this problem. Potato can contribute greatly to the food and nutrition security of our country, given the due attention and care.
In the early nineteenth century, Bangladesh was the highest in jute production, now second in respect of fibre production among jute growing countries. Jute alone contributes about 1.58% to GDP and Bangladesh grow the world’s best quality of jute because of the favourable soil and weather conditions (BBS, 2011). Bangladesh is the largest exporting country of raw jute accounting for 97% of the world’s total and 60% of the products (FAO, 2011). Due to a fall in jute demand worldwide at the end of nineteenth century, 29 jute mills were closed, 25,000 workers were unemployed, and 18 jute mills were privatized. Adamjee Jute Mills (largest jute mill) was closed on 30th June, 2002 based on the claim that it had incurred a loss of USD 35 million (BBC News, 2002). Jute production in Bangladesh is estimated lower despite extensive planting due to crop damage with excessively heavy rainfall; premature harvesting result to shorter fibers, attack of insect, attraction towards Ready Made Garments industry of the labors, demand for food security, and farmers choice of paddy production, but the substantial fall of price and world demand was also responsible for the steady decline which had a severe impact on the livelihoods of poor jute growing farmers in the country (FAO, 2011).
Worldwide export and import of jute have declined steadily at rates of 3.5 and 2.5% over the 43 years (1961-2003) according to the FAOSTAT database analysis. Later, import of jute has increased worldwide at a rate of 2.5% p.a. from 2004 to 2013 without improvement of export of jute (Rahman, 2017). Local traders and industries of the country faced fund crisis for jute procurement in the last year which pulled down the prices in the local market as well as export price (FAO Stat, 2016). Among all challenges, two factors are most significant - one being unfavourable market price, because of price volatility, weak bargaining power, multiple intermediary levels, low quality, and government procurement policy whereas another is production inefficiency, because of limited technical knowledge, lack of irrigation facilities and low-quality seed.
Nevertheless, besides other sectors, jute sector in Bangladesh also has to recover these major pressures by determining the competitiveness of jute in the global market, examining the financial profitability at the farm level and identifying the diver of productivity and efficiency at the farm level.　Figure 6 shows a diagram for agricultural development to fill out increased demand of food, to ensure nutrition for everyone, and to play an important role in the economy of the country.
Finally, while production of Aus ice is decreasing, Boro rice production is increasing, wheat and potato production is also increasing but potato production is much higher than others. Although jute production was downward before the last decade, if market management through implementation of Minimum Support Price (MSP) for the growers of jute fibre at the jute market season (September to December) can be improved, and the agricultural as well as product diversification technologies can be transferred properly, the jute sector will regain its glory and contribute to accelerating the economy of the country.
CHALLENGES OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Bangladesh currently has some challenges or barriers in the agricultural sector in terms of development, e.g. climate change induced hazards like uneven rainfall pattern, long dry period, heat wave; increased soil and water salinity for sea level rise; natural hazards like flood, cyclone, hailstorm etc.; riverbank erosion; political instability etc.
Organizational structure
A meaningful and strong organizational structure is the prerequisite for sustainable agricultural development. The current agricultural policy and organizational structure cannot fully support the farmers. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BARRI), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) and Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) who is the main quality seed producer of the country, contributes only 25% seeds planted (Hossain, 2012). Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) etc. and some NGOs (PROSHIKA, CARITAS, and UBINIG etc.) are involved in extent of sustainable agricultural practices but their activities are satisfactory.
Water stress
The retardation in crop growth caused by water stress at the seedling stage can be overcome, but at the reproductive stage, water stress can cause substantial reduction in rice yield (Shelley et al., 2016). Drought is one of the major abiotic constraints for rice and jute grown under rainfed conditions in Bangladesh. Aman rice usually suffers from water stress at the reproductive stage and reducing crop yield (Mahmood et al., 2004; Shelley et al., 2016).
