Prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of malaria among febrile under- five children in Abobo district, Southwest Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study
September 2023
Malaria ranks among Ethiopia's top ten causes of illness and mortality among children under five. The disease continues to pose a severe public health risk in malaria-endemic regions like the Abobo district. Information on malaria prevalence and its determinants among under-five year’s children in the Abobo district is missing. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Abobo Catholic Health...
Molecular mechanism of Clofazimine resistance in tuberculosis
August 2023
Drug resistance which is at present the main impendence to global tuberculosis (TB) control and drug- resistant (DR) activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in various strains have become the major challenge worldwide. Nowadays, many researchers use different antibiotics for treatment of DR-TB which are often not well tolerated and not adequately efficient. A large group study from various research published in different...
Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeria
July 2023
This study investigated the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies as well as associated risk factors among pregnant women attending ante-natal care clinics in Ile Ife, Southwestern, Nigeria. A cross sectional hospital study was carried out in three major health care facilities within the study area between June and October, 2019. Three hundred and twenty pregnant women aged between 14-50 years...
Genomics and molecular immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest in Nigeria
May 2023
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has spurred global interest. Since the first recognition of SARS-CoV-2, thousands of genomic mutations have been developed and more are still to come for the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to rapidly evolve and adapt is due to its high mutability, which allows new lineages and variants to emerge. These mutations result in changes to the virus properties, such as...
Skin diseases caused by Panton-Valentine leucocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus: Profile and immunological follow-up of patients in a peri-urban area in Benin
April 2023
This study aims to highlight the role of Panton and Valentine Leucocidin (PVL) in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from skin diseases in the peri-urban area of Benin. This study, conducted from November 2014 to December 2017, include 124 wound, abscess, furuncle, osteomyelitis and pyomyositis patients with staphylococcal in the commune of Zogbodomey. The 124 patients were profiled based on sociodemographic, clinical,...
Knowledge and attitudes towards tuberculosis (TB) prevention among people living with HIV in Lagos, Nigeria
April 2023
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most potent opportunistic infection and a leading cause of death among Persons Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV), particularly in sub-Saharan African and Asian countries, where it is highly prevalent. Knowing the TB status of an HIV client is very important and is considered an entry point for comprehensive HIV treatment and care. However, the knowledge and attitude of PLHIV to TB...
Characterization of the influence of Mansonella perstans co-infection on immunity
May 2022
The study aimed to characterize the influence of Mansonella perstans co-infection on immunity. This research was carried out in November, 2021 in the neighboring villages of Saint Camille de Davougon in the Abomey Commune. Blood samples were collected from both genders of all ages. Buruli ulcer was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using specific IS2404 repeat sequence for Mycobacterium ulcerans....
Cytokine, cytokine storm and their role in fatalities of COVID-19
August 2021
Since December 2019, COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread world-wide as pandemic causing large number of infected persons and lot of deaths of COVID patients. There is currently no definite medicine for treatment of the disease as well as any preventive measure. With the progress of multiplication of viruses in the human, activation and amplification of host immune response take place causing massive...
Toxoplasma gondii: Deeper understanding of epidemiology, virulence and pathophysiology enhances diagnosis and informs vaccine design
April 2021
Toxoplasma gondii is an extremely widespread intracellular obligate parasite that infects both animals and birds. This protozoan pathogen usually causes asymptomatic infection in humans but can cause significant disease in congenitally infected infants, immunodeficient patients and occasionally in immunocompetent individuals. In the complex life cycle of T. gondii, sexual development occurs uniquely in felines whereas...
Measles outbreak investigation in Basso Liben District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia 2017
January 2021
Measles is an acute, highly contagious viral disease caused by measles virus and transmitted primarily by respiratory droplets or airborne spray to mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract or the conjunctiva. Measles is one of vaccine preventable diseases but the virus usually causes outbreaks especially among unvaccinated population. The aim of this study was to investigate the outbreak and identify...
