Full Length Research Paper
References
Bartram J, Chartier Y, Lee JV, Pond K, Surman-Lee S (2007). Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis. World Health Organization (WHO). Geneva. SBN: 9241562978. | ||||
Behets J, Declerck P, Delaedt Y, Creemers B, Ollevier F (2007). Development and evaluation of a Taqman duplex real-time PCR quantification method for reliable enumeration of Legionella pneumophila in water samples. J. Microbiol. Methods 68:137-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2006.07.002 PMid:16914218 |
||||
Blanco S, Prat C, Sánchez MD, Ferrer D, Pellicer T, Haba L, Latorre I, Vilaplana C, Ausina V, Domínguez J (2008). Evaluation of a Legionella urinary antigen enzyme immunoassay for rapid detection of Legionella pneumophila in water samples. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 211:168-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.02.002 PMid:17392021 |
||||
Bopp CA, Sumner JW, Morris GK, Wells JG (1981). Isolation of Legionella spp. from environmental water samples by low pH treatment and use of a selective medium. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13:714-719. PMid:7229015 PMCid:PMC273865 |
||||
Borges A, Simões M, Martínez-Murcia A, Saavedra M (2012). Detection of Legionella spp. in Natural and Man-made Water Systems Using Standard Guidelines. J. Microbiol. Res. 2:95-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.microbiology.20120204.06 |
||||
Brown CM, Nuorty PJ, Breiman RF, Lathcock AL, Fields BS, Lipman HB (1999). A community outbreak of Legionnaires' diseaselinked to hospital cooling towers: an epidemiological method to calculate dose of exposure. Int. J. Epidemiol. 28:353-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/28.2.353 PMid:10342703 |
||||
Christopher TD Price, Ashley M Richards, Juanita E Von Dwingelo, Hala A Samara, Yousef Abu Kwaik (2013). Amoeba host-Legionell asynchronization of amino acid auxotrophy and its role in bacterial adaptation and pathogenic evolution. Environ Microbiol. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12290 (Epub ahead of print). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12290 |
||||
Christopher TD Price, Souhaila Al-Khodor, Tasneem Al-Quadan, Yousef Abu Kwaik (2010). Indispensable Role for the Eukaryotic-Like Ankyrin Domains of the Ankyrin B Effector of Legionella pneumophilawithin Macrophages and Amoebae. Infect Immun. 78:2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01450-09 PMid:20194593 PMCid:PMC2863551 |
||||
Cloud JL, Carroll KC, Pixton P, Erali M, Hillyard R (2000). Detection of Legionella Species in Respiratory Specimens Using PCR with Sequencing Conï¬rmation. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1709-1712. PMid:10790085 PMCid:PMC86568 |
||||
Craun GF, Brunkard JM, Yoder JS (2010). Causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the United States from 1971 to 2006. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23:507-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00077-09 PMid:20610821 PMCid:PMC2901654 |
||||
Declerck P, Behets J, van Hoef V, Ollevier F (2007). Detection of Legionella spp. and some of their amoeba hosts in floating biofilms from anthropogenic and natural aquatic environments. Water Res. 41:3159-3167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.011 PMid:17544473 |
||||
Delgado-Viscogliosi P, Solignac L, Delattre JM (2009). Viability PCR, a culture-independent method for rapid and selective quantification of viable Legionella pneumophila cells in environmental water samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:3502-3512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02878-08 PMid:19363080 PMCid:PMC2687295 |
||||
Den Boer JW, Yzerman EPF (2004). Diagnosis of Legionella infection in Legionnaires' disease. Eue. J. Clin. Microbio. 23:871-878. | ||||
Diederen BMW (2008). Legionella spp. and Legionnaires' disease. J. Infect. 56:1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2007.09.010 PMid:17980914 |
||||
Diederen BMW, de Jong CMA, Aarts I, Peeters MF, van der Zee A (2007). Molecular evidence for the ubiquitous presence of Legionella species in Dutch tap water installations. J. Water Health 5:375-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.033 PMid:17878552 |
||||
Dusserre E, Ginevra C, Hallier-Soulier S, Vandenesch F, Festoc G, Etienne J, Jarraud S, Molmeret M (2008). A PCR-based method for monitoring Legionella pneumophilain water samples detects viable but noncultivable legionellae that can recover their cultivability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:4817-4824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02899-07 PMid:18515476 PMCid:PMC2519344 |
||||
Edelstein PH (1982). Comparative study of selective media for isolation of Legionella pneumophila from potable water. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16:697-699. PMid:7153316 PMCid:PMC272448 |
||||
Fields BS, Benson RF, Besser RE (2002). Legionella and legionnaires' disease: 25 Years of investigation. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15:506-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.3.506-526.2002 PMid:12097254 PMCid:PMC118082 |
||||
