Supplying drinking water to rural households through trickle fill and decentralized cisterns
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Many rural households do not have access to treated drinking water. However, some households may be in regions where a water treatment plant has excess capacity to supply some additional households. In such circumstances small diameter low-pressure supply systems can be connected to major transmission lines to give these households access to water. These typically occur in locations that do not belong to recognized...
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Surface irrigation type is one of the most widely used in the world due to its low cost investment. However it is complex method of applying water to soil, because of extreme difficult to achieve good control over the highly variable nature of the movement of water across a soil surface and its infiltration into the soil over a season. This study is attempted to optimize furrow irrigation decision variables at Wonji sugar...
Lactic acid from food waste enhances pathogen inactivation and urea stabilization in human urine
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In areas where conventional sewer systems are not possible, innovative and low-cost methods are needed to get rid of pathogens in human urine. Treatment through acidification is a reliable method. In this study, the effect of fresh cabbage waste, potato peel, and teff flour water as substrate for lactic acid treatment of source-separated urine was investigated. Laboratory scale batch experiments were conducted to compare...
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The objective of this work is to characterize the quality of drinking water in the city of Mao and its surroundings. This study is based on 20 water samples collected in the city of Mao and its surroundings between 2018 and 2020. The parameters considered are the physicochemical parameters (pH, T°, Electrical conductivity), major chemistry and bacteriological. The chemical analysis made it possible to highlight three...
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The study aims to utilize the NRCS-CN and Remote sensing methods in estimating streamflow of Okhuwan and Okhaihe catchments. Remote sensing data, coupled with GIS techniques were used to estimate seasonal rainfall and stream flow. Measured rainfall data was collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Service, while field measurement of stream flow was carried to generate baseline data. Measured rainfall and streamflow were...
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Metronidazole is an active antibacterial that is highly effective against trichomoniasis and protozoan infections. The electrocatalytic properties of the ZnO&CPE electrode were examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), EIS. Zinc oxide nanoparticles formed on graphite carbon sheets under optimized experimental conditions showed excellent electrocatalytic performance for the reduction of trace amounts of metronidazole. The...
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DUU RIVER MONROVIA-LIBERIA
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The Duu River is heavily polluted through varied human activity along its course. Despite the potential health hazards that the pollution of water bodies has on aquatic lives and persons who use the water bodies, river pollution persists. Samples from four points Slipway Community, Rock Spring Valley Community, Jallah Town 1 and Jallah Town 2 communities were subjected to both physical and chemical tests. The study...
Water Supply Interruptions in Umzinto Water System: Ugu District, South Africa.
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The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa states that all citizens have a right to access adequate food and water. However, water services provision has remained one of the biggest challenges faced by most municipalities. The Umzinto water supply system under the auspices of the Ugu District Municipality (Ugu DM) was selected as the study area to evaluate the water supply interruption frequency. Data range for the...
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Recently water is becoming a vital natural resource which can be used for many things in human life i.e. hydropower generation, sanitation, drinking, irrigation and transportation. But surface water is not enough to satisfy this all demands of humans. So beside surface water, ground water resource is by far huge in amount and not much exploited yet. Now a day exploitation of ground water through hydrogeological surveying,...
WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND STATUS OF AREKA TOWN, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
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Water is one of the vital necessity or the need for human being and for all living things. This study was conducted to assess the existing and to forecast the future water supply and demand status of the Areka town, southern Ethiopia. A total of 150 households (HHs) were randomly selected and interviewed by using a questionnaire. To collect the required data, interview and observation were used and written documents were...
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Rainfall intensity for a particular frequency and duration is one of the most important parameter for the hydrologic design of dam, reservoirs, storm sewers, culverts and many other hydraulic structures. This can be obtained from Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship, which is determined by frequency analysis of rainfall data. The goal of this research is to develop rainfall intensity-duration frequency...
The effect of acidic rainfalls on soil erosion in Gypsum Formations
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One of the most important effects of acidic rainfall is on the soil. It can affect other environments such as surface water and groundwater, plants and animals. In this study, to investigate the sensitivity of the runoff and sediment production of Gachsaran Gypsum Formation to acidic rainfalls and its density change, parts of Gypsum Mountain watershed the area in Izeh Township in Khuzestan province was selected with the...
