African Journal of
Microbiology Research

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1996-0808
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJMR
  • Start Year: 2007
  • Published Articles: 5238

Full Length Research Paper

Study on prevalence and genetic discrimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Egyptian hospitals

Rana Elshimy
  • Rana Elshimy
  • National Organization of Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt.
  • Google Scholar
Rania Abdelmonem Khattab
  • Rania Abdelmonem Khattab
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
  • Google Scholar
Hamdallah Zedan
  • Hamdallah Zedan
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
  • Google Scholar
Alaa El-Din Shawky Hosny
  • Alaa El-Din Shawky Hosny
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
  • Google Scholar
Tarek H. Elmorsy
  • Tarek H. Elmorsy
  • National Organization of Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 15 October 2017
  •  Accepted: 30 January 2018
  •  Published: 21 July 2018

References

Abd El-Moez SI, Dorgham SM, Abd El-Aziz E (2011). Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – Post surgical Infections in Egyptian Hospital. Life Science Journal 8(2):520- 526.

 

Anderson MEC, Weese JS (2006). Review of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Horses. Inter. Vet. Info. Service, Ithaca NY, pp. 5351-5360.

 
 

Baddour MM, Abuelkheir MM, Fatani AJ (2006). Trends in antibiotic susceptibility patterns and epidemiology of MRSA isolates from several hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 5:30.
Crossref

 
 

Becker A, Forster DH, Kniehl E (2002). Oxacillin resistance screening agar base for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40:4400-4401.
Crossref

 
 

Bhalla A, Pultz NJ, Gries DM, Ray AJ, Eckstein EC, Aron DC, Donskey CJ (2004). Acquisition of nosocomial pathogens on hands after contact with environmental surfaces near hospitalized patients. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 25(2):164-167.
Crossref

 
 

Bokarewa MI, Jin T, Tarkowski A (2006) Staphylococcus aureus: Staphylokinase. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology(38) 4:504-509.
Crossref

 
 

Borg MA, de Kraker M, Scicluna E, van de Sande N, Tiemersma BE, Monen J, Grundmann H (2007). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in invasive isolates from southern and eastern Mediterranean countries. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 60(6):1310-1315.
Crossref

 
 

Brakstad OG, Aasbakk K, Maeland JA (1992).Detection of Staphylococcus aureusby PCR amplification of the nuc gene. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30:1654-1660.

 
 

Brakstad OG, Maeland JA, Wergeland HI (1989). Serum antibodies to a Staphylococcus aureus thermonuclease preparation in healthy persons and patients with bacteraemia. Serodiagnosis and Immunotherapy in Infectious Disease 3:201-210.
Crossref

 
 

Bures S, Fishbain JT, Uyehara CF, Parker JM, Berg BW (2000). Computer keyboards and faucet handles as reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in the intensive care unit. Am. J. Inf. Cont. 28(6):465-471.
Crossref

 
 

Chesney PJ (1989). Clinical aspects and spectrum of illness of toxic shock syndrome: overview. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 11:S1-S7.
Crossref

 
 

Chigbu CO, Ezeronye OU (2003). Antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Abia State of Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 2:374-378.
Crossref

 
 

Cookson BD (1998). The emergence of mupirocin resistance: a challenge to infection control and antibiotic prescribing practice. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 41(1):11-18.
Crossref

 
 

Deplano A, Schuermans A, Van Eldere J, Witte W, Meugnier H, Etienne J, Grundmann H, Jonas D, Noordhoek GT, Dijkstra J, Van Belkum A, Van Leeuwen W, Tassios PT, Legakis NJ, Van der Zee A, Bergmans A. Blanc DS, Tenover FC, Cookson BC, Neil GO, Struelens MJ, and the European Study Group on Epidemiological Markers of the ESCMID. (2000). Multicenter evaluation of epidemiological typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains by repetitive-element PCR analysis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38:3527-3533.

 
 

Drew WL, Barry AL, O'Toole R, Sherris JC (1972). Reliability of the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for detecting methiacillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Applied Microbiology 24:240-247.