Ebola and its yet unproven therapeutic regimens
May 2020
Ebola is a viral disease transmitted by bats and a species of rat to human. It was discovered in Zaire and latter spread to Zambia, Congo, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. The outbreak of Ebola in some parts of African countries posed therapeutic challenges, due to lack of ideal therapeutic agent against Ebola. In view of this, molecular and cellular pathogenesis of Ebola virus, therapeutic modalities as well as...
Prevalence of acute diarrhea and associated precipitating factors among under-five children in West Guji Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2018: Community based cross sectional study
March 2020
Child hood diarrhea has continued as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. In conjunction with implementing control programs, an up to-date comprehensive information on the magnitude and contributing factors among child hood diarrhea is needed to develop and design effective interventions at the district level. A community based cross sectional study was carried out among 717 mothers/care...
Hepatitis B vaccination and its associated factors among health care workers working in Wolayita Sodo Hospitals, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
August 2019
Hepatitis B is the principal public health problem among diverse segments of inhabitants. However, attention is not given on its prevention strategy, especially among health care workers. Hence, the intention of this study was to assess hepatitis B virus vaccination status and associated factors among health care workers working in Wolayita Sodo hospitals, Southern Ethiopia. An institution based cross-sectional study...
Micafungin and caspofungin pharmacodynamics in patients with candidemia
December 2018
Candidemia is an important cause of health care-associated bloodstream infections. Appropriate antifungal therapy is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. A previous randomized clinical trial compared the clinical effectiveness of caspofungin 50 mg, micafungin 100 mg (M100), and micafungin 150 mg (M150) in treating invasive candidiasis and candidemia. M100 treatment success was non-inferior to caspofungin, while...
Typhoid fever outbreak investigation in Ofla Woreda, Southern Zone of Tigray Region, Ethiopia, 2016: An unmatched 1:2 case-control
June 2018
Typhoid fever (TF) is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Globally, 22 million illnesses and 216,000 deaths occurred annually. The woreda WAS have alerted the outbreak on 27 July, 2016. The objective of this study was to investigate typhoid fever outbreak in Dera Kebele of Ofla woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Here, we defined a suspected TF case as any person with gradual onset of remittent...
Non pseudomonal Ecthyma gangrenosum: A case report of an infant seen at a tertiary hospital in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria
May 2018
Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is a cutaneous infection characterized by vesicles or blisters which rapidly evolve into necrotic ulcers with undermined tender erythematous border. It has been rarely reported from the African continent. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the commonest isolated organism but others, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli ((E. coli) have been reported. A case of EG in a child...
The curious tale of how crocodiles farmed for designer leather handbags are helping to develop human anti-arboviral vaccines
April 2018
Most residents of industrialised nations in temperate climatic zones know mosquitoes to be an irritant; those blood-sucking pests that can blight a summer barbeque or family picnic. However, for people living in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mosquitoes carry the threat of transmission of pathogens responsible for debilitating and often life-threatening blood-borne infectious diseases (Randolph and...
Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasmosis among Pregnant Women in Osogbo, Southwestern, Nigeria
March 2018
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy represents a risk of congenital infection. Simple hygienic practices due to adequate knowledge about the parasite is one of the major keys to avoiding this preventable infection among pregnant women and women of child bearing age. The present cross sectional study was carried out to investigate the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and...
Immunological outcomes of neverapin (NVP) versus efafrenz (EFV) based antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen among children on ART: A study from Black Lion Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
January 2018
Antiretroviral therapy has reduced HIV-related morbidity and mortality substantially. WHO recommends the use of Nevirapine or Efavirenz as first line combined with two from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In this study the immunological outcomes of Neverapin versus Efafrenz based ART was assessed. Medical records of patients were retrieved and important variables were captured to standard questionnaire....
Treatment defaulter rate and associated factors among tuberculosis patients on follow up attending justh tuberculosis clinic
July 2017
Tuberculosis is a chronic infections disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis attributable to nearly 9.3 million new cases and 2 million deaths a year, most of which occurring in developing countries. Besides its public health impact, tuberculosis continues to be a challenge for holistic development. Lack of proper knowledge regarding treatment of tuberculosis and consequences of defaulting lead to poor adherence in...
