Full Length Research Paper
References
Auty H, Anderson NE, Picozzi k, Lembo T, Mubanga J, Hoare R, Fyumagwa RD, Mable B, Hamill I, Cleaveland S, Welburn SC (2012). Trypanosome diversity in wildlife species from the Serengeti and Luangwa Valley ecosystems. Plos Neglected Trop. Dis. 6: 1828. |
|
Clausen PH, Wemann A, Patzel R, Kakaire D, Poetzsuch C, Peregrine A, Mehtz, (1998). Use of PCR assay for the specific and sensitive detection of Trypanosoma species in naturally infected dairy cattle in peri-urban Kampala. Uganda Annual New York Academy of Science, 849: 21-31. |
|
Cole EH (1986). Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 4th ed. W.B.S. Saunder Co. Philadelphia. |
|
D'ávila AMR, Ramirez L, Silva RAMS (1997). Morphological and biometrical differences among Trypanosoma vivax isolates from Brazil and Bolivia. Memoral Institute of Oswaldo Cruz, 92: 357-358. |
|
Deitsch KW, Lukehart SA, Stringer JR (2009). Common strategies for antigenic variation by bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens. Natl. Rev. Microbiol. 7:493-503. |
|
Delespaux V, Geysen D, Van den Bossche P, Geerts S (2008). Molecular tools for the rapid detection of drug resistance in animal trypanosomes. Trends Parasitol. 24(5):236-242. |
|
Desquesnes M, Mclaughlin G, Zoungrana A, Davila AM (2001). Detection and identification of Trypanosomes of African livestock through a single PCR based on internal transcribed spacer 1 of rDNA. Int. J. Parasitol. 31:610-614. |
|
Garcia AH, Rodrigues CA, Rodrigues CMF, Bengaly Z, Minervino AHH, Riet- Correa F, Machado RZ, Paiva F, Batista JS, Neves L, Hamilton PB, Teixeira GMM (2014). Microsatellite analysis supports clonal propagation and reduced divergence of Trypanosoma vivax from asymptomatic to fatally infected livestock in South America compared to West Africa. Parasit. Vect. 7:210. |
|
Greif G, de Leon M P, Lamolle G, Rodriguez M, Pi-eyro D, Tavares-Marques L M, Reyna-Bello A, Robello C and Valin FA (2013): Transcriptome analysis of the bloodstream stage from the parasite Trypanosoma vivax. Biomed. Central Genom. 14:149. |
|
Hatta M, Smits HL (2007). Detection of Salmonella typhi by nested polymerase chain reaction in blood, urine and stool samples. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76(1):139-143. |
|
Hide G, Tait A (1991). (1991). The molecular epidemiology of parasites. Experientia 47:128-142. |
|
Hutchinson OC, Picozzi K, Jones NG, Mott H, Sharma R, Welburn SC, Carrington M (2007). Variant Surface Glycoprotein gene repertoires in Trypanosoma brucei have diverged to become strain-specific. Biomed. Central Genom. 8:234. |
|
Isaac C, Ciosi M, Hamilton A, Scullion KM, Dede P, Igbinosa IB, Nmorsi OPG, Masiga D, Turner CMR (2016). Molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern Nigeria. Parasit. Vectors 9:301. |
|
Jackson AP, Goyard S, Xia D, Foth JB, Sanders M, Wastling JM, Minoprio P, Berriman M (2015). Global Gene Expression Profiling through the Complete Life Cycle of Trypanosoma vivax. Plos Negl. Trop. Dis. 9(8): 3975. |
|
Masiga DK, Smyth AJ, Hayes P, Bromidge TJ, Gibson WC (1992). Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification. Int. J. Parasitol. 22(7):909-918. |
|
Morrison LJ (2016). Animal African Trypanosomiasis: Time to increase Focus on Clinically Relevant Parasite and Host Species. Trends Parasitol. 1471-4922. |
|
Narendra S, Pathak KML, Rajender, (2004). Diagnosis of natural Trypanosoma evansi infection (Surra) by parasitological, serological and DNA amplification methods in camels. Proc. XV. National Congress of Veterinary Parasitology, Oct 25-27, GBPUAT, Pantnagar. |
|
Ogbaje CI, Lawal IA, Ajanusi OJ (2015). Sensitivity of Nigerian field isolates of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense to commonly available trypanocides. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 5(3):214-218. |
|
Pays E (2005). Regulation of antigen gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei. Trends Parasitol. 21:517-520. |
|
Petana W (1963). A method of counting trypanosomes using Gram's iodine as diluents. Trans. R Soc. Tropic. Med. Hyg. 57:307. |
|
Solano P, De La Rocque S, Cuisance D, Geoffroy B, De Meeus T, Cuny G, Duvallet G (1999). Intraspecific variability in natural populations of Glossina palpalis gambiensis from West Africa, revealed by genetic and morphometric analyses. Med. Vet. Entomol. 13:401-407. |
|
Stich A, Abel PM, Krishna S (2002). Human african trypanosomiasis. Brit. Med. J. 325(7357):203-206. |
|
Takeet MI, Fagbemi BO, De Donato M, Yakubu A, Rodulfo HE, Peters SO, Wheto M, Imumorin IG: (2013). Molecular survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 94(3): 555-561. |
|
Tibayrenc M, Neubauer K, Barnabe C, Guerrini F, Skarecky D, Ayala FJ (1993). Genetic characterization of six parasitic protozoa: parity between random-primer DNA typing and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90(4):1335-1339. |
|
Ventura RM, Paiva F, Silva RA, Takeda GF, Buck GA, Teixeira MM (2001). Trypanosoma vivax: characterization of the spliced-leader gene of a Brazilian stock and species-specific detection by PCR amplification of an intergenic spacer sequence. Exp. Parasitol. 99(1):37-48. |
|
Welsh J, McClelland M (1990). Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:7213-7218. |
|
Woo PTK (1971). Evaluation of heamatocrit centrifuge and other techniques for field diagnosis of trypanosomiasis and filariasis. Acta Trop. 28:298-303. |
|
Zambrano VS, Rosales BD, Carrero JC, Ortiz-Ortiz L (2002). How protozoan parasites evade the immune response. Trends Parasitol. 18(6):272- 278. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0