 
 

Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE, Fowler VG, Bronstein MZ, Trivette SL, Briggs JP, Sexton DJ, Kaye KS (2003). Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36(5):592-598.
Crossref

 
 

Gao J, Ferreri M, Liu XQ, Chen LB, Su JL, Han B (2011): Development of multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus and selected antibiotic resistance genes in bovine mastitic milk samples. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 23(5) 894-901.
Crossref

 
 

Giammarinaro P, Leroy S, Chacorance JP, Delmas J, Talon R (2005). Development of a new oligonuclecotide assayto identify Staph strains at species level. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43(8):3673-3680.
Crossref

 
 

Hudson IR (1994). The efficacy of intranasal mupirocin in the prevention of staphylococcal infections: a review of recent experience. Journal of Hospital Infection 27:81-98.
Crossref

 
 

Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Collins JJ (2010). How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks. Nature Reviews Microbiology 8(6):423-435).
Crossref

 
 

Greenwood D (1988). Microbiological properties of teicoplanin. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 21(Suppl A):1-13.
Crossref

 
 

Greisen K, Loeffelholz M, Purohit A, Leong D (1994). PCR primers and probes for the 16S rRNA gene of most species of pathogenic bacteria, including bacteria found in cerebrospinal fluid. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32:335-351.

 
 

Gribaldo S, Cookson B, Saunders N, Marples R, Stanley J (1997). Rapid identification by specific PCR of coagulase-negative staphylococcal species important in hospital infection. Journal of Medical Microbiology 46:45-53.
Crossref

 
 

Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PH, Safety JT, Williams ST (1993). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. In: Williams, K., Wikins, O. (Eds.), Baltimore, USA 9 p.

 
 

Hussain S, Ahmad K, Perveen R, Riaz B (2005). Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital. International Journal of Pathology 3(2):81-85.

 
 

Hyytiä E, Björkroth J, Hielm S, Korkeala H (1999), Characterisation of Clostridium botulinum groups I and II by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and repetitive element sequence-based PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology 48(3):179-189.
Crossref

 
 

Idil N, Aksöz N (2013). Comparision of two pcr-based methods in typing of clinical staphylococcal strains. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry 41(1):43-50.

 
 

Isenberg HD (1992). Clinical Microbiology procedures Handbook. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 1:1.61-1.67.

 
 

Iwao Y, Yabe S, Takano T Higuchi W, Nishiyama A, Yamamoto T (2012). Isolation and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from public transport. Microbiology and Immunology 56(1):76-82.
Crossref

 
 

Kamph G, Weist K, Swidsinski S, Kege lM, Ruden H (1997). Comparison of screening methods to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases16:301-307.
Crossref

 
 

Kloos WE, Schleifer KH (1986). Staphylococcus Rosenbach 1984. In: P.H.A., et al., Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, The Williams Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. 2:1013-1019.

 
 

Kresser C (2012).The gut-skin connection: how altered gut function affects the skin. Chris Kresser: Health For The 21st Century.

 
 

Lu PL, Tsai JC, Chiu YW, Chang FY, Chen YW, Hsiao CF, Siu LK (2008). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage, infection and transmission in dialysis patients, healthcare workers and their family members. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 23(5):1659-1665.
Crossref

 
 

Malathi J, Sowmiya M, Margarita S, Madhavan HN, Lily Therese K (2009). Application of PCR based - RFLP forspecies identification of ocular isolates ofmethicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS). Indian Journal of Medical Research 130:78-84.

 
 

Mall SSA (2011). The prevalence, antibiogram and characterization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among the patients from the Doon Valley hospitals. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5(21):3446-3451.

 
 

Mariani BD, Martin DS, Levine MJ, Booth RE, Tuan RS (1996). Polymerase chain reaction detection of bacterial infection in total knee arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 331:11-22.
Crossref

 
 

Mason WJ, Blevins JS, Beenken K, Wibowo N, Ojha N, Smeltzer MS (2001). Multiplex PCR Protocol for the Diagnosis of Staphylococcal Infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 9(39):3332-3338.
Crossref

 
 

Méndez-Álvarez SX, PérezHernández P, Claverie-Martín F (2000). Glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. International Microbiology 3:71-80.