Fliermans CB, Cherry WB, Orrison LH, Smith SJ, Tison DL, Pope DH (1981). Ecological distribution of Legionella pneumophila. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:9-16. PMid:7013702 PMCid:PMC243633 |
||||
Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstein W, Parkin WE, Beecham HJ, Sharrar RG, Harris J, Mallison GF, Martin SM, McDade JE, Shepard CC, Brachman PS (1977). Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. N Engl. J. Med. 297:1189-1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197712012972201 PMid:335244 |
||||
GoetzA M, Stout JE, Jacobs SL, Fisher MA, Ponzer RE, Drenning SY, Victor L (1998). Nosocomial legionnaires' disease discovered in community hospitals following cultures of the water system: Seek and ye shall find. AJIC Am. J. Infect. Control. 26:8-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70054-9 |
||||
Hoge CW, Breiman RF (1991). Advances in the epidemiology and control of Legionella infections. Am. J. Epidemiol . 13:329-340. | ||||
ISO 11731-2 (2004). Water quality-detection and enumeration of Legionella - Part 2: direct membrane ï¬ltration method for waters with low bacterial counts. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva. | ||||
Jarraud S, Reyrolle M, Meugnier H, Forey F, Etienne J (2007). Legionnaires disease. Presse Med. 36:279-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2006.10.012 PMid:17258676 |
||||
Kim BR, Anderson JE, Mueller SA, Gaines WA, Kendall AM (2002). Literature review-efficacy of various disinfectants against Legionella in water systems. Water Res. 36: 4433-4444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00188-4 |
||||
Kümpers P, Tiede A, Kirschner P, Girke J, Ganser A, Peest D (2008). Legionnaires' disease inimmunocompromised patients: A case report of Legionella longbeachae pneumonia and review of the literature. J. Med. Microbiol. 57:384-387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47556-0 PMid:18287305 |
||||
Kusnetsov JM, Jousimies-Somer HR, Nevalainen AI, Martikainen PJ (1994). Isolation of Legionella from water samples using various culture methods. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 76:155-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb01611.x PMid:8144417 |
||||
Mérault N, Rusniok C, Jarraud S, Gomez-Valero, Cazalet C, Marin M, Brachet E, Aegerter P, Gaillard JL, Etienne J, Herrmann JL, Lawrence C, Buchrieser C (2011). Specific real-time PCR for simultaneous detection and identification of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in water and clinical samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:1708-1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02261-10 PMid:21193672 PMCid:PMC3067292 |
||||
Mietzner S, Schwille RC, Farley A, Wald ER, Ge JH, States SJ, Libert T, Wadowsky RM (1997). Efficacy of thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization for controlling Legionella pneumophila in high-volume heat water plumbing systems in hospitals. Am. J. Infect. Control 25:452-457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(97)90066-3 |
||||
Morio F, Corvec S, Caroff N, Le Gallou F, Drugeon H, Reynaud A (2008). Real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of Legionella pneumophila in environmental water samples: Utility for daily practice. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 211:403-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.06.002 PMid:17720622 |
||||
Stojek NM, Wójcik-Fatla A, Dutkiewicz J (2012). Efficacy of the detection of Legionella in hot and cold water samples by culture and PCR. II. Examination of native samples from various sources. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 19:295-298. PMid:22742805 |
||||
Ta AC, Stout JE, Yu VL, Wagener MM (1995). Comparison of Culture Methods for Monitoring Legionella Species in Hospital Potable Water Systems and Recommendations for Standardization of Such Methods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2118-2123. PMid:7559959 PMCid:PMC228346 |
||||
Taylor M, Ross K, Bentham R (2009). Legionella, protozoa, and biofilms: Interactions within complex microbial systems. Microb. Ecol. 58:538-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9514-z PMid:19365668 |
||||
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1995). Procedures for the Recovery of Legionella from the Environment. Preparation of Specimens for Bacteriologic Examination. Atlanta. | ||||
Vickers RM, Stout JE, Yu VL, Rihs JD (1987). Manual of culture methodology for Legionella. Semin Respir Infect. 2:274-279. PMid:3328899 |
||||
Wiin WCJ (1998). Legionaires disease: historical perspective. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1:60-68. | ||||
World Health Orgnization (2008). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization. Available at:http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/GDW11rev1and2.pdf. | ||||
Zhan XY, Li LQ, Hu CH, Zhu QY (2010). Two-step scheme for rapid identification and differentiation of Legionella pneumophila and non-Legionella pneumophila species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:433-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01778-09 PMid:20007397 PMCid:PMC2815623 |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0