Study on irrigation water quality in the Rift Valley areas of Awash River Basin, Ethiopia
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Awash River water has impaired by various types of pollution owing to waste released from different socioeconomic activities in its basin. This study aimed to evaluate irrigation water quality of Awash River and its tributaries in the basin used for irrigation purposes. Sampling sites were identified based on the pollution sources, accessibility, and land use coverage. A total of 17 sampling sites were chosen along the...
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Water scarcity is the most severe constraint for agricultural growth in arid and semi-arid areas. To overcome this, there is a need to use the available water efficiently and economically which is an important strategy to address present and future water need. This study was conducted for two years in Misrak Azernet berbere Woreda starting 2017/18 to investigate the effect of defict irrigation levels on yield and water...
Multiscalar analysis of drought events in Upper Omo-Gibe River Basin, Ethiopia
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Drought is a complex natural phenomenon that affects life and natural resources. It is needed to understand the drought events to take adaptation and mitigation measures. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the temporal and spatial patterns of multiscalar drought events at 20 stations in the Upper Omo-Gibe River Basin (UOGRB) for the period of 1981 to 2016. Mann-Kendall, Sen’s slope estimator, Pettit test,...
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Egypt is one of the most rich countries world–wide in its archaeological remains as well as the geological heritage that almost has not been discovered till now requiring much investigations through major projects under the umbrella of international institutes. Farafra Oasis and its surroundings in the heart of the western desert of Egypt, has some high geomorphic landforms of chalky limestone constitute an attractive...
At site flood frequency analysis for Gumara and Megech Rivers, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia
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Extreme environmental events, such as flood, have severe environmental and socio-economic effects. Reliable estimates of peak flow and flood forecasting are of great concerns in water resources management and development. Flooding is a common problem in Ethiopia. Frequency and magnitude have increased rapidly in the last few decades. The increase in flooding is a result of climate change as well as land-use change...
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This study is aim at investigating the causes of failures and hence the unsustainability of boreholes in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data was collected through field survey, structured interview and the use of Global Positioning System (GPS). The result of the study was analysed using descriptive statistics and GIS buffer analysis techniques. The study revealed that there are 79% functional boreholes, and...
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The water quality data was collected from the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS), and for this paper, the 2008 to 2018 data for the Krokodilrivier was used. There are 17 water quality variables, which were analysed, and are grouped into physical and chemical parameters. The data was compared with some of the international drinking water quality standards, such as the one issued by the World Health Organisation (WHO),...
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The fast changes in the land use and land cover of an urban area have become a major environmental concern recently in Kabul City. Land Surface Temperature, monitoring major elements of climate changes in a region studies. This paper aimed to explain the technique for land surface temperature differences analysis with the data from Landsat_7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) and Landsat_8 OLI/TIR thermal infrared sensor...
The effect of geological structures on groundwater in sedimentary formation of Abuja. Nigeria
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Abuja sedimentary formation is located within the southern part of the federal capital territory which house Abaji and Kwali area councils. This area was investigated for ground water potential using the effect of the rock structures to determine the hydrology components of the studied area. Geophysical method and geological method of exploration involving the vertical electrical sounding was employed to prospect for...
ASSESSMENT OF HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF LAND USE CHANGE IN KULFO RIVER WATERSHED USING SWAT MODEL
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Land use and land cover changes in Kulfo River watershed experience enormously of human instabilities due to agricultural development, and growing urban demand for charcoal, cutting wood for energy; resulting in forest and land degradation. This consecutively transformed the hydrologic responses of the watershed. The purpose of this study was assessing the hydrological impact of land use change on Kulfo River watershed....
Analysis and Characterization of Rainfall trend using Statistical Approach: a case study
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In a city like Bangalore, where the population is high, settlements are congested and thus every nook and cranny of the city is occupied by residences, businesses etc. During rainfall, the low-lying areas become flooded. This poses a risk towards life and property of the people living in such areas. During rainy season this catastrophe can be manages as the authorities would be well prepared and take necessary action. But,...
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Now a day, Lake Hawassa is seriously impinged by the various human activities in its watershed. This could create favorable conditions for the invasive Macrophytes like water hyacinth attacking Lake Tana and Koka. Hence, identification of the impacts of pollution on the Macrophytes species diversity, distribution and coverage is very important. In doing so, rapid bioassessment method in five pollution entry points, where...
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From the times of the industrial revolution, there has been an enormous change in social and economic growth leading to various compromise in other areas such as environmental degradation at the expense of development and modernization, most settings tend to focus more on social and economic stands and other important strands of the environment without appreciating the status and changes in the environment. The rationale...