 
 

Mulla SM, Patel LS, Vaghela G (2007). "Study of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus," Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2(11):99-101.
Crossref

 
 

Peacock SJ, Murray PR, Bureau S, Koster J, Vandenberg L, Pengilley Z (2005). Topley & Wilson's Microbiology & Microbial infections. 10th ed.London: Hodder Arnold pp. 769-770.

 
 

Perez-Roth, Claverie-Martin F, Villar J, Mendez-Alvarez S (2001). MultiplexPCR for Simultaneous Identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Detection of Methicillin and Mupirocin Resistance. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(11):4037-4041.
Crossref

 
 

Perwaiz S, Farooqi B J, Khursheed N, Sabir N, (2007). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 57(1):2.

 
 

Prevost G, Couppie P, Prevost P, Gayet S, Petiau P, Cribier B, Monteil H, and Y Piemont Y (1995). Epidemiological data on Staphylococcus aureus strains producing synergohymenotropic toxins. Journal of Medical Microbiology 42:237:245.

 
 

Pumipuntu N, Kulpeanprasit S, Santajit S, Tunyong W, Kong-ngoen T, Hinthong W, Indrawattana N, (2017). Screening method for Staphylococcus aureus identification in subclinical bovine mastitis from dairy farms. Veterinary World 10(7):721-726.
Crossref

 
 

Quinn PJ Markey BK, Carter ME, Donnelly JC, Leonard FC (2002). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Diseases. Black well Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.

 
 

Radebold K, Essers L (1980). Evaluation of the API-STAPH Micro-system for routine identification of Staphylococci. Arzt. Lab 26:236-238.

 
 

Rahman S, Mumtaz S, Mufti AJ, Shah SH, Rahman M (2011). Incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Peshawar. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 23(1):99-101.

 
 

Salyer AA, Whitt DD (2005). Revenge of the Microbes. Washington D.C.: ASM Press.
Crossref

 
 

Sasirekha B, Usha MS, Amruta AJ, Ankit S, Brinda N, Divya R (2012). Evaluation and comparison of different phenotypic tests to detect methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their biofilm production. International Journal of PharmTech Research 4(2):532-541.

 
 

Sexton T, Clarke P, O'Neill E, Dillane T, Humphreys H (2006). Environmental reservoirs of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in isolation rooms: correlation with patient isolates and implications for hospital hygiene. The Journal of Hospital Infection 62(2):187-194.
Crossref

 
 

Sperber WH, Tatini SR (1975). Interpretation of the Tube Coagulase Test for entification of Saphylococcis aureus Journal of Applied Microbiology 29(4):502-505.

 
 

Tiemersma EW (2004). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe, 1999-2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(9):1627.
Crossref

 
 

Van Belkum A (1994). DNA fingerprinting of medically important microorganisms by use of PCR. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7:174-184.
Crossref

 
 

Vannuffel P, GigiA, Ezzidine H, Vandercam B, Delmee M, Wauters G, Gala JL (1994). Specific detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species by multiplex PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33:2864-2867.

 
 

Wang J, Wang M, Huang Y, Zhu M, Wang Y, Zhuo J, Lu X (2011). Colonization pressure adjusted by degree of environmental contamination: a better indicator for predicting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusacquisition. American Journal of Infection Control 39(9):763-769.
Crossref

 
 

Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC, van Leeuwen W, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, Nouwen JL (2005). The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 5(12):751-762.
Crossref

 
 

Williams RJ, Ward JM, Hendeson B Poole S, O'hora BP, Wilson M, Nair SP (2000). Identification of a novel gene cluster encoding S. exotoxin –like protein, characterization of the phenotypic gene and its protein product SET1. Infection and Immunity 60:4407-4415.
Crossref

 
 

Woodford N, Sundsfjord A (2002). Molecular detection of antibiotic resistance: when and where? Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 56(2):259-261.
Crossref