Salinity
Soil and water salinity increase in the dry winter season and decrease in monsoon season in the coastal area. About 20% of the country cover coastal area, in which about 30% comprised the net cultivable area (Haque, 2006). The coastal area remains fallow during winter due to salinity. Aman is the main crop in the coastal area, and farmers mostly use traditional rice varieties, which can withstand salinity having a poor yield (Shelley et al., 2016).
Climate changes
Climate change affects agriculture most, such as irregular pattern of temperature and rainfall. Sea level rise due to climate change is increasing soil and water salinity in the southern region and shrinking arable land (Rahman, 2017). Climate projections suggest that Bangladesh will experience significant increases in average temperature and extreme weather events (e.g., heat wave), which will threaten crop and livestock production (Mondal, 2010; IPCC, 2007). It also contributes to food insecurity and poverty of the country and represents a severe and urgent issue with the potential to reduce total agricultural crop production over the coming decades (Hoque, 2001).
Natural hazards
Every year, crops are damaged due to flood, cyclone, drought, and heat wave. Irregular and off-season heavy rainfall creates flash flood that damages Aus rice in summer, pre-monsoon and post monsoon period. Cyclone damages Jute and Aman rice with about 24% of rainfed lowland; while long dry summer damages wheat, and drought burns jute leaves (Mondal, 2010; IPCC, 2007).
From 2009 to 2014, 56% of households are affected one time, 27% of households are affected two times and the rest of them are affected three or more times by disaster (Islam, 2016). Out of 155,175 acres of land, 80.2% were croplands damaged due to disaster, 68.3% were land damaged due to river or coastal erosion, 14% of land were due to flood, 10.4% by salinity, 0.8% by drought, 3.5% by storm and 3.5% by water logging (Islam, 2016).
Not all the natural hazards happen every year all over the country; while in one year flood may not be so much destructive, next year it would be. With this, every hazard effects in some specific region of the country like flood happen in floodplain area, and waterlogging in low land area. Tidal surge happens in coastal area, land slide in hilly area etc. Among all damage of crops, 12% were damaged by flood, 5.3% by the hailstorm, 5% by drought, and 4.7% by waterlogging. From the fiscal year 2009 to 2015, if there was no damage and loss in that period, GDP could increase on average by 0.30% per year (Islam, 2016).
Riverbank erosion
Every year, agricultural land keeps decreasing due to riverbank erosion in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna floodplain. Thousands of people become landless and homeless. It also damages cattle and livestock production (Mondal, 2010).
Soil fertility
For the causes of hot and humid climate, the rate of organic matter depletion is high. Due to imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers, intensive agriculture, limited addition of crop residues, and limited practice of green-manure cropping, soil fertility is also declining in the country (Shelley et al., 2016). Soils of the area are deficient in some essential elements such as n, P, K, and S, which are limiting factors and N is the most limiting factor among which Mg, Zn, and B are also reported to be limiting in many areas (Jahiruddin and Satter, 2010).
Government policy
Political instability is one of the main barriers of agricultural development in the country. Farmers are facing an electricity crisis, fertilizer, and seed crisis, lack of irrigation facilities, unstable market price, lack of cold storage etc. where some people get the facilities and most of the farmers are deprived because of proper distribution and lack of honesty of local government officers. Farmer’s right by undertaking policy reforms and strong affirmative actions can prevent farmer’s rights and can remove these barriers to the improvement of the agricultural sector in rural areas of Bangladesh. Low investment in agricultural research (Karim, 1997; Bhattacharya et al., 2015).
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics, Bangladesh Disaster-related Statistics, Department of Disaster Management, and Bangladesh Meteorological Department for their valuable data. Authors also appreciate Mustafizur Rahman, who always helped with arranging of data and making of maps. Finally, authors are grateful to Sharmin Shishir, the post-doctoral student of Faculty of Environmental Science of Hokkaido University for encouraging the writing of this paper.
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