Analysis of Rainfall Trend in the eastern parts of Ethiopia, West Harargae
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Analysis of rainfall trend is an important tool for decision making in water resources management. The objective of this study was to investigate the time series trend of rainfall data for three sites in the eastern parts of Ethiopia, west Harargae. The double mass curve techniques was used to assess the homogeneity of the rainfall data and the Man-Kendall test was employed to detect the changes. Accordingly, the analysis...
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Remote sensing is a means for LULC classification. This study was carried out in upper Blue Nile in small catchment called Awramba watershed having an area of 700 ha. To evaluate and tested the accuracy of sentinel 2A level 1 image in land use land cover classification .Thirty –Four training simple ground truth points were collected from the field using GPS. Sentinel 2A level 1C Top of Atmosphere (TOA) captured...
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Water scarcity in African cities often linked to deficiencies in service delivery than limitations in available water resources. These limitations have created a situation where multiple service providers enter the urban space to meet the gap in providing access to water. In this context, water resources managers emerge as the only entity with a common picture of how water resources are managed. They require more...
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This study evaluates the quality of groundwater in relation to dumpsites in Maiduguri, a total of 4 water samples were analysed in dry and wet for physico-chemical characteristics. Temperature, Turbidity, pH, TDS, and EC were measured using standard laboratory instruments. The BOD, DO, COD and NO3 were determined using standard laboratory methods. The heavy metals were analysed using the multi-wave plasma atomic emission...
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Sesame (Sesumum I.) crop is one of the cash crops exported from Ethiopia to Europe and Asia that contributed to the country GDP. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the water use efficiency (WUE) under full and deficit irrigated sesame crop in wereda Kafta-Humera, Tigrai-Ethiopia. Sesame crop production was particularly related to the summer (Kiremt rainfall). But due to a variation in rainfall distribution in...
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Sesame crop (Sesumum indicum L.) is one of the cash crops exported from Ethiopia that contributed to the country GDP (gross domestic product). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the economic water productivity (EWP) under full and deficit irrigated sesame crop in wereda Kafta-Humera, Tigrai-Ethiopia. Sesame crop production was particularly related to the summer (Kiremt rainfall). But due to a variation in...
Hydraulic Performance Assessment of Mychew Small Scale Irrigation Scheme, North Ethiopia
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Assessment of irrigation performances is very essential in taking different water management strategies. However, the performance of Mychew irrigation scheme was not assessed yet and hence, this research was undertaken to assess the hydraulic performance of Mychew small scale irrigation scheme. Moreover, identification of the cause and effect for mal-functionality of irrigation structures was also another objective of this...
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Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is useful for water management, calculating crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling. ETo was estimated from 5 empirical methods based on temperature, 5 based on solar radiation and on Machine Learning Technique (MLT). The MLT model consisted of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), with 6 architectures each one. The MLT and empirical methods were...
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Climate change alters regional hydrologic conditions and results in a variety of impacts on water resource systems. Such hydrologic changes will affect almost every aspect of human well-being. The economy of Ethiopia mainly depends on agriculture; and this in turn largely depends on available water resources. The aim of this study is to assess the impacts of climate change on surface water availability of Upper Awash River...
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Crop coefficients for Calendula officinalis L. have not been determined yet, although crop coefficients of many plants have been provided by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). C. officinalis L. is a medicinal plant used for manufacturing skin and beauty medication products. This study aimed to determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and single and dual crop coefficients (Kc) for C. officinalis L., in the...
Surface water distribution among the provinces of Pakistan
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The water resources sector is both the lifeline and the gear of development in Pakistan. The main source of water in Pakistan is the ‘Indus River System’. Under the ‘1960 Indus Basin Treaty’ with India, Pakistan was entitled to the flow of three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab), with occasional spills from the eastern Rivers Sutlej and Ravi diverted upstream by India. The average annual inflows of the...
Rural water supply sources, systems and systems performance in Nigeria
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Access to potable water in rural communities in Nigeria is failing rather than rising. In this context, this paper investigates the landscape of rural water supply in Nigeria using reliable data collected across the six geo-political zones in the country. The data used were obtained through questionnaire surveys, field observations and from records in the national and states agencies responsible for public water supplies....