Study about relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and other indicators in children with malaria
November 2016
Measurement of C reactive protein rate in children suffering from falciparum malaria was done in order to determine its relationships according to parasite density, white blood cells, age and hemoglobin. This study was a prospective cross-sectional with descriptive and analytical purpose. It focused on 50 children aged from 0 to 15 years admitted in the Pediatric departments of university hospitals in Cocody and...
Directly observed treatment short-course compliance and associated factors among adult tuberculosis cases in public health institutions of Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia
October 2016
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. This is at various levels of prevention; connected to early detection, prompt treatment seeking and compliance behavior of patients. DOTS is important strategy to tackle its prevalence and severity among public. In addition, development of MDR-TB is another emerging agenda which mainly happens as a result of poor compliance to treatment regimen. The main...
Thrombocytopenia and bleeding manifestations among patients with dengue virus infection in Port Sudan, Red Sea State of Sudan
May 2015
Dengue is a global endemic and most prevalent human arbovirus disease. This study aimed at evaluating thrombocytopenia and to find out platelet activation in dengue across the spectrum of the disease. A prospective study was conducted from February, 2013 to June, 2014 at Port Sudan Teaching Hospital, Red Sea State, Sudan. 334 cases of dengue caused by dengue virus along with 101 cases of control were enrolled....
Trend analysis of malaria prevalence in Arsi Negelle health center, Southern Ethiopia
April 2015
Malaria is an issue in Ethiopia of which there is still no “Magic bullet”, no quick or easy solution, apart from extensive progress in its control over the past years. Analysis of documents on malaria data from health care system is essentially important to assess achievement or failure of malaria control programmes. The aim of this study was to investigate the five year trend of malaria prevalence in the...
Cost effectiveness analyses of influenza A (H1N1) vaccination programs: How accurate were they?
November 2014
Three economic evaluations of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccination campaigns in North America concluded that the mass vaccination campaigns would be, or were, highly cost-effective, if not cost-saving. This paper re-assesses each study's analysis and presents three arguments: 1) prediction of vaccine program cost-effectiveness is unrealistic, if not impossible, unless quality surveillance data is available; 2)...
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, risk perception, sexual lifestyle and condom use among drivers in Sokoto, Nigeria
June 2014
Reports from studies conducted among drivers in countries with high burden of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) show very high prevalence of HIV infection in multiples of the national average. HIV risk perception has been identified as an important antecedent for one’s adoption of protective behavior against contracting the disease. This study was conducted to assess the...
Efficacy of glucocorticoids in controlling leishmania major infecting Balb/c mice
May 2014
Leishmaniasis is a growing health problem in many parts of the world. Efforts to find new chemotherapeutics for leishmaniasis remain a priority. This study was carried out to determine the effect of using glucocorticoid drugs to reduce production of chemokine production in a bid to control Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice. A total of 48 mice were used. In the therapeutic arm (post-infection), 24 mice were...
Assessment of tuberculosis-related knowledge, attitudes and practices in Enugu, South East Nigeria
April 2014
This study was carried out in 2009 to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of tuberculosis (TB) and its socio-demographic determinants in six selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Enugu State, South East Nigeria. A total of 1,200 respondents were selected from 6 Local Government Areas by multi-stage sampling technique and responses elicited from them by semi-structured, pre-tested interviewer administered...
HIV co-infection among tuberculosis patients in Dabat, northwest Ethiopia
September 2013
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV co-infection among TB patients in Dabat district, northwest Ethiopia. Medical records of 1086 pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients registered from 2009 to 2012 at two health centers in the district were reviewed. HIV status was determined on 849 (78.2%) patients. The prevalence of HIV co-infection was 97 (11.4%). The majority, 61 (62.9%) and 90...
Analysis of Beta-lactamase production and Antibiotics resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains
September 2013
The antibiotic susceptibility profile and the association of β-lactamase production to antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains were analysed. The disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility pattern was conducted on S. aureus strains cultured from clinical specimens using standard bacteriological methods. The β-lactamase production was assayed using the modified Perret’s...