Ground water potential mapping for Suryanagara Watershed, Bangalore District, Karnataka State, India
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The present work is an attempt to geographic information system (GIS)-based analysis in ground water potential zone identification in hard rock terrains. It is necessary to understand different types of landforms and their characteristics, igneous rock types, geological structures and how they evolved with respect to each other .hydrological characteristics and slope in order to demonstrate the integrated remote sensing...
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In this paper the main results from the implementation and interpretation of the geophysical survey using very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) method carried out in Capitol solid waste disposal site (Southern Nigeria) are presented. The objective of the study was to monitor the effect of suspected leachate contamination in Capitol solid waste disposal site. The survey comprised ten VLF-EM traverses in North-South...
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Water in agricultural activities is important for satisfying increasing food demands of the ever-increasing population through irrigation practices which was considered as the main alternative for a sustainable agricultural production. A good quality of surface water has a positive effect on soil and agriculture. However, before using surface water for agricultural purpose, its quality should be tested and analyzed to...
Kullu hydro clustor development in Himachal Pradesh: A vibrant development platform
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Small hydro project development activity started in the hilly state in 1900's during the British Raj, while the Ruler Kings were responsible for wellbeing of their small kingdom. The young king of Chamba (HH Bhuri Singh) while returning from overseas study in UK returned with a hydro turbine of 630 KW for the hydroelectric power station. The transport facility and other disadvantages could not stop his entrepreneurial zeal...
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The removal of benzene toluene, ethyl benzene and p-Xylene (BTEX) from aqueous solution using granular activated carbon (GAC) was investigated in the study. To determine the efficiency of GAC, the removal of BTEX by GAC was carried out in relation to contact time, adsorption dosage and pH. Comparative studies of batch and column setup and adsorption/desorption were done to determine its efficiency in respect to its...
Quantification of water balance using a lysimeter in Mexico
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Under conditions of high pressure on water resources, it is essential to quantify the water balance. There are tools to perform the water balance, but unfortunately, they are expensive and hardly accessible in developing countries. The objective of this study was to quantify the water balance using a low-cost lysimeter (LCL). Rainfall was measured using rain gauge. Soil water content (SWC) and infiltration were measured...
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The provision of adequate and good water quality in developing country is a major concern due to urbanization and rapid population growth. The study town Chuko is facing the problem of inadequate water supply and poor quality. The study was conducted with the objective to assess the information gap on the water supply and demand. To see the gap between supply and demand, basically population growth estimation and water...
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In this research the effect of the electromagnetic field on the efficiency of the removal of the suspended solids from wastewater resulting from the biological treatment in Al-Rustamia treatment plant (Baghdad/ Iraq) was studied. Different parameters (flow rate, contact time, exposure distance, pH, temperature and electromagnetic field) were investigated that have an impact on the removal efficiency of the suspended solids...
Spatially distributed mapping of rainfall and evapotranspiration across Southeastern Nigeria
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Spatial trends of rainfall and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are crucial for crop water management and sustainable water resources management. Twenty-one years of climatic data were used to estimate ETo using FAO Penman Monteith method in Southeast Nigeria. Two spatial interpolation techniques, inverse distance weighting (IDW) and Kriging (K) in ArcGis were employed to distribute spatial monthly annual and seasonal...
Floodplain delineation in Dongola City-Northern Sudan using digital elevation model
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Better understanding of the flood hazard phenomenon and its potential consequences in our society is crucial for the development of flood control polices, risk reduction projects, and other types of flood management strategies. This study focuses on how two different ArcHydro models used to predict the floodplain extent and assess the vulnerability of Dongola city that may affect the estimation of potential flood damage....
Hydrological model performance across altitudes, climates and catchment scales
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Water resources management decisions are made based on information from predictive models that are capable of simulating the behaviour of hydrological systems. More of these models are in use today and it is becoming increasingly difficult to choose which model to use for particular space and time scales as well as climate. In addition, as a result of climate change there is an increase in the degree of randomness in...
Suitability of silica sand from Bukkuyum (Zamfara State) of Nigeria for waste water treatment
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Industrial sand is used in filtration of drinking water, processing of wastewater and production of water from wells. Uniform grain shapes and grain size distributions produce efficient filtration bed operation to remove contaminants in both potable water and wastewater. This paper is aimed at finding out the suitability of silica sand from Bukkuyum Local Government Area of Zamfara State of Nigeria, as filtration sand for...
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