Urinary tract infections in Saudi renal transplant recipients
August 2013
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common post-renal transplant complications. During the first month post-transplantation, bacterial septicemia due to UTIs is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The incidence, risk factors and causative bacteria of UTIs were assessed in 27 renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Bacterial UTI was diagnosed based on urine culture that was positive for bacterial growth greater...
Sero-prevalence of malaria, hepatitis b and syphilis among pregnant women in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria
August 2013
Malaria, syphilis and Hepatitis B during pregnancy are detrimental to the life of the pregnant women and the foetus. In this study, we documented the prevalence of the three diseases among pregnant women attending a selected Comprehensive Health Care center in Osogbo, Nigeria using serological kits. Of the 200 participants consented to participate in the study, 26 (13%) were positive for malaria while 6 (3%) were...
Prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus detected by phenotypic method: A preliminary report
February 2013
Clindamycin is one of the alternative antibiotics in the therapy of Staphylococcus aureus, particularly in methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections. But inducible clindamycin resistance (iMLSB) has been described as a cause of clinical failure of such infections. The present study attempted to evaluate the prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among S. aureus isolates in a...
Knowledge of fearfulness of HIV/AIDS between floating and frequently moving population of three metropolitan cities in Bangladesh
February 2013
This paper identifies the vulnerable groups which have lower level of specific knowledge about transmission and ways of avoiding human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Majority of respondents, about 92% floating and 99% frequently moving, heard the name HIV/AIDS from various sources of media, but 52% floating and 31% frequently moving respondents do not know the fearfulness of...
Linear growth in children after acute meningitis: A controlled study
October 2012
In this study, we recorded and analyzed the growth data of 40 children with acute meningitis (age 5.8 ± 3.1 years) for a year or more after treatment, and compared them with their age and sex matched healthy siblings (n = 100). None of the patients had any meningitis complications that could affect linear growth. None of them were underweight and/or stunted for one year or more after treatment. The height...
Estimation of cord factor antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pleural fluid and its diagnostic significance
October 2012
In this study, a sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure the concentration of cord factor (CF) antigen of M. tuberculosis in the pleural fluids of 42 patients with tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). The assay was also simultaneously performed in 43 pleural fluid specimens with malignant pleural effusion (MPE). The assay detected CF antigen in 83.3% in patients with TPE...
Trehalose 6, 6’dimycolate (cord factor) induced pulmonary granuloma in naive and lymphopenic mice
March 2012
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram negative bacterium that primarily affects immunocompromised and clinically debilitated patients. It is known to affect many tissues and organ systems of the body, but it rarely causes otitis externa. We reported a case of otitis externa due to S. maltophilia in a 22-year-old immunocompromised male who had bilateral otalgia and ear discharge, as well as left facial...
Influenza A H1NI (Pandemic 2009): How prepared are healthcare providers in Calabar, Nigeria?
March 2012
In April 2009, an outbreak of influenza was reported in Mexico and California and within months, it spread to all continents of the world. An influenza pandemic has always posed a threat to global public health. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, reported practice and preparedness of health care providers in Calabar, Nigeria, regarding the H1N1 pandemic. This was a prospective study. A...
Otitis externa due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in an immunocompetent patient: Case report
February 2012
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram negative bacterium that primarily affects immunocompromised and clinically debilitated patients. It is known to affect many tissues and organ systems of the body, but it rarely causes otitis externa. We reported a case of otitis externa due to S. maltophilia in a 22-year-old immunocompromised male who had bilateral otalgia and ear discharge, as well as left facial...
Serum proteins in health and in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigeria
February 2012
Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important communicable disease all over the world. We therefore undertook this study to evaluate the relationship between TB and serum protein levels. 210 patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) aged 18 years and above from Lagos metropolis and age- and sex-matched controls were studied. Both cases and controls had serum proteins levels evaluated. Serum total globulin was estimated by subtracting...
Detection of IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in patients with chronic periodontitis
January 2012
Humoral immune response is an important host mechanism against periodontopathogenic microorganisms, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis is the most frequent causative agent of chronic periodontitis in Mexico, but its detection presents difficulties. The aim of this study was to identify antibodies against semi-purified culture-secreted proteins of P. gingivalis in saliva and gingival...
Review on major viral diseases of chickens reported in Ethiopia
January 2012
In Ethiopia, the major poultry products come from backyards chickens. But in recent times, more commercialized poultry farms are flourishing having considerable contribution to the supply of poultry products, especially to urban areas. There are also attempts to upgrade the productivity of local chickens through distribution of exotic and cross breeds to the rural areas. These endeavors, however, are hampered from...
Therapeutic effect of nitric oxide and antibiotic against Salmonella typhimurium
December 2011
Typhoid fever is an important health menace in India and other developing countries. Human typhoid fever is a severe systemic infection of the reticuloendothelial system caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It was estimated that more than 22 million cases of typhoid fever occur in which 200,000 related deaths occur worldwide each year from S. typhi. Human typhoid is similar to the...
Postpolio syndrome: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and management
December 2011
Post polio syndrome is a disorder of the nervous system that appears in many survivors of paralytic polio, usually 15 years or more after the original illness. Currently, there are more than 2 million people world wide who have been afflicted with polio as children or young adults and who now may exhibit symptoms of the post-polio syndrome. The purpose of this review is to provide the current information on the...
Specific immmunoglobulin-E responses to fractions of Cynodon dactylon pollen as allergen in in-vitro diagnostic test in Kashmir Himalaya-India
November 2011
The study was aimed at identifying the presence of specific IgE antibody levels in vitro to antigen. Based on positive skin test with Cynodon dactylon and elevated levels of total IgE (>325 IU/ml), 104 patients were selected. Healthy, asymptomatic individuals (25) with low total IgE (<325 IU/ml) were included as controls. The mean OD values by ELISA for specific IgE were 0.67±0.21,...
Leprosy: An overview
November 2011
Leprosy is common in many countries worldwide, and in temperate, tropical, and subtropical climates. Approximately 100 cases per year are diagnosed in the United States. Leprosy is characterized by disfiguring skin sore, nerve damage, and progressive debilitation. Leprosy is caused by a bacterium which affects various parts of the body particularly the skin and nerves. Leprosy is difficult to transmit and has a long...
HIV related stigmatizing attitude and practice among health care workers in Northern Nigeria
November 2011
This study is designed to describe the HIV related stigmatizing attitude and practice among the health care workers in Nasarawa State, Northern Nigeria. This study is an analytical cross-sectional study. Multistage sampling technique was used to obtain a representative sample and structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect relevant information. About half (40.9%) of the health care workers...
Widal test case study in Togo: Proposition for a rational use
November 2011
The Widal test is still being used in Togo and the results are labelled “positive” even for only one agglutinin without titration. As a result of that, more and more people claim to have typhoid fever while the clinical state is not suggestive and no bacteriological test is performed. We discuss here the results of 200 patients seen in routine laboratories from November 2005 to April 2006. The agglutinin TO,...
Treatment outcome of newly diagnosed sputum positive adult tuberculosis cases in the context of HIV infection
October 2011
Nigeria is one of the highest burdened tuberculosis (TB) countries and HIV co-infection poses a challenge in the control efforts of the national programme. Treatment outcome in newly diagnosed smear positive pulmonary TB cases, associated factors and outcome in relation to HIV infection were determined. A 5-year retrospective cross sectional study was carried out on category 1 TB cases at the University College...
The co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis among patients seen at the general hospital Umuguma, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
October 2011
In this study, the co-infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) andMycobacterium tuberculosis was investigated among patients. HIV serology was performed on 100 tuberculosis patients whose sputum samples were AFB positive as tested at the General Hospital Umuguma, Owerri, Imo State, between 2nd May 2010 and 3rd February 2011. Seven (7.0%) of the 100 tuberculosis patients were HIV seropositive. HIV...
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